Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF FIREARMS & BALLISTICS

AUTHOR – DHARANI. S, STUDENT AT TAMILNADU DR.AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – DHARANI. S, ANALYTICAL STUDY OF FIREARMS & BALLISTICS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 805-814, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The study of firearms and ballistics plays a critical role in both forensic science and the broader field of criminal investigation. Firearms, as mechanical devices designed to launch projectiles, are intricately linked with the principles of ballistics – a branch of physics that analyzes the motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles. This analytical study explores the four primary domains of ballistics: internal, external, terminal, and forensic. Internal ballistics investigates the processes occurring within the firearm during discharge, while external ballistics addresses the trajectory and stability of a bullet in flight. Terminal ballistics focuses on the interaction between the bullet and the target, often involving wound analysis. Forensic ballistics, an applied subfield, is essential in crime scene reconstruction and firearm identification. This study also examines the classification of firearms, the components of ammunition, and the scientific techniques used to analyze ballistic evidence. Methods such as comparison microscopy, gunshot residue analysis, and trajectory reconstruction are evaluated for their effectiveness in forensic applications. Additionally, the research highlights current advancements in the field, including 3D imaging, automated ballistic identification systems, and the integration of artificial intelligence. By integrating mechanical, chemical, and physical analyses, this paper demonstrates how firearm and ballistic studies contribute to justice delivery, weapon development, and public safety. The comprehensive understanding of ballistics not only aids law enforcement agencies but also enhances legal accountability through scientific validation of firearm-related evidence.

Keywords: Firearms, Ballistics, Forensic Ballistics, Internal Ballistics, External Ballistics, Terminal Ballistics, Gunshot Residue (GSR), Ammunition, Trajectory, Crime Scene Investigation.

VICTIM COMPENSATION SCHEME

AUTHOR – YAJAT PITHADIA & VEER DESHPANDE

STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI THANE SUB CAMPUS

BEST CITATION – YAJAT PITHADIA & VEER DESHPANDE, VICTIM  COMPENSATION SCHEME, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 794-804, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Introduction

The criminal justice system, being a social construct of human organization, was created with two main goals in mind: the protection of the citizens and the rehabilitation of offenders. It is functioning by way of a sequence of stages—from victimization and inquiry to arrest, prosecution, and finally the, sanction—the system is premised on the collaborative involvement of different institutions, the most significant being law enforcement, the judiciary, and penal institutions. Its very effectiveness depends largely on the fine balancing act between the rights, roles, and duties of all the stakeholders involved.

For crime victims, however, justice goes beyond the punishment of the offender. Crime tends to cause physical, emotional, psychological, and economic injury, as well as what is known to as “secondary victimization”1, which is the insensitivity or neglect they can encounter when in contact with state agencies. These problems need to be addressed by an immediate and sympathetic response from police, prosecutors, the courts, correctional institutions, and involved agencies. A co-ordinated and victim-centred response ensures the provision of help from the time an offense is reported in order to ensure recovery and uphold the dignity and rights of victims. In record of these facts, a major legislative improvement came with the enactment of Section 357A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, which made it necessary for state governments to set up Victim Compensation Schemes (VCS). These programmes, which are State-funded, aim to extend financial aid to victims who need rehabilitation, thus institutionalizing the role of the state towards the victims of crime.

The legislation structure was further strengthened under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, wherein Section 2(1)(y) of the Act widened the scope of the term “victim” to not only cover direct victims but also their legal heirs, guardians, and persons wrongfully prosecuted or imprisoned.

A judicial precedent, particularly in Maru Ram v. Union of India (1981)2 and Ankush Shivaji Gaikwad v. State of Maharashtra (2013)3, have uniformly emphasized that although compensation cannot obliterate victim agony, it provides some degree of justice, consolation, and dignity, especially in grievous harm, humiliation, or death. This judicial approach confirms to the constitutional spirit expressed in Article 41, which emphasizes State’s duty to render assistance in times of need, and Article 51A, which mandates citizens to instil compassion.

Collectively, all these changes represent a paradigm shift in Indian criminal law, moving increasingly toward a victim-centered system of justice that combines rehabilitation with retribution.

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC OPINION IN SHAPING LEGISLATIVE OUTCOMES

AUTHOR – ADV. ASHOK MORALE, LLM STUDENT OF DECCAN EDUCATION SOCIETY’S SHRI NAVALMAL FIRODIA LAW COLLEGE

BEST CITATION – ADV. ASHOK MORALE, THE ROLE OF PUBLIC OPINION IN SHAPING LEGISLATIVE OUTCOMES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 782-793, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Public opinion plays a crucial role in shaping legislative outcomes by influencing policymakers, political parties, and legislative processes. This study explores the dynamic relationship between public sentiment and policy-making, examining how elected officials respond to the preferences of their constituents. The research highlights the mechanisms through which public opinion is communicated to lawmakers, including public polling, media influence, interest group lobbying, and electoral pressure.

The paper also discusses factors that mediate the impact of public opinion on legislation, such as partisan polarization, institutional constraints, and the role of political elites. Case studies of significant legislative changes—such as civil rights laws, healthcare reforms, and environmental policies—illustrate how shifts in public opinion have led to concrete legislative action.

Moreover, the study evaluates the effectiveness of different channels through which public opinion influences policy, emphasizing the role of digital media and social movements in contemporary politics. The findings suggest that while public opinion significantly shapes legislative outcomes, its impact varies based on political context, issue salience, and the responsiveness of democratic institutions.

The research concludes that an engaged and informed public is essential for democratic governance, as sustained public pressure can lead to meaningful legislative change. However, the study also cautions against the potential manipulation of public opinion through misinformation and media bias, which can distort policy priorities. The paper calls for greater transparency, accountability, and mechanisms to ensure that legislation reflects the true will of the people.

Keywords: Public opinion, legislative process, policymaking, democracy, media influence,

STRATEGIES AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR TRADEMARK OPPOSITION AND CANCELLATION PROCESSES

AUTHOR – K.BOWYADARSHINI, STUDENT AT SASTRA DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY, THANJAVUR

BEST CITATION – K.BOWYADARSHINI, STRATEGIES AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR TRADEMARK OPPOSITION AND CANCELLATION PROCESSES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 778-781, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTARCT:

To preserve their market position and brand integrity in the fiercely competitive global marketplace, companies must defend their intellectual property rights, especially their trademarks. The strategic factors and legal frameworks pertaining to trademark opposition and cancellation processes are examined in this article. The study finds important tactics that companies can use to oppose opposition to their trademarks and challenge possibly infringing marks through cancellation through a thorough analysis. The study highlights how crucial it is to carry out exhaustive trademark searches and continuous monitoring in order to anticipate any problems. Additionally, it highlights how important it is to gather data to support the uniqueness and usage of a trademark, as this is crucial in cases involving opposition and cancellation. The study also examines frequent grounds for objection and cancellation, including fraud, non-use, and probability of confusion, and provides advice on successful settlement and negotiating strategies that can result in cooperative outcomes. The study emphasizes the value of a proactive approach to trademark management by looking at the procedural features of filing and responding to opposition and cancellation applications in various countries. The research gives helpful advice for companies looking to defend their trademarks or oppose infringing ones by giving a thorough foundation for navigating these legal procedures. In the end, the article broadens our understanding of intellectual property law by providing useful tactics for guaranteeing the preservation and upholding of trademark rights throughout time.

Keywords: Market, Marketplace, trademark management, infringement, legal navigation, cancellation.

CO-OWNERSHIP AND DIGITAL WILLS: THE IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC TESTAMENTARY DISPOSITIONS ON ANCESTRAL PROPERTY AND PARTITION CLAIMS

AUTHOR – ADITYA MISHRA, MD SAQIB ANSARI & JATIN MEENA

STUDENTS AT NATIONAL LAW INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY, BHOPAL

BEST CITATION – ADITYA MISHRA, MD SAQIB ANSARI & JATIN MEENA, CO-OWNERSHIP AND DIGITAL WILLS: THE IMPACT OF ELECTRONIC TESTAMENTARY DISPOSITIONS ON ANCESTRAL PROPERTY AND PARTITION CLAIMS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 764-777, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Electronic wills represent a transformative yet legally uncertain development in Indian succession law, particularly when intersecting with ancestral property rights governed by complex personal law frameworks. Current Indian legislation creates statutory ambiguity, with the Information Technology Act, 2000 explicitly excluding testamentary documents from electronic record recognition while the Indian Succession Act, 1925 mandates physical signatures and witness attestation incompatible with digital execution. This legal vacuum produces acute complications in ancestral property succession, where coparcenary interests under Hindu law devolve through survivorship rather than testamentary disposition, and Muslim personal law restricts testamentary capacity to one-third of estates with mandatory heir shares. Electronic wills attempting to dispose of ancestral property interests face multifaceted challenges including authentication difficulties where digital signatures cannot satisfy traditional attestation requirements, evidentiary complexities under Section 65B certificate mandates for electronic evidence, and procedural uncertainties regarding probate procedures and notice to coparceners in partition litigation. International jurisdictions including Nevada, Singapore, Queensland, and the United Kingdom demonstrate varied reform approaches balancing technological innovation with fraud prevention, offering instructive models for Indian legal reform. Comprehensive legislative amendments establishing certified electronic will platforms with robust authentication infrastructure, creating a National Electronic Will Registry for centralized storage and probate integration, and harmonizing electronic succession provisions across personal law systems would enable secure digital testamentary disposition while preserving foundational ancestral property principles essential to Indian succession frameworks.

Keywords: Electronic wills, ancestral property, coparcenary rights, partition suits, digital signatures, testamentary succession, Indian succession law

THE DUAL ARCHITECTURE OF CYBER SOVEREIGNTY: ANALYZING INTERNATIONAL LEGAL TREATIES AND INDIA’S CYBERSECURITY FRAMEWORK

AUTHOR – ANKUSH SRIVASTAVA & DIVYANSHU KRISHNA

STUDENTS AT BABU BANARASI DAS UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – ANKUSH SRIVASTAVA & DIVYANSHU KRISHNA, THE DUAL ARCHITECTURE OF CYBER SOVEREIGNTY: ANALYZING INTERNATIONAL LEGAL TREATIES AND INDIA’S CYBERSECURITY FRAMEWORK, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 755-763, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The rapid expansion of digital networks has challenged the traditional notions of state sovereignty and international law. This paper explores the evolving dual structure of cyber sovereignty—balancing global cooperation in combating cybercrime and a nation’s right to assert control over its digital space. By comparing the Budapest Convention (2001) and the United Nations Cybercrime Convention (2024), it evaluates how differing treaty models address cross-border enforcement, data access, and human rights safeguards. The study further examines India’s domestic legal framework through the Information Technology Act, 2000, and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, highlighting their intersection with international obligations. The research underscores key judicial pronouncements such as Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) and Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017), which redefined digital rights within India’s constitutional matrix. Ultimately, this analysis reveals that India’s cyber governance emphasizes sovereignty and privacy protection but faces challenges in harmonizing global cooperation with national autonomy in cyberspace.

KEYWORDS – Sovereignty, Cybersecurity, International Law, Budapest Convention, UN Cybercrime Convention, India Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act), Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act), Privacy, Free Speech, Digital Rights, Digital Evidence, CERT-In, Data Protection Board of India (DPBI)

THE EVOLUTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: GLOBAL AND INDIAN PERSPECTIVES

AUTHOR – MAYANK KUMAR, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, PATNA

BEST CITATION – MAYANK KUMAR, THE EVOLUTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: GLOBAL AND INDIAN PERSPECTIVES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 747-754, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

The evolution of intellectual property rights represents one of the most significant transformations in global economic and legal frameworks, reflecting the changing nature of innovation, creativity, and international trade. This comprehensive analysis examines the historical development of IPR from ancient times to the digital age, with particular focus on the interplay between global developments and India’s unique trajectory.

IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTION AVAILABLE FOR RETELLINGS, COMMENTARIES, OR DRAMATIZATIONS OF ANCIENT TEXTS LIKE THE RAMAYANA AND MAHABHARATA, AND HOW DISTINCT MUST THESE ADAPTATIONS BE TO QUALIFY AS ORIGINAL WORKS?

AUTHOR – HARIROOPAN MATHAN, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU

BEST CITATION – HARIROOPAN MATHAN, IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTION AVAILABLE FOR RETELLINGS, COMMENTARIES, OR DRAMATIZATIONS OF ANCIENT TEXTS LIKE THE RAMAYANA AND MAHABHARATA, AND HOW DISTINCT MUST THESE ADAPTATIONS BE TO QUALIFY AS ORIGINAL WORKS?, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 740-747, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the copyright protection framework for adaptations of ancient Indian texts such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata. It examines key legal provisions, doctrines, and judicial interpretations under the Copyright Act, 1957, including originality, derivative works, and the public domain. Through landmark cases like R.G. Anand and Bhaktivedanta, it explains how creative adaptations receive protection when they demonstrate independent originality, commentary, or transformation, balancing cultural heritage accessibility with modern creators’ rights.

KEYWORDS: Copyright Act 1957, adaptation, originality, public domain, derivative works, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhaktivedanta judgment, transformative work, substantial similarity, creativity, independent creation.

EMERGENCY ARBITRATION IN INDIA: NAVIGATING THE CONVERGENCE OF SPEED AND JUSTICE IN COMMERCIAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION

AUTHOR – INDIRA CHAKRABORTY, SHYAMBAZAR LAW COLLEGE AFFILIATED WITH UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA

BEST CITATION – INDIRA CHAKRABORTY, EMERGENCY ARBITRATION IN INDIA: NAVIGATING THE CONVERGENCE OF SPEED AND JUSTICE IN COMMERCIAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 734-739, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Emergency arbitration represents a paradigmatic shift in India’s dispute resolution landscape, offering expedited interim relief before the constitution of full arbitral tribunals. This article examines the evolving jurisprudential framework surrounding emergency arbitration in India, analyzing the landmark Supreme Court decision in Amazon.com NV Investment Holdings LLC v. Future Retail Ltd., the proposed 2024 amendments to the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, and the implications for India’s aspirations as a global arbitration hub. Through doctrinal analysis and comparative jurisprudence, this paper demonstrates that while emergency arbitration has gained judicial recognition, statutory codification remains essential for establishing India’s competitive advantage in international commercial arbitration.

Keywords: Emergency arbitration, interim relief, institutional arbitration, commercial disputes, Supreme Court jurisprudence.

A KEY ISSUE OF JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE IN THE APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES IN HIGHER JUDICIARY

AUTHOR – MOHD. AKASH, RESEARCH SCHOLAR, FACULTY OF LEGAL STUDIES, MAHATMA JYOTIBA PHULE ROHILKHAND UNIVERSITY, BAREILLY (UP), INDIA

BEST CITATION – MOHD. AKASH, A KEY ISSUE OF JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE IN THE APPOINTMENT OF JUDGES IN HIGHER JUDICIARY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 728-733, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The judicial recruitment process in India, particularly for the higher judiciary, has been widely debated and scrutinised. This article goes into the complexity of the judicial appointment system, including the roles of numerous authorities and the growth of the process as evidenced by key judicial pronouncements. This study’s main focus is on the contradiction between executive power and judicial independence, the influence of the collegium system, and reform ideas. The article seeks to provide a comprehensive view of the essential topic of judicial nominations in India by examining the legal framework, court decisions, and ongoing issues.

For a healthy judicial system, the judiciary’s independence is critical in protecting the sovereignty of the constitution as well as the judiciary, which is the foundation of any democratic society, by ensuring that the judiciary remains impartial, free of external influences, and capable of upholding the rule of law. In the context of India, the Collegium System has had a considerable impact on the appointment and transfer of judges to the higher judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court and High Court. This research study examines the relationship between judicial independence and the Collegium System in India. The study begins by looking into the historical growth of the Collegium System, dating it back to court interpretations of the Constitution. It explores the constitutional provisions and landmark judgments that have shaped the framework for appointing and transferring judges, highlighting the delicate balance between the need for judicial independence and the role of the executive in the appointment process.

Keywords: judicial appointment, higher judiciary, judicial pronouncements, Collegium System.