SEXUAL OFFENCES AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: FROM DETERRENCE/RETRIBUTION TO PREVENTION AND REFORMATION

AUTHOR – DIYA DALWADI* & MR. MANTHAN  SHARMA**

* STUDENT AT UNITEDWORLD SCHOOL OF LAW, KARNAVATI UNIVERSITY

** LECTURER, UNITEDWORLD SCHOOL OF LAW, KARNAVATI UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – DIYA DALWADI* & MR. MANTHAN  SHARMA, SEXUAL OFFENCES AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: FROM DETERRENCE/RETRIBUTION TO PREVENTION AND REFORMATION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (5) OF 2025, PG. 29-46, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

This article explores the evolution of the criminal justice system’s approach to sexual offences, moving from a primary focus on retribution towards integrating prevention strategies. Sexual offences are complex issues with legal, social, and psychological dimensions, requiring multifaceted solutions that go beyond traditional punishment.

The study examines the historical shift in legal frameworks, influenced by feminist movements and international conventions, redefining sexual offences as violations of dignity and autonomy. It further analyzes the effectiveness of deterrence and retribution theories, contrasting them with rehabilitative approaches.

The analysis includes a case study on the use of castration as a deterrent, revealing its limited impact on reducing sexual offence rates. Ultimately, the article advocates for comprehensive strategies that combine punitive measures with rehabilitative programs and preventive initiatives to address the root causes of sexual violence and foster societal safety.

“CYBER CRIME AND INVESTIGATION IN INDIA: ROLE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CHALLENGES FACED”

AUTHORS – MIHIR GUPTA* & DR. RAJEEV KUMAR SINGH**

* LL.M (CRIMINAL LAW) SCHOLAR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH LUCKNOW CAMPUS

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH LUCKNOW CAMPUS

BEST CITATION – MIHIR GUPTA & DR. RAJEEV KUMAR SINGH, THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL IN MAINTAINING GLOBAL PEACE AND SECURITY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (5) OF 2025, PG. 17-28, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The swift growth of digital technologies and communication platforms in India has led to a dramatic surge in cyber crimes. Offences such as online financial fraud, phishing, cyber stalking, digital harassment, and even complex forms of cyber terrorism have made cyberspace increasingly vulnerable to criminal misuse. The inherently global and fluid nature of the internet presents serious obstacles for conventional legal and investigative systems.

This paper seeks to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the current cyber crime scenario in India. It focuses on the evolving trends in cyber offences and critically analyzes the legal mechanisms designed to counter them. Special attention is given to the functions and effectiveness of law enforcement bodies such as dedicated cyber units, forensic departments, and specialized investigative teams, evaluating their readiness, technical know-how, and challenges in managing cyber evidence and online criminal networks.

The research also brings to light major hurdles including jurisdictional complications, a lack of advanced training for law enforcement personnel, limited digital awareness among citizens, and weak international collaboration. Utilizing a doctrinal and analytical methodology, the paper assesses significant laws like the Information Technology Act, 2000, along with relevant sections of the Indian Penal Code, while also reflecting on new developments like the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.

Ultimately, the study suggests actionable reforms aimed at enhancing investigative efficiency, modernizing cyber policing infrastructure, and fostering better coordination—both nationally and globally—to build a resilient cyber security and crime prevention framework in India.

KEYWORD – Cyber Crime,Cyber Law in India,Information Technology Act, 2000,Law Enforcement, Cyber Investigation, Digital Forensics, Phishing and Online Fraud, Cyber Stalking and Harassment Data Protection Act, 2023, Jurisdictional Challenges, International Cooperation, Cyber Security, Infrastructure Digital Evidence ,Cyber Terrorism ,Cyber Crime Trends.

THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL IN MAINTAINING GLOBAL PEACE AND SECURITY

AUTHORS – NISHTHA ANAND* & DR. AXITA SHRIVASTAVA**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – NISHTHA ANAND & DR. AXITA SHRIVASTAVA, THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL IN MAINTAINING GLOBAL PEACE AND SECURITY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (5) OF 2025, PG. 11-16, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The Security Council is one of six bodies that make up the United Nations. The Security Council was assigned the responsibility of maintaining international peace and security by the United Nations Charter.

Using qualitative analysis, this dissertation looks at the context of the establishment of the United Nations and the Security Council, outlining the structure of the Security Council by examining its composition, theory, and practice.

There has always been debate around the theory of the Security Council and whether the drafters of the United Nations Charter intended the Council to be a system of collective security. Moreover, there have been new developments in the practice of the Security Council, like the use of new principles such as the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in the drafting of the resolutions and the Protection of Civilians (PoC) as the main principle and task for the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, which have seen an increase in importance as well as innovations for their implementation.^[1]

The dissertation discusses the critical resolutions and mechanisms of the Security Council, like sanctions, which are one of the most important mechanisms to coerce states to comply with the resolutions against threats to international peace and security. As well as the theory of global governance and its developments, its relation to the Security Council, and the role of the Security Council in the issues of disarmament and nuclear proliferation.

The dissertation also qualitatively examines three case studies, which are the most recent examples of wars in the twenty-first century and they are Iraq, Syria, and Ukraine, and how the Security Council addressed those conflicts.

The reform of the Security Council is a long-discussed topic with many calls and proposals. There are no doubt implications, whether the Council is reformed or remains in the same structure. Currently, calls for reform and restructuring are at an all-time high as the world sees major developments.

---

[1] S.G. Hauck, R. Kunz & M. Milas, Public International Law (2024), https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003451327

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PREGNANCY TERMINATION AND SURROGACY LAWS IN INDIA AND U.S.A.

AUTHORS: – SHRISTY PAYAL & AMBAR SRIVASTAVA

STUDENTS AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY.

BEST CITATION – SHRISTY PAYAL & AMBAR SRIVASTAVA, A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PREGNANCY TERMINATION AND SURROGACY LAWS IN INDIA AND U.S.A., INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (5) OF 2025, PG. 01-10, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

“The purpose of this research study is to give a complete comparative examination of the legislative frameworks that regulate surrogacy and pregnancy termination in India and the United States of America. Both countries have diverse legal, cultural, and economical settings, which have contributed to the formation of their respective approaches to reproductive rights and technology. The purpose of this research is to investigate the historical history, present legal frameworks, judicial interpretations, and continuing disputes that are associated with surrogacy and abortion in both nations. A number of important differences in regulatory techniques are shown by the study. These differences are a reflection of the various constitutional systems, cultural values, and policy agendas. In recent years, India has made progress towards a regulatory framework that is more centralised and restrictive for both abortion and surrogacy. On the other hand, the United States of America exhibits significant state-level variation as a result of the overturning of Roe v. Wade and continues to maintain a commercial surrogacy market that is largely unregulated. The purpose of this comparative analysis is to shed insight on the ways in which reproductive laws in both countries continue to develop in response to the progression of technology, shifting societal views, and competing interests of various stakeholders. A set of ideas for legislative reforms that strike a compromise between reproductive autonomy and the required protections against exploitation and commodification are presented in the last section of the article.”

Keywords: Reproductive rights, abortion laws, surrogacy regulation, comparative legal analysis, medical tourism, bioethics

IPO PRICING AND VALUATION OF A COMPANY IN INDIA

AUTHOR – SHLOK SHAH, STUDENT AT KARNAVATI UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – SHLOK SHAH, IPO PRICING AND VALUATION OF A COMPANY IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 1195-1198, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

INTRODUCTION TO SEBI

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)^[1] is the chief regulatory body entrusted with regulating as well as governing of the Indian securities market which also includes the IPO procedure in securities market. Founded in 1988 and vested with statutory powers in 1992 through the SEBI Act of 1992. The aim and motive of SEBI is to safeguard the interest of investors in the market, encourage fair practices in the market, prevent scams/discrepancies from happening in the market and improve the growth of the securities market in India.

---

[1] Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 (Securities and Exchange Board of India) https://www.sebi.gov.in/sebi_data/attachdocs accessed 12 March 2025

EVOLUTION OF RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT, 2005

AUTHOR – DIVYANSHU ARORA, STUDENT AT UNITEDWORLD SCHOOL OF LAW, KARNAVATI UNIVERSITY. EMAIL: DIVYANSHUWWE@GMAIL.COM.

BEST CITATION – DIVYANSHU ARORA, EVOLUTION OF RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT, 2005, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 1183-1194, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

India’s democratic framework gained a transformative breakthrough through RTI Act which established official procedures for government information disclosure to citizens. The paper examines how the RTI Act evolved through legislation and covers its structural design and judicial case law analysis and impacts on social issues and politics. The analysis explores the reasons behind implementation difficulties and finds that RTI objectives become less effective when serving marginalized communities while also investigating how legal exceptions and administrative disengagement together with low awareness block the achievement of objectives. The research presents a global outlook via its examination of information access laws from the United Kingdom and Canada and South Africa which leads to strategic lessons for domestic policy reforms. The research ends in a practical recommendation section that works to enhance institutional capabilities together with better legal extent and inclusive information sharing practices to help the RTI Act reach its goal of participatory and transparent governance.

Keywords: Right to Information Act, 2005, Marginalized Communities, Public Authorities, Exemptions, Comparative Legal Analysis.

REFORMING INDIA’S PATENT SYSTEM: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE ON INNOVATION AND ACCESS

AUTHORS – IMAN JAMAL SIDDIQUI* & DR.AMIT DHALL

* LLM (IP) STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, NOIDA

** FACULTY OF LAW ,AMITY LAW SCHOOL,NOIDA

BEST CITATION – IMAN JAMAL SIDDIQUI & DR.AMIT DHALL, REFORMING INDIA’S PATENT SYSTEM: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE ON INNOVATION AND ACCESS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 1173-1182, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

EVOLUTION OF PATENT LAWS IN INDIA

In India, it was difficult for the general populace to access the medicines needed for human treatment. These medications were primarily imported from other nations. Due to a shortage of natural medications and considerable demand, prices are quite expensive. The local law was impacted by the external law. India had some of the highest drug prices in the world.

EMERGING TRENDS OF MIGRANT WORKERS IN INDIA – A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY

AUTHOR – DEVADHARSHINI A, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU

BEST CITATION – DEVADHARSHINI A, EMERGING TRENDS OF MIGRANT WORKERS IN INDIA – A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 1160-1172, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

An emigrant worker is someone who relocates from one place to another in hunt of employment to sustain themselves. In India, the challenges faced by similar workers have stressed the government’s shy sweats in icing their safety, health, and overall working conditions. The COVID- 19 epidemic, which began in Wuhan, China, and snappily spread worldwide, revealed the dire circumstances of these workers numerous of whom were seen walking along roads and roadways trying to return to their native places. The civil lockdown assessed to check the contagion forced them to leave the metropolises, as their livelihoods and access to introductory musts were suddenly cut off. This study seeks to propose practical and implementable measures that governments can borrow to support migratory workers in the event of unborn lockdowns. More importantly, it emphasizes the need for long- term, sustainable results that would minimize the necessity for workers to leave their motherlands unless absolutely essential. The exploration adopts a doctrinal methodology and is predicated in core legal exploration principles. It primarily explores the rigors faced by migratory workers and proposes feasible remedies. The authors have conducted an in- depth review of scholarly literature, incorporating perceptivity and perspectives from established experts in the field.

KEYWORDS: Migratory Workers, Livelihood, Rights, Push And Pull Factor, Government.

UNDERSTANDING LAW IN SOCIAL CONTEXTS: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

AUTHOR – AGAM DIXIT, INDEPENDENT LEGAL RESEARCHER AND WRITER BASED IN AGRA, INDIA

BEST CITATION – AGAM DIXIT, UNDERSTANDING LAW IN SOCIAL CONTEXTS: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 1156-1159, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the Law and Society approach, which views law as a social construct shaped by culture, politics, and daily life. Moving beyond formal legal analysis, it highlights how legal systems interact with social structures, using both global theories and Indian case studies. Key issues such as caste discrimination, LGBTQ+ rights, gender justice, juvenile law, and digital surveillance are explored to illustrate the gap between law on paper and law in practice. The paper also addresses critiques related to methodology and practical application in the Indian context. It concludes by emphasizing the need for socio-legal research to engage with grassroots realities for inclusive and transformative justice.

Keywords: Law and Society, Social Justice, Legal Reform, India, Caste, Gender, LGBTQ+, Juvenile Justice, Digital Rights, Socio-Legal Studies

BLOCKCHAIN

AUTHOR – KHUSHI BHATT* & DR. MAYURA SABNE**

* STUDENT AT UNITEDWORLD SCHOOL OF LAW, KARNAVATI UNIVERSITY

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LAW, UNITEDWORLD SCHOOL OF LAW, KARNAVATI UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – KHUSHI BHATT & DR. MAYURA SABNE, BLOCKCHAIN, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 1143-1155, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This research paper investigates the transformative impact of blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies on the financial landscape, particularly in India. It explores the evolution of blockchain, its security features, and the regulatory challenges posed by the rapid growth of cryptocurrencies. By analyzing existing literature, expert insights, and market trends, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the implications of blockchain and cryptocurrencies for various sectors, including banking and finance.

Keywords:  Blockchain Technology, Cryptocurrencies, Digital Currency, Smart Contracts, Tokenization.