Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

WOMEN IN PANCHAYATI RAJ: LEADING FROM THE FRONT OR CONTROLLED FROM THE SHADOWS?

AUTHOR – SUHANI SINGH & DRISHTI BALAJI SONKER, STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, NOIDA

BEST CITATION – SUHANI SINGH & DRISHTI BALAJI SONKER, WOMEN IN PANCHAYATI RAJ: LEADING FROM THE FRONT OR CONTROLLED FROM THE SHADOWS?, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 692-699, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

The research paper titled “Women in Panchayati Raj: Leading from the Front or Controlled from the Shadows?” critically examines the role and challenges of women in India’s decentralized governance system. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 mandated a minimum reservation of one-third of seats for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) to promote grassroots democracy and gender equity. However, while this legal framework has increased female political representation, it has not necessarily translated into effective leadership due to deep-rooted patriarchal structures.

The study highlights that many women in PRIs function as mere figureheads, with their decision-making powers often usurped by male relatives—commonly referred to as Sarpanch Patis (husband proxies). Societal biases, lack of political training, and limited financial independence further impede women’s leadership. The paper presents real-life success stories of women leaders who have defied these odds, such as Chhavi Rajawat and Rajani Kothari, who have driven social change through education, sanitation, and economic empowerment initiatives.

Despite these successes, numerous systemic challenges persist, including proxy leadership, limited participation in decision-making, and economic and educational barriers. To counter these issues, the research suggests strengthening legal frameworks, enforcing strict anti-proxy laws, implementing leadership training, and enhancing financial support for women in PRIs. Additionally, the study advocates for greater male sensitization, digital literacy initiatives, and grievance redressal mechanisms to empower women leaders effectively.

The paper concludes that while legislative measures have laid the foundation for women’s political empowerment, genuine leadership requires a shift in societal attitudes, comprehensive training programs, and active enforcement of legal provisions. Transforming Panchayati Raj into a truly inclusive system necessitates dismantling patriarchal control and fostering an environment where women can exercise autonomy in governance.

Keywords – Women Empowerment, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), Gender Equality, Proxy Leadership, Sarpanch Pati, Grassroots Governance, Political Participation, Decentralization, Patriarchy, Women Leadership, Rural Development, Gender Bias.

THE ROLE OF FAMILY COURTS IN INDIA: A PILLAR OF JUSTICE IN FAMILY DISPUTES

AUTHOR – DHWANI VRAJESH VYAS, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SMT. KAMALABEN GAMBHIRCHAND SHAH LAW SCHOOL AND ALUMINI OF M.K.E.S COLLEGE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – DHWANI VRAJESH VYAS, THE ROLE OF FAMILY COURTS IN INDIA: A PILLAR OF JUSTICE IN FAMILY DISPUTES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (3) OF 2025, PG. 92-95, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

THIS ARTICLE IS PUBLISHED IN THE COLLABORATED SPECIAL ISSUE OF M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW AND THE INSTITUTE OF LEGAL EDUCATION (ILE), TITLED “WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND LEGAL REFORMS” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-4-6). .

ABSTRACT

Family is the foundation of Indian society, and maintaining harmony within families is crucial for social stability. The Family Courts Act, 1984, was enacted to establish family courts across India to handle family-related disputes efficiently and amicably. The role of family courts is not just to enforce laws but also to promote reconciliation, counselling, and mediation, ensuring that disputes are resolved in a less adversarial manner. Family courts have exclusive jurisdiction over various matters related to marriage, family, and child welfare. These courts function under the Family Courts Act, 1984, which empowers them to handle. Family courts have the power to summon parties, examine witnesses, appoint counsellors, and enforce judgments in family disputes. They function with less rigid procedural rules to provide an environment conducive to reconciliation and justice. By addressing family disputes with empathy, efficiency, and fairness, family courts uphold the principles of justice, equality, and social welfare in India’s legal system.

Key Words: Family Court, Family, The Family Courts Act, 1984, reconciliation, counselling, mediation

NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR WOMEN CHAMPIONING WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN INDIA

AUTHOR – HIMANI KAUSHIK, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT M.K.E.S COLLEGE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – HIMANI KAUSHIK, NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR WOMEN CHAMPIONING WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (3) OF 2025, PG. 90-91, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

THIS ARTICLE IS PUBLISHED IN THE COLLABORATED SPECIAL ISSUE OF M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW AND THE INSTITUTE OF LEGAL EDUCATION (ILE), TITLED “WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND LEGAL REFORMS” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-4-6). .

Abstract

The National Commission for Women is a statutory body in India dedicated to safeguarding and promoting the rights and welfare of women. The NCW was constituted on January 31, 1992, in response to the growing concerns about gender discrimination, violence against women, and inadequate legal protection. The NCW plays a crucial role in addressing various issues concerning women’s welfare. The commission investigates complaints related to domestic violence, sexual harassment, dowry, and other crimes against women. It has the authority to summon individuals and request official reports in such cases. The NCW organizes awareness campaigns, workshops, and legal literacy programs to educate women about their rights and legal protections. The National Commission for Women has been instrumental in advocating for women’s rights and ensuring justice for them. However, to enhance its effectiveness, it needs greater authority, better funding, and stronger enforcement mechanisms.

Key words: National Commission for Women, Safeguarding Women’s Rights, Role of National Commission for Women, gender justice, women empowerment

SAFEGUARDING WOMEN’S REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS: AN IN-DEPTH EXAMINATION

AUTHOR – SIDDHI MEHRA, LAW ASPIRANT AT M.K.E.S COLLEGE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – SIDDHI MEHRA, SAFEGUARDING WOMEN’S REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS: AN IN-DEPTH EXAMINATION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (3) OF 2025, PG. 87-89, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

THIS ARTICLE IS PUBLISHED IN THE COLLABORATED SPECIAL ISSUE OF M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW AND THE INSTITUTE OF LEGAL EDUCATION (ILE), TITLED “WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND LEGAL REFORMS” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-4-6). .

ABSTRACT

Reproductive rights are essential human rights that ensure individuals, especially women, have the freedom to make knowledgeable choices regarding their bodies, sexuality, and reproductive health. These rights cover various concerns, such as access to contraceptives, safe abortion, maternal healthcare, and protection against coercion and discrimination in reproductive issues. This research paper offers an in-depth examination of the legal and policy structures safeguarding women’s reproductive rights, addressing the obstacles to their fulfilment, and investigating methods to promote these rights worldwide

Keywords: Reproductive rights, Women’s rights, Maternal health, Gender equality, Reproductive healthcare laws

WOMEN IN THE CORPORATE WORLD: ANALYSING THE IMPACT OF THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013 ON GENDER REPRESENTATION

AUTHOR – DR. SONY RAJ S. S* & ASWIN.S**

* M.A.L.L.M, PH.D, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW, MUMBAI

** M.A,L.L.M, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, MKES NAGINDAS KHANDWALA COLLEGE, MUMBAI

BEST CITATION – DR. SONY RAJ S. S & ASWIN.S, WOMEN IN THE CORPORATE WORLD: ANALYSING THE IMPACT OF THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013 ON GENDER REPRESENTATION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (3) OF 2025, PG. 81-86, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

THIS ARTICLE IS PUBLISHED IN THE COLLABORATED SPECIAL ISSUE OF M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW AND THE INSTITUTE OF LEGAL EDUCATION (ILE), TITLED “WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND LEGAL REFORMS” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-4-6). .

Abstract

“When women thrive, businesses thrive.” – Ban Ki-moon (Diplomat -South Korea)

Gender diversity in corporate leadership has gained significant attention worldwide, and India’s Companies Act, 2013 has played a pivotal role in advancing women’s representation in boardrooms. By mandating the inclusion of at least one woman director in certain categories of companies, the legislation aims to bridge the gender gap and promote inclusivity in corporate governance. This paper critically examines the impact of the Companies Act, 2013 on gender representation in the corporate sector, assessing its effectiveness in fostering leadership opportunities for women. It explores key challenges, including tokenism, compliance gaps, and societal barriers that continue to hinder progress. Additionally, the study highlights the broader implications of gender diversity on corporate performance, decision-making, and ethical governance. While the Act marks a progressive step, its real impact depends on sustained enforcement, corporate willingness, and cultural shifts within organisations. The paper concludes with recommendations to strengthen gender inclusivity, ensuring that the presence of women in leadership transcends mere compliance and contributes meaningfully to corporate growth and governance.

Keywords: Gender Diversity, Companies Act 2013, Women Directors, Corporate Governance, Boardroom Representation, Leadership Inclusion

THE SHIFTING PARADIGM OF GENDER EQUALITY LEGISLATION: A GLOBAL EXAMINATION

AUTHOR – HIMANSHU MOHANLAL LOHAR, LAW ASPIRANT AT M.K.E.S COLLEGE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – HIMANSHU MOHANLAL LOHAR, THE SHIFTING PARADIGM OF GENDER EQUALITY LEGISLATION: A GLOBAL EXAMINATION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (3) OF 2025, PG. 77-80, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

THIS ARTICLE IS PUBLISHED IN THE COLLABORATED SPECIAL ISSUE OF M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW AND THE INSTITUTE OF LEGAL EDUCATION (ILE), TITLED “WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND LEGAL REFORMS” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-4-6). .

Abstract

Gender equality, a fundamental human right, remains a persistent challenge globally. This research article examines the evolving landscape of gender equality laws, analyzing their historical development, current state, and future trajectory. It explores key legal frameworks, including international treaties, national constitutions, and specific legislation addressing discrimination in areas such as employment, education, political participation, and family law. The article further investigates the implementation and enforcement of these laws, highlighting both successes and persistent gaps. Through a comparative analysis, it identifies best practices and emerging trends, emphasizing the crucial role of legal reform in achieving substantive gender equality.  

Introduction:

The pursuit of gender equality is a cornerstone of human rights and social justice. While significant progress has been made, gender disparities continue to permeate societies across the globe. Legal frameworks play a pivotal role in establishing the normative foundation for equality and providing mechanisms for redress. This article aims to offer a comprehensive overview of gender equality laws, exploring their evolution, current challenges, and potential for transformative change.  

Keywords: The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995), International Labour Organization (ILO) Conventions

REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS & LEGAL BARRIERS

AUTHOR – DR. NILESH BALKRISHNA RODE, (B.A.M.S, .C.H, C.G.O, Diploma in Dialysis Technologist, MBA – HCS, PGD – CRM & RA, LL.B, LL. M (Criminology)), Faculty at M.K.E.S COLLEGE OR LAW

BEST CITATION – DR. NILESH BALKRISHNA RODE, REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS & LEGAL BARRIERS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (3) OF 2025, PG. 71-76, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

THIS ARTICLE IS PUBLISHED IN THE COLLABORATED SPECIAL ISSUE OF M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW AND THE INSTITUTE OF LEGAL EDUCATION (ILE), TITLED “WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND LEGAL REFORMS” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-4-6). .

ABSTRACT

Reproductive rights are essential human rights that include legal and health-related aspects of reproduction, including access to secure and lawful abortion services, contraceptive methods and maternal health care are essential, and freedom from coercion and discrimination in reproductive decision-making. Despite their significance in ensuring personal autonomy and well-being, numerous legal and societal barriers hinder women from exercising these rights, leading to adverse health and social consequences.

This article examines the historical context, legal framework, and current challenges surrounding reproductive rights in India. During the colonial era, reproductive rights were largely shaped by British policies focused on population control rather than individual autonomy. Despite the legal advancements, women in India continue to face several barriers in accessing reproductive healthcare. Restrictive abortion laws, spousal consent requirements, lack of awareness, stigma, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure limit women’s ability to make informed reproductive choices. Judicial interventions have played a role in advancing reproductive rights, yet gaps remain, necessitating further legal and policy reforms. Socioeconomic disparities and discrimination further exacerbate these challenges, disproportionately affecting marginalized groups.

To address these issues, comprehensive law reforms are needed to expand access to safe abortion services, remove spousal consent requirements, enhance contraceptive availability, and improve maternal healthcare infrastructure. By addressing these barriers and ensuring progressive legal reforms, India has the potential to establish a more just framework that enables women to freely and safely assert their reproductive rights, which would consequently enhance public health and promote gender equality. 

KEYWORDS: Reproductive Rights, Abortion Legislations, Medical Termination Of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, Sexual and Reproductive Health, Constitutional Rights, Gender Equality, Healthcare infrastructure, International Conventions (CEDAW, ICCPR), Sexuality Education.

THE POSH ACT OF 2013 – SAFEGUARDING WOMEN AT WORK

AUTHOR – MANALI POKHARNA, STUDENT AT M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW, MUMBAI

BEST CITATION – MANALI POKHARNA, THE POSH ACT OF 2013 – SAFEGUARDING WOMEN AT WORK, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (3) OF 2025, PG. 67-70, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

THIS ARTICLE IS PUBLISHED IN THE COLLABORATED SPECIAL ISSUE OF M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW AND THE INSTITUTE OF LEGAL EDUCATION (ILE), TITLED “WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND LEGAL REFORMS” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-4-6).

ABSTRACT

Workplace harassment stays a critical problem that influences a worker’s well-being and productiveness. The POSH Act, 2013 was introduced to offer a felony framework for preventing and addressing sexual harassment at workplaces in India. While the Act mandates the established order of Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) and gives procedure for handling the issues and complaints, but demanding situations persist in its powerful implementation. This study into the subject delves into the important provisions of the Act, examines its impact and effectiveness, and highlights regions desiring development and current gaps in implementation, necessary steps to make sure safer work environments for women.

KEYWORDS – POSH Act, workplace harassment, sexual harassment laws, corporate compliance, corporate governance, women’s rights, workplace safety, workplace ethics, harassment prevention, labour laws, legal redressal mechanisms

WOMEN’S RIGHTS TO FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE : LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

AUTHOR – DR. MAHENDRAKUMAR S. YADAV, IN-CHARGE PRINCIPAL AT M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – DR. MAHENDRAKUMAR S. YADAV, WOMEN’S RIGHTS TO FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE : LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (3) OF 2025, PG. 63-66, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

THIS ARTICLE IS PUBLISHED IN THE COLLABORATED SPECIAL ISSUE OF M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW AND THE INSTITUTE OF LEGAL EDUCATION (ILE), TITLED “WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND LEGAL REFORMS” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-4-6).

ABSTRACT

Financial independence is a critical aspect of women’s empowerment and gender equality. Despite significant legal and economic advancements, women continue to face challenges in achieving financial autonomy due to ingrained societal norms, limited access to resources, and workplace discrimination. This research paper examines the legal frameworks that support women’s financial independence, including equal pay, property rights, and workplace protections. It also explores the economic factors such as participation in the workforce, entrepreneurship, and financial literacy. Despite progress, barriers like gender pay gaps, lack of awareness about rights, and societal pressures persist. The paper discusses the solutions needed to overcome these challenges, such as strengthening legal enforcement, expanding financial inclusion, and promoting skill development. In conclusion, financial independence for women is essential for achieving gender equality and fostering social and economic development.

Key Words: Economic Empowerment, Financial Literacy, Financial Literacy and Investment, Gender Equality, Legal Rights of Women, Women’s Economic Security, Women’s Financial Independence

WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND LEGAL REFORMS IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW

AUTHOR – MAITREYEE KASHYAP, STUDENT AT M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – MAITREYEE KASHYAP, WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND LEGAL REFORMS IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (3) OF 2025, PG. 59-62, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

THIS ARTICLE IS PUBLISHED IN THE COLLABORATED SPECIAL ISSUE OF M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW AND THE INSTITUTE OF LEGAL EDUCATION (ILE), TITLED “WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND LEGAL REFORMS” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-4-6). .

Abstract

Women’s rights have been a significant subject of legal reform and social progress in India. Over the years, legislative and judicial measures have been taken to ensure gender equality, protection from discrimination, and the empowerment of women in various spheres. India has diverse personal laws governing marriage and family matters, depending on religious affiliations. The Indian Constitution lays the foundation for gender equality. Legal protections for women against violence exist at national and international levels. To safeguard their rights and ensure justice, many countries have specific laws addressing domestic violence, sexual harassment, human trafficking, and other forms of abuse. India has made significant progress in advancing women’s rights through legal reforms. However, challenges remain in the effective implementation of these laws due to social norms, lack of awareness, and enforcement gaps. Many women still face discrimination, violence, and economic inequality despite legal protections. To ensure real change, there is a need for stronger enforcement, awareness campaigns, and gender-sensitive policies.

Keywords: Women’s rights, Constitutional and legal provisions, gender equality, gender justice, women empowerment