Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

THE ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOPRINTING TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA: CHALLENGES AND LIABILITIES

AUTHOR – MRS. DIPALI MOHAN KHALATE, LLM STUDENT AT MODERN LAW COLLEGE, SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – MRS. DIPALI MOHAN KHALATE, THE ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOPRINTING TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA: CHALLENGES AND LIABILITIES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1008-1019, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Bioprinting, an innovative combination of biotechnology and additive manufacturing, has emerged as a transformative technology in healthcare, enabling the fabrication of functional tissues, organs, and patient-specific implants. The implementation of the aforementioned, however, introduces unique intellectual property (IP) challenges that extend beyond conventional biotechnology. The study explores three critical areas of concern: IP protection for bioprinting hardware and bioinks, ownership and ethical management of digital files derived from biological data, and the implications of commercializing bioprinted tissues and organs. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, the paper analyzes existing IP frameworks, ^[1]highlights their limitations when applied to bioprinting, and examines ethical dilemmas, such as ownership of bioprinted human tissues and the commodification of biological innovations. Findings suggest that current IP laws inadequately address the complexities of bioprinting, particularly in managing the intersection of proprietary technologies^[2] and ethical considerations. The study underscores the need for adaptive legal and ethical frameworks to balance innovation with equitable access and sustainability. Recommendations include the development of tailored IP policies for bioprinting and enhanced international collaboration to harmonize legal protections across jurisdictions. This work aims to provide a comprehensive foundation for stakeholders to navigate the rapidly evolving landscape of bioprinting IP. Keywords: bioprinting; intellectual property; bioinks; bioprinting hardware; digital design files; ethical considerations; patentability; regulatory frameworks; personalized medicine; regenerative medicine Introduction : Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, constitutes a groundbreaking method of production that has the capacity to profoundly alter numerous^[3] industries. Fundamentally, 3D printing is the layer by-layer construction of three-dimensional objects from digital models, employing a diverse array of materials, including plastics, metals, ceramics, and even biological substances1. This technology has significantly evolved since its introduction in the 1980s, transforming from a specialized tool for rapid prototyping into a mainstream manufacturing process that facilitates the creation of complex geometries that would be challenging, if not impossible, to achieve with conventional subtractive manufacturing techniques2. The disruptive potential of 3D printing spans multiple sectors, including aerospace, automotive, healthcare, fashion, and construction, among others. In the aerospace sector,^[4] 3D printing enables the fabrication of lightweight components that improve fuel efficiency and minimize waste, as it permits the design of intricate structures that optimize strength-to-weight ratios 3. In the automotive sector, manufacturers are increasingly utilizing additive manufacturing for both prototype and the production of customized components, thereby reducing lead times and costs associated with conventional manufacturing methods. Bioprinting, an emerging technology that integrates additive manufacturing with biological sciences, is positioned at the forefront of ^[5]transformative innovations in healthcare and biomedical research . This process entails the precise, layer-by-layer deposition of bioinks—comprising living cells, biomaterials, and other biologically relevant substances utilized to fabricate complex, three dimensional tissue structures that emulate the morphology and functionality of native biological tissues

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[1] Pratap Devarapalli & Dara Ajay, The Impact of 3D Bioprinting Innovation on IP Ecosystem and Patent Law: An Indian and US Perspective, in Science, Technology and Innovation Ecosystem: An Indian and Global Perspective (Springer, 2024) pp. 197–210

[2] Dr. Soumya Kanti Ghosh & Unnat P. Pandit, Patent Revolution in India, IPR Newsletter, Intellectual Property India (Feb 2024) 1–6

[3] Akshat Mehta & Nancy Saroha, Traversing India’s Intellectual Property Landscape: Insights from the International IP Index, Bar & Bench (13 Apr 2024).

[4] WIPO, 3D Printing and IP: Trends and Challenges, World Intellectual Property Organization (2023).

[5] Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, Reimagining India’s IP Framework for Emerging Technologies, Policy Brief (2022)

STREAMING PLATFORM AND COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT: A LEGAL OVERVIEW

AUTHOR – KHUSHI SHARMA, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY PATNA

BEST CITATION – KHUSHI SHARMA, STREAMING PLATFORM AND COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT: A LEGAL OVERVIEW, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1002-1007, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

In our digital world, streaming platforms have completely changed how we watch movies and listen to music. But this convenience comes with a major legal headache: copyright infringement. This article breaks down the complex relationship between streaming services and copyright law. Essentially, it’s illegal to stream copyrighted material without permission from the people who own it, as this violates their exclusive rights.

The article explores the legal duty streaming services have to stop this unauthorized use. A big part of this is through licensing agreements, which are legal contracts that give a platform the right to show content and ensure creators get paid. The piece also looks at enforcement tools like DMCA takedown notices, which force sites to remove pirated content, and court orders that can block access to pirate websites altogether. We also examine the role of anti-piracy technology, like digital locks (DRM) and automated systems that scan for stolen content.

The legal challenges don’t stop at copyright. They spill over into issues of user privacy and market competition, creating a complicated web of rules for platforms to follow. A key tension is balancing the protection of creators with “fair use” exceptions, which is especially tricky online. By looking at real court cases, the article shows how judges are handling these new disputes. Ultimately, streaming platforms must walk a tightrope. They need to encourage innovation and provide easy access for users, all while firmly protecting the intellectual property that makes their libraries possible. This overview concludes by considering how both laws and technology are evolving to create a fairer digital ecosystem for everyone involved.

BRIDGING SOCIETY AND CULTURE: CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL TRADITION, SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY, AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

AUTHOR – GANESH SHRIRANG SATARKAR, M.A. SOCIOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY, CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF HARYANA, INDIA

BEST CITATION – GANESH SHRIRANG SATARKAR, BRIDGING SOCIETY AND CULTURE: CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL TRADITION, SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY, AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 997-1001, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

The disciplines of sociology and anthropology share a common intellectual ancestry in their quest to understand human societies, cultural systems, and the nature of social order. This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the Classical Sociological Tradition, Sociological Theory, and Anthropological Theories, highlighting their development, schools of thought, and major theorists. From the classical contributions of Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, and Max Weber to the anthropological insights of Bronisław Malinowski, Alfred Radcliffe-Brown, and Claude Lévi-Strauss, the paper examines the theoretical frameworks that shaped modern social science. Through the lens of positivism, functionalism, conflict theory, interactionism, and structuralism, it analyzes how these theories collectively advance our understanding of human society and cultural systems.

Keywords: Classical Sociological Tradition, Sociological Theory, Anthropological Theory, Positivism, Functionalism, Conflict Theory, Interactionism, Structuralism, Culture, Society

ANALYSIS OF CHALLENGES FACED BY FIRST GENERATION LAWYERS

AUTHOR – SARUNETHRA. S* & DR. S. MARUTHAVIJAYAN**

* STUDENT AT THE SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU, CHENNAI – 600113.

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU, CHENNAI – 600113

BEST CITATION – SARUNETHRA. S & DR. S. MARUTHAVIJAYAN, ANALYSIS OF CHALLENGES FACED BY FIRST GENERATION LAWYERS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 980-996, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT:

First-generation lawyers—those who are the first in their families to enter the legal profession—face a unique set of challenges that distinguish their journey from that of their peers with established legal backgrounds. These challenges span socioeconomic, cultural, academic, and professional domains. Without the benefit of inherited networks or mentorship, first-generation lawyers often navigate law school and the legal profession with limited guidance and resources. Financial strain, imposter syndrome, and unfamiliarity with professional norms can create barriers to academic performance, job placement, and long-term career advancement. Additionally, the lack of representation and support can exacerbate feelings of isolation within a historically exclusive field. This abstract explores the multifaceted obstacles encountered by first-generation lawyers, while also highlighting their resilience, the value of diverse perspectives they bring to the legal system, and the importance of structural reforms and support systems in fostering equity and inclusion within the legal profession.

Keywords: First-generation lawyers, Legal profession, Social mobility, Mentorship gap, Professional networking, Imposter syndrome, Legal education, Diversity and inclusion, Structural barriers, Career advancement.

ASSESSING THE VULNERABILITIES AND CHALLENGES OF MIGRANT AND REFUGEE MINORS IN INDIA: A SOCIO-LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

AUTHOR – SRIJA MUKHERJEE, STUDENT AT CHRIST ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – SRIJA MUKHERJEE, ASSESSING THE VULNERABILITIES AND CHALLENGES OF MIGRANT AND REFUGEE MINORS IN INDIA: A SOCIO-LEGAL PERSPECTIVE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 969-979, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

This socio-legal inquiry critically assesses the escalating legal and social vulnerabilities afflicting minor migrants and refugees within India, a nation whose status as a key host country is paradoxically undermined by its unstructured legal framework. The study’s objective is to dissect the fundamental challenges these unprotected minors face, who are largely confined to a precarious legal limbo due to the absence of specialized national refugee legislation. Employing a rigorous qualitative and doctrinal methodology, which includes a critical comparative analysis of effective international frameworks in nations like Germany, the United States, and Sweden, the research reveals that protection is fragile. The core finding is that while India’s judiciary upholds protection through international human rights principles (ICCPR and UDHR), the lack of institutional specialization renders domestic safeguards, such as the Juvenile Justice Act (2015), practically inaccessible and susceptible exclusion from essential services, confirming that the crisis stems not from the absence of rights, but from a profound failure of accountability. Ultimately, this paper concludes by stressing the imperative for India to swiftly enact a comprehensive, specialized policy, coupled with enhanced institutional coordination, to transform theoretical protection into a guaranteed practical reality for these vulnerable children.

Key words: Migrant, Refugee, Vulnerable teenagers, Deportation, Minor, Xenophobia, Unaccompanied minors, Displacement, Human trafficking, refugee camps.

IMPACT OF MUSIC CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF STUDENTS

AUTHOR – S. SHUNMUGA SUNDARI* & DR. S. MARUTHAVIJAYAN**

* STUDENT AT THE SCHOOL EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT THE SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU

BEST CITATION – S. SHUNMUGA SUNDARI & DR. S. MARUTHAVIJAYAN, IMPACT OF MUSIC CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF STUDENTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 951-968, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Music has long been recognized as a powerful influence on human emotions and behavior, but its effect on students’ concentration levels remains a subject of growing interest. This study explores how different types of music—such as classical, instrumental, and lyrical—affect students’ ability to focus during academic tasks. A group of students was observed under controlled conditions, performing concentration-based activities both with and without background music. The findings indicate that while soft instrumental and classical music can enhance focus and improve task performance by creating a calm mental state, loud or lyrical music tends to distract and reduce concentration efficiency. The results highlight that the impact of music on concentration largely depends on the genre, volume, and individual preferences of students. This study suggests that incorporating suitable background music in study environments may positively influence learning outcomes and cognitive performance.

Keywords – Music, Concentration, Students, Academic Performance, Cognitive Function, Focus, Study Habits, Learning Environment, Productivity, Attention span.

CASTE BASED RESERVATION IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IS BENEFICIARY OR DISCRIMINATORY, A SURVEY BASED ON THE IMPACT OF THE RESERVATION IN INDIA

AUTHOR – MS.R.PRIYADHARSHINI* & DR.S.MARUTHUVIJAYAN**

* STUDENT AT THE SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT THE SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU

BEST CITATION – MS.R.PRIYADHARSHINI & DR.S.MARUTHUVIJAYAN, CASTE BASED RESERVATION IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IS BENEFICIARY OR DISCRIMINATORY, A SURVEY BASED ON THE IMPACT OF THE RESERVATION IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 941-950, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT:

           This study explore the effects of caste based reservation in educational institutions, this study has served as an aid for understanding the people’s opinion on the caste based reservations. Reservations in the educational institutions were introduced as a measure to promote social justice and equality from the grass root level, to uplift the historically marginalized communities by ensuring fair access to education. This study explores whether the caste based reservations in educational institutions serves as a beneficial tool for social inclusion or functions as a discriminatory practice against non reserved categories.  The research further analyzes the misconceptions of people about reservation policy and analyzes the opinion of both stance who claims it as beneficiary and people who claims it as discriminatory.

KEYWORD – Caste based reservation, social justice, marginalized communities, social inclusion, non reserved categories, educational institutions.

REGULATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA IMAGERY IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: CHALLENGES AND FRAMEWORKS

AUTHOR – MOHD AKASH, RESEARCH SCHOLAR, FACULTY OF LEGAL STUDIES, MJP ROHILKHAND UNIVERSITY BAREILLY, UP (INDIA).

BEST CITATION – MOHD AKASH, REGULATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA IMAGERY IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: CHALLENGES AND FRAMEWORKS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 935-940, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed the digital landscape, notably across social media platforms. These platforms have incorporated AI technology into their algorithms to improve user experience. However, the impact of artificial intelligence on social media is debatable. To sustain user confidence, social media platforms should ensure that their AI practices are transparent and ethical. The impact of AI on social media content is considerable and diverse, allowing for personalised content recommendations, automated content development, and real-time content analysis. However, there are also concerns regarding algorithmic bias and the possibility of job displacement. As AI technology advances, it is critical that ethical issues and social responsibility are prioritised in the development and application of AI in social media marketing. The impact of AI on social media posts is a multifaceted problem that has both positive and negative consequences. While AI algorithms can improve the user experience by offering personalised content, there are worries that they may also promote disinformation and create filter bubbles. With the growing development of AI-generated images, ranging from deepfakes to algorithmically augmented visuals, regulating such content presents significant legal, ethical, and technological issues. This article reviews the current frameworks and shortcomings in regulating AI-generated imagery on social media, investigates international and Indian legal methods, evaluates policy solutions, and recommends for a human-rights-based, technologically adaptive regulatory strategy. The goal is to promote accountability, transparency, and user protection against misinformation, privacy infringement, and the abuse of synthetic media.

Keywords:  Artificial Intelligence, Social Media, Content, Impact, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Algorithms, Data Analysis, Personalization, Automation.

THE ALARMING SURGE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN INDIA

AUTHOR – VIKRANT SINGH, S.R.M. SCHOOL OF LAW, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – VIKRANT SINGH, THE ALARMING SURGE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 925-934, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Rape cases are ascending at an alarming rate in India, and this trend has become a social issue. However, more survivors are now coming forward due to increased awareness and support from activists, the media, and rights groups. Police reports and crime statistics indicate that reported rape cases are higher than in previous years. Most people believe that the rise is due to victims being more willing to report crimes rather than a rise in actual occurrences. Still, they agree that the problem is deeply rooted in gender discrimination, patriarchal mindsets, and unsafe environments. The judicial system is trying to speed up trials and implement harsher punishments, but delays, low conviction rates, and poor enforcement of laws still allow many offenders to escape justice. Public protests, activism, woke mindsets, and social media pressure are urging governments to take stronger action. Schools, workplaces, and society are starting to discuss consent, safety, and respect, which is a positive step. Yet, issues like insensitive policing, victim blaming, and excessive judicial delays hinder quick changes. The rise in rape cases is not just a law-and-order issue, although it is serious; it reflects a broader failure to protect women’s rights and ensure they can live without fear. It needs ongoing efforts from the government, police, civil society, and citizens to create a safer society where sexual violence has no place.

Keywords – Rape cases, Awareness, Gender discrimination, judicial system, Conviction rates,  social stigma.

NEURO – RIGHTS AND THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION: SAFEGUARDING COGNITIVE LIBERTY IN THE AGE OF BRAIN – SURVEILLANCE

AUTHOR – NIVETHA BASKAR, STUDENT OF POST GRADUATION IN  2 yrs LLM IN TAXTION LAW PURSUING AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, THARAMANI, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – NIVETHA BASKAR, NEURO – RIGHTS AND THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION: SAFEGUARDING COGNITIVE LIBERTY IN THE AGE OF BRAIN – SURVEILLANCE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 915-924, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTARCT

The fast-paced development of neurotechnologies, such as brain-computer interfaces and neural monitoring devices, has posed new socio-legal issues in India. The technologies hold the capability to probe, manipulate, and exploit human mental processes and cognitive functions, and hence, raise pressing questions concerning mental privacy, cognitive liberty, and psychological integrity. This research paper analyses the conceptual and constitutional underpinnings of neuro-rights in India, testing their doctrinal nexus with the fundamental right to privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution. The research also assesses the degree to which current laws in India govern neurotechnology, determines key legal gaps, and considers the ethical and social consequence of brain-reading technologies on autonomy, consent, and freedom of thought. Comparative jurisdiction studies of countries like Chile and the European Union offer lessons for implementing full neuro-rights protections. The doctrinal research approach is employed to contend that Indian constitutional law should be extended to incorporate neuro-rights expressly, complemented by legislative changes and ethical safeguards. The research finds that protection of mental privacy is both legally required and a social responsibility, to the effect that technological development must not undermine human freedom of mind, autonomy, and dignity in today’s digital age.

KEY WORDS: Neuro-Rights, Mental Privacy, Cognitive Liberty, Brain-Computer Interface, Constitutional Law, Fundamental Rights (Article 21), Ethical and Social Implications