CYBERCRIME: ISSUE AND THREATS

AUTHOR – SAQUIB ZUBAIR* & MS.AISHWARYA PANDEY**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

**ASSISTANT PROFESSOR  AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – SAQUIB ZUBAIR & MS.AISHWARYA PANDEY, CYBERCRIME: ISSUE AND THREATS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 837-841, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Cybercrime has emerged as a critical issue in the digital age, posing significant threats to individuals, corporations, and national security. This paper explores various types of cybercrime, including hacking, phishing, ransomware, and financial fraud, highlighting their evolution and impact. It also examines major cyber threats such as data breaches, cyber espionage, AI-driven attacks, and vulnerabilities within the Internet of Things (IoT). The paper discusses the far-reaching economic, psychological, corporate, and national security impacts of cybercrime. Current strategies to combat these crimes, including cybersecurity laws, technological advancements, and awareness initiatives, are evaluated. However, evolving threats, global coordination challenges, and a lack of awareness remain substantial obstacles. This paper emphasizes the necessity for proactive measures, international cooperation, and continuous technological innovation to effectively counter cybercrime. A forward-looking approach is vital as cyber threats continue to grow in sophistication and complexity.

Keywords: Cybercrime, Hacking, Phishing, Ransomware, Data Breaches, Cyber Espionage.

STUDY ON EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION AT WORKPLACES

AUTHOR – POORNIMA LK, STUDENT AT THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – POORNIMA LK, STUDY ON EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION AT WORKPLACES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 832-836, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

.ABSTRACT

This study examines the issue of workplace discrimination that workers encounter. It examines several forms of prejudice, including those based on age, gender, caste, religion, and disability. The study examines how Indian labor regulations, such as the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act and the Equal Remuneration Act, attempt to shield employees against unjust treatment. It also describes the equality provisions of the Indian Constitution and the ways in which the courts have aided in the fight against discrimination. The study makes recommendations for methods to enhance the legal system to make workplaces more equitable and fair for all by contrasting Indian laws with international norms. This essay explores the unequal treatment that certain workers experience at work due to their age, gender, caste, religion, or disability. The Equal Remuneration Act of 1976, the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act of 2016, and the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act of 2013 are among the Indian laws that are examined in order to prevent discrimination and safeguard the rights of employees. Articles 14, 15, and 16 of the Indian Constitution address equality, and the paper also discusses how the courts have sided in this regard through significant rulings. It concludes with recommendations for improving workplace equity and equality for all.

DATA SECURITY AND PRIVACY AS CHALLENGES FOR IPR

AUTHORS – ANUKRITI KATIYAR* & DR.JYOTI YADAV**

* LLM SCHOLAR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, LUCKNOW

** PROFESSOR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – ANUKRITI KATIYAR & DR.JYOTI YADAV, DATA SECURITY AND PRIVACY AS CHALLENGES FOR IPR, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 824-831, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

In the evolving digital age, data has emerged as the most valuable asset, often referred to as new oil^[1]. This transformation has brought with it significant challenge related to data security, privacy, and their intersection with intellectual property rights . As technological innovations continue to expand the scope of data creation ,collection, and sharing, the traditional legal frameworks governing IPR are increasingly being tested .

The research paper explores the complex and dynamic relationship between data protection, privacy and intellectual property rights .It critically examines whether existing IPR laws in India are adequately equipped to address the legal challenges posed by unauthorized data usage, AI generated content and the commoditization of personal information . The research also delves into the implication of recent legal developments such as enactment of digital personal data protection act ,2023 and evaluates its compatibility and potential conflicts with prevailing IPR regimes. This research paper explores the complex relationship between data protection and IPR, evaluates the effectiveness of existing legal instruments, and identifies challenges posed by technological innovation and global data flows. The study concludes with recommendations for modernizing IPR laws and integrating them with robust data privacy standards.

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^[1] Julie E. Cohen, What Privacy Is For, 126 Harv. L. Rev. 1904 (2013

SYSTEMIC CHALLENGES IN PREVENTING CUSTODIAL DEATHS

AUTHOR – ABHISHEK S* & MS. PRIYANKA GUPTA**

* STUDENT OF AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA

** PROFESSOR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA

BEST CITATION – ABHISHEK S & MS. PRIYANKA GUPTA, SYSTEMIC CHALLENGES IN PREVENTING CUSTODIAL DEATHS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 812-823, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Storage mortality is a grave issue in India, and it raises significant issues regarding human rights abuses, police accountability and institutional failure. It tries to avoid instances of torture and death in police and trials, even though provisions have been made by constitutional guarantees and laws to avoid violence against storage. This research critically analyzes the legal framework of custodial deaths in India, such as constitutional provisions, statutory laws, and international obligations. Judicial intervention has come a long way in holding the police accountable, e.g., milestone cases like D.K. Basu v. It has established significant guidelines to the protection of West Bengal detainees and Nirabati Behera vs. Odisha. But issues like no independent surveys, institutionalized impunity, political pressures and non-use of judicial directions are still obstacles for the smooth operation of repair mechanisms. A comparative examination of death prevention mechanisms in detention in the United Kingdom and the United States underscores the need for independent surveillance agencies, improved forensic practices and an effective legal deterrent in India. Systemic issues in the law enforcement and judicial apparatus are identified, and reforms suggested to enhance legal protection mechanisms, accountability, and prevention of violence in custody. The research concludes by calling for strong mechanisms for policy reform, compliance with existing laws, and monitoring of custody practices to move forward with justice and safeguard fundamental rights to life and dignity. Custodial deaths, police brutality, human rights violations, torture in custody, legal framework, judicial accountability.

KEYWORDS : Custodial deaths, police brutality, human rights violations, torture in custody, legal framework, judicial accountability.

ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A LEGAL ANALYSIS

AUTHOR – DHIRAJ SHUKLA* & DR AXITA SHRIVASTAVA**

*  STUDENT OF AMITY LAW SCHOOL, LUCKNOW

** PROFESSOR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – DHIRAJ SHUKLA & DR AXITA SHRIVASTAVA, ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS WITH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A LEGAL ANALYSIS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 804-811, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protect the creations of the human mind, including inventions, designs, artistic works, and brand names. With the rapid evolution of technology, particularly Artificial Intelligence (AI), there has been a profound impact on the field of IPR. AI is increasingly being used in the creation, management, and protection of intellectual property, presenting both opportunities and challenges. This paper explores the role of AI in various areas of IPR, including patent law, copyright, trademarks, and trade secrets. Additionally, it examines the ethical and legal implications, the potential for AI to create new forms of intellectual property, and the evolving relationship between AI and human inventors.

BETWEEN FLEXIBILITY AND CONTROL : LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF WORKPLACE SURVEILLANCE IN REMOTE WORK ENVIRONMENT

AUTHOR – B.S.KEERTHANA, STUDENT AT THE TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE OF LAW (SPECIALIZED IN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AND PROPERTY LAW)

BEST CITATION – B.S.KEERTHANA, BETWEEN FLEXIBILITY AND CONTROL : LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF WORKPLACE SURVEILLANCE IN REMOTE WORK ENVIRONMENT, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 788-795, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

The emergence of remote work as a dominant mode of employment, particularly following the COVID-19 pandemic, has intensified the use of digital surveillance tools by employers to monitor remote employees. This paper provides a legal, technological, and ethical analysis of remote workplace surveillance, focusing on the implications for employee privacy and the adequacy of existing legal frameworks. Through a doctrinal and comparative legal methodology, the research examines laws in India, the United States, and the European Union, highlighting the fragmented and underdeveloped nature of Indian legislation in contrast to the GDPR’s comprehensive safeguards. Key issues explored include informed consent, the proportionality of surveillance, data protection obligations, and the evolving notion of a reasonable expectation of privacy in a home-based work environment. The paper argues that without clear legislative guidance, remote surveillance practices risk infringing upon fundamental rights and eroding trust in employer-employee relationships. It also underscores the ethical responsibility of employers to adopt transparent and minimally intrusive monitoring practices. The study concludes by recommending legal reforms aimed at establishing clear surveillance standards, protecting employee autonomy, and aligning Indian privacy law with international best practices to ensure a rights-respecting framework for the digital workplace.

KEYWORDS: Remote workplace regulation, surveillance law, Monitoring Technology, Privacy compliance, Data privacy Rights, Labour Law and Technology.

ROLE OF JUDICIARY IN COMPULSORY LICENSING REGIME

AUTHOR – SWATI GUPTA, LLM SCHOLAR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY NOIDA

BEST CITATION – SWATI GUPTA, ROLE OF JUDICIARY IN COMPULSORY LICENSING REGIME, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 774-787, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

  This chapter delves into the critical role of the Indian judiciary in shaping the compulsory licensing regime for pharmaceutical patents under the Indian Patents Act, 1970 (as amended), within the context of international obligations and public health imperatives. Employing a doctrinal and case law analysis, the chapter examines key judicial pronouncements, including the landmark cases of Natco Pharma Ltd. v. Bayer Corporation, BDR Pharmaceuticals International Pvt Ltd v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co, Lee Pharma v. AstraZeneca, and Novartis Ag v. Union of India and Others. The analysis highlights the judiciary’s general inclination towards a public health-oriented interpretation of compulsory licensing, demonstrated by the granting of the first compulsory license in Natco v. Bayer based on unmet public needs and unaffordable pricing. Conversely, the rejections in BDR Pharma and Lee Pharma underscore the significance of fulfilling statutory prerequisites and demonstrating genuine efforts to secure voluntary licenses. Furthermore, the chapter analyzes the pivotal role of the judiciary in upholding Section 3(d) of the Patents Act, as seen in the Novartis case, in preventing patent evergreening and safeguarding the accessibility of generic medicines. The chapter critically reflects on the complexities and potential obsolescence of the current compulsory licensing process and argues for its streamlining. It underscores the significance of India’s judicial approach as a potential model for developing nations seeking to utilize TRIPS flexibilities to address public health crises and ensure access to affordable pharmaceuticals.

RISK ON THE ROAD: ANALYZING PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS FACED BY URBAN FOOD DELIVERY GIG WORKERS

AUTHOR – NITHYA R, STUDENT AT THE TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE OF LAW (SPECIALIZING IN INTERNATIONAL LAW AND IPR)

BEST CITATION – NITHYA R, RISK ON THE ROAD: ANALYZING PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS FACED BY URBAN FOOD DELIVERY GIG WORKERS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 767-773, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

Food delivery gig workers in urban areas face unique physical and mental health challenges due to the nature of platform-based work and demanding city environments. This study explores daily risks such as accidents, musculoskeletal strain, and exposure to extreme weather, along with mental health issues like stress, job insecurity, and lack of social support. The key issue is the absence of legal protection, as gig workers are not recognized as formal employees and thus lack access to health insurance, paid leave, and compensation benefits. Drawing from secondary sources, including government and media reports, the research highlights how the gig economy’s flexibility often comes at the cost of worker well-being. It calls for urgent policy intervention—legal recognition of gig workers, platform accountability, and comprehensive social security. By examining both the health risks and legal gaps, this paper advocates for inclusive reforms to ensure safe, fair, and dignified working conditions in the growing digital gig economy.

Keywords: Gig economy, Food delivery workers, Urban, Health concerns, and  Labour rights

LEGAL LIABILITY OF WORKPLACE ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES

AUTHOR – JAYASWETHA. J, STUDENT AT THE TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW (SPECIALIZING IN INTERNATIONAL LAW & INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS)

BEST CITATION – JAYASWETHA. J, LEGAL LIABILITY OF WORKPLACE ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 761-766, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344..

Abstract:

Every employee is entitled to a safe and healthy work environment, and each state has established procedures to ensure workers’ safety. Occupational safety measures are in place to create a protective workplace. However, many issues remain unresolved due to the complex nature of workers’ compensation laws and workplace injury regulations. Recently, many organizations have established safety committees to support employees, educate them about their rights to report concerns, seek assistance, and file compensation claims. Although policies may change over time, employers have the fundamental duty to ensure the workplace remains free from health and safety hazards. Employers are responsible for compensating employees for any accidents or injuries that occur in the workplace during their working hours.

Key words: Compensation, workmen’s safety, liability, Employer, and Employee.

BANKRUPTCY LAWS AND THEIR IMPACT ON CREDITORS AND DEBTORS

AUTHOR – JAYANI D. TRIVEDI, STUDENT AT UNITEDWORLD SCHOOL OF LAW, KARNAVATI UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – JAYANI D. TRIVEDI, BANKRUPTCY LAWS AND THEIR IMPACT ON CREDITORS AND DEBTORS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 742-755, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Bankruptcy laws are an important mechanism of foreclosure play in managing the insolvency of a company which offers the structured platform for creditors and debtors alike to navigate through an insolvency process. The development of bankruptcy legislation has been historic and has moved from penalistic codes to the more recent codes who have taken rehabilitation and fairness as the main concern. The first bankruptcy laws evolved in India with 1828, in 1848 and comprehensive ones in 1909. Nevertheless, the main point of change was the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) of 2016 which streamlined insolvency process and increased financial stability by reducing non-performing assets (NPAs) and credit discipline. The IBC is designed to balance creditors’ rights and debtors’ dignity and dignity of the exit or restructuring opportunity. Furthermore, working towards these standards not just helps the financial sector and improve investor confidence, reduce systemic risks, but also fosters growth by making economic environment more resilient. Bankruptcy laws are important, because they are a way to balance the interest of the creditors and the debtors at all, giving, at the same time, a fresh start to individuals and companies, but preserving the financial system itself. These laws help carve out a well-disciplined culture of accountability and transparency in finance to enable individuals to operate in an economically healthy environment, while taking care of their financials and obviating the stigma that bankruptcy entails. In general, bankruptcy laws are important to ensure economic stability and a realistic financial practice.

Keywords: Bankruptcy Laws, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), Creditors, Debtors, Financial Stability, Economic Growth.