Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF WORKPLACE SAFETY: AN ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS IN THE UNITED STATES

AUTHOR – POORNAMATHI N.C. & GOWSALYA. S.

LLM STUDENTS AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – POORNAMATHI N.C. & GOWSALYA. S, THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF WORKPLACE SAFETY: AN ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS IN THE UNITED STATES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1071-1078, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) standards are foundational to protecting workers from workplace hazards and risks. In the United States, this framework is anchored by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a federal agency within the Department of Labor, established by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act). This article examines the historical context that necessitated the OSH Act, the statutory duties it imposes on employers, the various standards enforced by OSHA, and the comprehensive mechanisms for enforcement, investigation, and penalty. Furthermore, it details the crucial rights afforded to employees, including protection against retaliation, and analyses landmark court cases that have shaped the interpretation and application of the OSH Act, underscoring its enduring role in reducing workplace injuries, illnesses, and fatalities.

Keywords:

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act), OSHA, Workplace Safety, Employee Rights, General Duty Clause, Enforcement, Landmark Cases, Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC)

LEGAL IMPLICATIONS ON WORK-LIFE BALANCE IN INDIAN LABOUR LAW

AUTHOR – PRABU. P*, JYOTHI LAKSHMI P** & KALAIARASAN. P***

* GUEST LECTURER, GOVERNMENT LAW COLLEGE VILLUPURAM

** 3rd YEAR LL.B. GOVERNMENT LAW COLLEGE VILLUPURAM

*** 3YEAR B.A.LL.B. GOVERNMENT LAW COLLEGE VILLUPURAM

BEST CITATION – PRABU. P, JYOTHI LAKSHMI P & KALAIARASAN. P, LEGAL IMPLICATIONS ON WORK-LIFE BALANCE IN INDIAN LABOUR LAW, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1064-1070, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

The delicate balance between work and personal obligations is known as work-life balance (WLB), and it includes both vocational duties and leisure activities, family obligations, and mental and physical health. WLB has become a crucial issue impacting workers’ productivity and quality of life in the context of India’s quickly changing economy, which is characterized by the growth of the IT sector, gig economy, and remote employment. The legal environment around work-life balance (WLB) in India is examined in this article, with particular attention paid to how labor laws, court rulings, and policy initiatives attempt to handle statutory leaves, flexible work schedules, working hours, and mental health protections. The lack of a formal “right to disconnect,” which makes it harder to distinguish between work and personal life, and the new difficulties presented by digital workplaces are also examined in the study. Through the examination of seminal rulings, legislative changes like the 2020 Labour Codes, and socio-legal studies, this study draws attention to gender inequalities, ongoing enforcement gaps, and the exclusion of gig and irregular workers from official WLB safeguards. In order to develop sustainable work environments that preserve employee dignity, health, and social fairness in India’s changing labor market, the paper calls for extensive legislation reforms, such as the legalization of flexible work, rights regarding digital disconnects, and improved enforcement mechanisms.

KEYWORDS: Work-Life Balance, Indian Labour Law, Flexible Working Arrangements, Occupational Health and Safety, Right to Disconnect

TARIFFS AS INSTRUMENTS OF POWER: THE GEOPOLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF U.S. TRADE POLICY

AUTHOR – HITRAJ SINGH, STUDENT AT UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES, CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – HITRAJ SINGH, TARIFFS AS INSTRUMENTS OF POWER: THE GEOPOLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF U.S. TRADE POLICY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1056-1063, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

1. Introduction

In the words of UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer, “The world has changed, globalization is over and we are now in a new era”.^[1] This idea underscores a momentous shift in global economic dynamics due to 21^st century being the era of free trade and open markets and it is being progressively challenged by a resurgence of protectionist policies. The United States, under the leadership of 47^th President Donald Trump has been at the front end of this movement by implementing tariffs on a range of imports as part of an “America First” strategy. These measures have not only disrupted international trade but ignited geopolitical tension and prompted strategic responses from various nations, international organisations as well as unrest in various stock exchanges through the globe. 

U.S. tariffs have evolved from mere economic instruments to a weapon thus making it a potent geopolitical tool, powerful enough that it can now influence global alliances and economic strategies. Countries such as India, China, and Russia have recalibrated their trade policies and diplomatic engagements in response to the shifting landscape. Simultaneously, emerging blocs like BRICS are exploring alternatives to the U.S.-dominated financial system, aiming to mitigate the impact of American economic policies.

This paper seeks to explore the multifaceted role of U.S. tariffs in contemporary geopolitics. The core research agendas guiding this inquiry are:

Keywords: Dollar, U.S., BRICS, Geopolitics, Economy, Trade, Tariffs.

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[1] UK Prime Minister Admit Globalisation Over in Response to Trump Tariffs, Fox News, https://www.foxnews.com/politics/uk-prime-minister-admit-globalisation-over-response-trump-tariffs-report (last visited Oct. 22, 2025).

CONDITIONS FOR GRANT OF COPYRIGHTS: ORIGINALITY, EXPRESSION, FIXATION

AUTHOR – UTKARSH VISHAL MUDGAL, STUDENT AT AMITY SCHOOL OF LAW, AMITY UNIVERSITY,PATNA

BEST CITATION – UTKARSH VISHAL MUDGAL, CONDITIONS FOR GRANT OF COPYRIGHTS: ORIGINALITY, EXPRESSION, FIXATION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1051-1055, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Copyright is a legal protection granted to creators for their original works, such as music, literature, art, or software. It gives creators control over their work, including the right to determine how it is used, distributed, and reproduced. Creators can license their work to others, who must pay royalties for its use. Failure to pay royalties can result in the creator enforcing their copyright and taking action against the infringing party.It must meet three key conditions: originality, expression, and fixation. These conditions ensure that only certain types of creative works are protected under copyright law.

THE EVOLUTION OF MAJOR TYPES OF CYBERCRIME AND CRITICALLY ANALYZES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000 (IT ACT), AND OTHER SUBSEQUENT LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS IN INDIA TO COMBAT THESE THREATS

AUTHOR – V R KALYANI, STUDENT AT VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES

BEST CITATION – V R KALYANI, THE EVOLUTION OF MAJOR TYPES OF CYBERCRIME AND CRITICALLY ANALYZES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000 (IT ACT), AND OTHER SUBSEQUENT LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS IN INDIA TO COMBAT THESE THREATS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1045-1050, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

This research critically examines the dynamic landscape of cybercrime in India and assesses the efficacy of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act), alongside allied legal and institutional frameworks. The exponential rise in digital transactions, fueled by national digitalization initiatives, has simultaneously fueled a surge in sophisticated cyber threats, including financial fraud, Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS), and the misuse of emerging technologies like deepfakes.

The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining doctrinal analysis of key statutes (the IT Act, the newly enacted Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA), 2023, and the Indian Evidence Act) with an empirical review of governmental data and judicial pronouncements.

The findings reveal that while the IT Act provided a foundational legal basis for digital governance and crime prosecution, it suffers from significant obsolescence and procedural challenges. Critically, the primary impediment to effective justice is not a lack of statutory definitions but the low conviction rate stemming from profound institutional weaknesses. These weaknesses include the rigorous and often impractical requirements of Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act for digital evidence admissibility, the lack of sufficient digital forensics capacity within law enforcement, and persistent jurisdictional complexities in tackling cross-border crimes.

The introduction of the DPDPA, 2023, is recognized as a vital step towards enhancing data accountability, but its enforcement mechanism must be seamlessly integrated with the penal framework of the IT Act to avoid jurisdictional conflict. The research concludes that the existing legal structure remains a paper tiger unless immediate, targeted reforms are made to simplify evidence rules, dramatically enhance the technical capabilities of law enforcement, and mandate specialized training for the judiciary.

Keywords – Cybercrime, Information Technology Act, 2000, IT Act Effectiveness, Digital Evidence, Section 65B, Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023, Ransomware, Cyber Law India, Conviction Rate

COPYRIGHT PROTECTION OF MEMES AND REELS IN THE DIGITAL ERA

AUTHOR – HARSA AKHTAR, STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY PATNA, BIHAR

BEST CITATION – HARSA AKHTAR, COPYRIGHT PROTECTION OF MEMES AND REELS IN THE DIGITAL ERA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1042-1044, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The emergence of memes and short videos, particularly reels on Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube Shorts, has revolutionized online communication. Though these modes of content succeed based on creativity, they tend to use existing copyrighted works songs, pictures, film clips, and logos resulting in copyright conflicts. This article analyses whether reels and memes can be “original works” under copyright law, discusses protection and freedom of expression balance, and reviews legal developments in India, the United States, and the European Union. The paper contends that even if memes and reels are considered transformative cultural works, copyright regimes need to adapt to resolve issues of ownership, fair use, and monetization in the digital age.

Keywords: Protection, Copyright, Authorship, Monetization, Ownership, Legal Framework, Digital, Fair use

WORK PLACE SURVEILLANCE AND DATA PROTECTION: THE NEW DIMENSION OF LABOUR RIGHTS IN CYBER SPACE

AUTHOR – ANBU RANI A* & S.GOWSALYA**

*LLM STUDENT AT CYBER SPACE LAW AND JUSTICE, THE TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

**LLM STUDENT AT LABOUR LAW AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, THE TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – ANBU RANI A & S.GOWSALYA, WORK PLACE SURVEILLANCE AND DATA PROTECTION: THE NEW DIMENSION OF LABOUR RIGHTS IN CYBER SPACE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1037-1041, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract:

                In the digital economy, the boundaries of the workplace have extended into cyber space, creating new challenges for labour regulation and employee rights. Employers in India increasingly deploy technologies such as CCTV, biometric attendance, email monitoring, and GPS tracking to monitor workers’ productivity and ensure organisational security. However, these measures often conflict with the fundamental right to privacy, now constitutionally protected under Article 21. This paper explores how Indian labour rights intersect with data protection and workplace surveillance, analysing the constitutional foundation, statutory framework under the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act), and the relevant judicial pronouncements. It argues that the unchecked use of surveillance mechanisms risks undermining dignity, autonomy, and fairness in employment relations. The study concludes by proposing a balanced framework rooted in constitutional morality, employer accountability, and respect for informational privacy as a component of labour rights.

Key Words: Workplace Surveillance, Data Protection, Right to Privacy, Labour Rights, Cyber Law.

COPYRIGHT CHALLENGES IN THE ERA OF DIGITAL STREAMING AND PIRACY: A LEGAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

AUTHOR – ARSHIQUE RIZVI, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY PATNA

BEST CITATION – ARSHIQUE RIZVI, COPYRIGHT CHALLENGES IN THE ERA OF DIGITAL STREAMING AND PIRACY: A LEGAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1034-1036, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The digital revolution has transformed the consumption and distribution of creative works, introducing unprecedented opportunities and challenges for copyright law. The rise of digital streaming platforms such as Netflix, Spotify, and YouTube has changed the way audiences engage with music, movies, and other creative content. However, this convenience has been accompanied by a surge in piracy, content leaks, and copyright infringement, creating significant challenges for rightsholders, regulators, and technology companies. This research paper explores the multifaceted copyright challenges in the era of digital streaming and piracy from legal, technological, and economic perspectives. It analyzes the effectiveness of current copyright frameworks, the role of technology in both enabling and combating infringement, and the economic implications for creators and industries. The paper concludes by suggesting adaptive legal reforms and innovative digital governance models to balance creators’ rights and public access in a globalized digital ecosystem.

IMPORTANCE OF TRADE MARK IN BUILDING BRAND IDENTITY : AN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT PERSPECTIVE

NAME – ADITYA SINGH, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY PATNA

BEST CITATION – ADITYA SINGH, IMPORTANCE OF TRADE MARK IN BUILDING BRAND IDENTITY : AN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT PERSPECTIVE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1028-1033, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Trade mark or logo plays a crucial role in identifying a company. People also try to copy the logo of different companies which is violation of intellectual property rights. To protect it from violation trade mark act was made. Logos plays a crucial role in building trust among the customers this shows how important a logo can be for a company.Logos also provide a unique identity to provide difference between two companies.This paper will allow you to explore significance of trademark in building brand identity from intellectual property rights perspective focusing on legal, economic and marketing importance. It will also provide case laws and evolving nature of trade marks.

FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION IN THE AGE OF SOCIAL MEDIA

AUTHOR – BADAL KUMAR, STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN

BEST CITATION – BADAL KUMAR, FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION IN THE AGE OF SOCIAL MEDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1020-1027, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The right to freedom of speech and expression, guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India, is one of the most essential pillars of democracy. Over time, communication has evolved from print to digital platforms, transforming the control of information from centralized to decentralized systems. Social media has emerged as a new public sphere where individuals across the world can share opinions, express ideas, and engage in public debate. It has enabled rapid dissemination of information, empowered marginalized voices, and enhanced civic engagement by allowing citizens to hold authorities accountable and participate in social movements.

However, this digital transformation has also brought new challenges, including the spread of misinformation, hate speech, and cyber harassment. These issues raise concerns about privacy, reputation, and emotional well-being. To address such challenges, governments have implemented various laws and regulations to balance freedom of expression with public safety and order. In conclusion, while social media has strengthened the exercise of freedom of expression by connecting people globally, it also demands responsible use and stronger digital literacy to ensure that this fundamental right continues to promote truth, democracy, and respect in the digital age.