THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE FINANCE AND ITS SOURCES IN THE DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

AUTHOR – KEERTHANA.S* & DR. S. MARUTHAVIJAYAN**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR.AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR.AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – KEERTHANA.S & DR. S. MARUTHAVIJAYAN, THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE FINANCE AND ITS SOURCES IN THE DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (5) OF 2025, PG. 148-160, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT:

Climate finance refers to the financial resources allocated to support global efforts aimed at mitigating the effects of climate change and adapting to its impacts. As the world grapples with the growing threat of climate change, climate finance has emerged as a crucial mechanism to support countries, businesses, and communities in transitioning to a lowcarbon, sustainable future. This research explores the key aspects of climate finance, examining the flow of capital from public and private sources, the role of international agreements such as the Paris Agreement, and the mechanisms available to finance climate action, including green bonds, climate funds, and investment in clean technologies. The study investigates the challenges and opportunities in climate finance, such as the gap between the financial needs of developing countries and the resources available to meet them, as well as the integration of climate-related risks into financial decision-making. A key focus is on the growing significance of private sector involvement in financing climate initiatives and the integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria into investment strategies. Additionally, the research highlights the importance of climate adaptation financing, particularly for vulnerable regions facing severe environmental impacts such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and droughts. By exploring global efforts and national strategies to mobilize climate finance, the research aims to provide insights into how financing mechanisms can be optimized to accelerate climate action, foster sustainable development, and enhance resilience to climate change impacts. And the addresses of the climate finance of this year (cop 29). 

KEY WORDS: climate finance, flow of capitals, Paris agreement, investment-funds, 

“NEW CHALLENGES IN BANKING FRAUD: A SOCIO LEGAL ANALYSIS- IN INDIA”

AUTHOR – HIMANSHI SINGH, STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN

BEST CITATION – HIMANSHI SINGH, “NEW CHALLENGES IN BANKING FRAUD: A SOCIO LEGAL ANALYSIS- IN INDIA”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (5) OF 2025, PG. 140-147, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract:

The rapid evolution of digital banking has brought unprecedented convenience to consumers but has also created new challenges in banking fraud.

Cybercriminals leverage advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, deepfake scams, and social engineering tactics to exploit vulnerabilities in banking systems. Additionally, the rise of decentralized finance (DeFi) and cryptocurrency transactions introduces new complexities in fraud detection and prevention. This paper explores emerging fraud trends, including account takeover fraud, synthetic identity fraud, and insider threats, while highlighting the role of machine learning, blockchain, and regulatory frameworks in combating these threats. Addressing these challenges requires a collaborative effort between financial institutions, cybersecurity experts, and regulatory bodies to develop proactive fraud prevention strategies and safeguard customer trust.

Keywords:

Banking fraud, cybersecurity, financial crime, digital banking, synthetic identity fraud, account takeover, blockchain security, Al in fraud detection, regulatory compliance, financial technology.

“PUBLIC OPINION SHAPING JUSTICE:  ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF MEDIA ON HIGH-PROFILE CRIMINAL CASES”

AUTHOR – AYUSH SRIVASTAVA * & DR. . SUKRITI YADAV**

* LL.M (CRIMINAL.LAW) SCHOLAR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH LUCKNOW CAMPUS

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH LUCKNOW CAMPUS

BEST CITATION – AYUSH SRIVASTAVA & DR. . SUKRITI YADAV, “PUBLIC OPINION SHAPING JUSTICE:  ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF MEDIA ON HIGH-PROFILE CRIMINAL CASES”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (5) OF 2025, PG. 130-139, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

In the contemporary age of information and digital connectivity, the media has emerged as a formidable force capable of shaping societal perceptions and influencing institutional frameworks, particularly in the realm of criminal justice. This research paper delves into the complex dynamics between media coverage and public opinion during high-profile criminal cases, and how such influence can directly or indirectly affect the judicial process. Through the lens of multiple case studies and legal analysis, the paper investigates the extent to which media narratives can alter societal understanding of justice, create preconceived notions of guilt or innocence, and exert pressure on investigating agencies, prosecutors, defense lawyers, and even the judiciary.

While a free and robust press is fundamental to a democratic society, unregulated or sensationalist reporting in sub judice matters may compromise the core principle of a fair and impartial trial. The paper further explores constitutional provisions such as Article 19(1)(a) – guaranteeing freedom of speech and expression – and Article 21 – ensuring the right to life and personal liberty, including the right to a fair trial. It critically analyzes the intersection of these rights in situations where media reportage risks infringing upon judicial independence.

The study incorporates key Indian and international judicial pronouncements, ethical standards of journalism, and legislative frameworks, offering a comparative perspective. It also addresses the concept of “trial by media” and its ramifications on due process, the presumption of innocence, and public trust in the judiciary. In conclusion, the paper recommends the formulation of specific guidelines and regulatory mechanisms to strike a balance between the freedom of the press and the sanctity of judicial proceedings, thereby ensuring that justice is not only done but is seen to be done without prejudice or populist influence.

KEYWORDS –

Media Trials, High-Profile Criminal Cases, Public Opinion, Freedom of Press, Fair Trial, Article 19(1)(a), Article 21, Judicial Independence, Trial by Media, Legal Ethics, Due Process, Sensationalism, Sub Judice Reporting, Right to Reputation, Media Regulation, Criminal Justice System.

RERA AND CONSUMER PROTECTION: COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS IN URBAN VS RURAL REAL ESTATE MARKETS IN INDIA

AUTHOR –  PATEL HET ANILKUMAR, STUDENT AT UNITED WORLD SCHOOL OF LAW, KARNAVATI UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – PATEL HET ANILKUMAR, RERA AND CONSUMER PROTECTION: COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS IN URBAN VS RURAL REAL ESTATE MARKETS IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (5) OF 2025, PG. 115-130, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION

Introduction

“When considering your next real estate investment the choice between city and suburb can significantly impact your property’s value and lifestyle. (While cities offer vibrant amenities and potentially higher price appreciation, suburbs often come with lower costs and greater room for development.) Understanding these distinctions can help you make an informed decision.”

‘Choosing a home should depend on your personal requirements and expectations from the property and its environment. If you prioritize convenience and access to urban amenities, a city might be ideal for you. ‘However, if investment potential is your focus, the suburbs are increasingly recognized as areas of growth and opportunity.’ Here’s a closer look at various factors to consider when deciding between these two options.’ (Its provisions include mandatory project registration, escrow account management, and the establishment of grievance redressal mechanisms through state-specific RERA authorities.) While RERA has been widely hailed as a game-changer, “its implementation has faced criticism due to state-level variations, limited consumer awareness, and infrastructural bottlenecks.’ (This study seeks to critically analyse the effects of RERA on India’s real estate industry, exploring its impact on project management, market dynamics, and stakeholder relationships. The study further examines the interplay between RERA’s regulatory framework and modern construction technologies, emphasizing the potential for sustainable growth and enhanced consumer confidence in the industry.)

GLOBAL REGULATORY COMPLIANCE FOR CROSS-BORDER M&A

AUTHOR – AKSHITA MAKIN, STUDENT AMITY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA

BEST CITATION – AKSHITA MAKIN, GLOBAL REGULATORY COMPLIANCE FOR CROSS-BORDER M&A, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (5) OF 2025, PG. 106-114, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT:,

Cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have emerged as pivotal strategies in global economic integration, yet they are fraught with complex legal, regulatory, and compliance challenges. This study critically explores the evolving framework of international legal instruments, domestic regulations, and bilateral as well as multilateral treaties that govern such transactions. It emphasizes how entities like the WTO, OECD, and UNCITRAL contribute to harmonizing international standards, thereby facilitating a successful cross-border deals. Comparative analyses of the jurisdictions including the United States, European Union, India, and China reveal diverse regulatory landscapes influenced by competition laws, foreign investment policies, and national security considerations. Furthermore, the research delves into the impact of international investment agreements, double taxation treaties, and regional trade alliances in structuring M&A strategies. By examining sector-specific regulatory bodies and emerging compliance concerns such as data protection and anti-corruption mandates, the dissertation underlines the multidimensional nature of legal due diligence in international M&A. The research concludes that successful cross-border M&A hinges on strategic navigation of legal systems, regulatory compliance, and adaptive governance, calculating the need for regulatory and ethical corporate conduct in an interconnected globalised world.

Keywords:
Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A), Regulatory Compliance, International Legal Instruments, WTO, OECD Guidelines, UNCITRAL, Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs), Competition Law, Foreign Investment, Data Protection, Anti-Corruption Laws, International Trade Agreements, Legal Due Diligence, Regulatory Authorities, Global Economic Integration.

LEGAL FRAME WORK PROTECTING WOMEN

AUTHOR – PARTH SRIVASTAVA, STUDENT AT UNITEDWORLD SCHOOL OF LAW, KARNAVATI UNIVERSITY. E-MAIL- SRIVASTAVAPARTH97@GMAIL.COM

BEST CITATION – PARTH SRIVASTAVA, VIJENDRA ARUMUGAM S & DR. SAJI SIVAN S, LEGAL FRAME WORK PROTECTING WOMEN, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (5) OF 2025, PG. 89-105, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

This paper  presents an in-depth analysis of the legal framework protecting women’s rights in India, with a focus on domestic violence, sexual harassment, dowry-related abuse, and systemic challenges in the enforcement of legal protections. Drawing upon statutory developments, landmark judicial decisions, and scholarly commentary, the study examines how historical, cultural, and socio-legal factors have influenced the evolution of women’s rights. Key legislations such as the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, and the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, are evaluated in the context of their implementation, accessibility, and real-world efficacy. The research also explores contemporary challenges including underreporting of crimes, societal stigma, and infrastructural deficits. the study underscores the role of judicial activism in expanding protections for women. The methodology is doctrinal, supported by critical review of primary and secondary sources. The objective is not only to assess the current legal protections but also to recommend reforms aimed at closing the gap between legal entitlement and practical enforcement. This work contributes to the ongoing discourse on gender justice and legal empowerment in India.

Key words: Women right , Domestic violence, sexual offences, dowry, sexual harassment

RTI AND PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION (PIL)

AUTHORS – GIRISH C B*, VIJENDRA ARUMUGAM S* & DR. SAJI SIVAN S**

* STUDENTS VITSOL, CHENNAI

** ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, VITSOL, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – GIRISH C B, VIJENDRA ARUMUGAM S & DR. SAJI SIVAN S, RTI AND PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION (PIL), INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (5) OF 2025, PG. 76-88, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT:

The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, and Public Interest Litigation (PIL) have become powerful instruments within India’s legal and democratic landscape for promoting transparency, accountability, and judicial activism. The following research paper examines the relationship between RTI applications and PILs, and RTI disclosures serve as first-order evidence in public litigations. The paper also analyses landmark case laws, where PILs, supported by RTI, have resulted in meaningful changes in constitutional law and public policy.

RTI has endeavoured to put power into the hands of citizens to demonstrate corruption, environmental degradation, and electoral wrongdoing, but ineffective legal and bureaucratic mechanisms impede practical use of RTI. The RTI Act’s provisions under Section 8 and continual denial of information, slow responses, and intimidation of RTI advocates all inhibit the use of First Evidence through RTI in litigation. The paper reviews the judiciary’s response to the challenges outlined above and cites the case of CBI v. CIC (2019) and precedent, principles of transparency, and limits of privacy, among others.

Finally, to bolster the RTI-PIL intersection, the authors suggest reforming the RTI Act with whistleblower protection, digitizing the RTI request processes, and creating accelerated processing of PILs. In conclusion, while RTI-PILs enhance accountability in a democracy, ongoing legal reforms are needed in the institutions that serve to further RTI as First Order Evidence, since it cannot be assumed that the right to information will lead to judicial loss or gain.

“BIG DATA SURVEILLANCE AND ITS IMPACT ON FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS UNDER THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION”

AUTHOR – SHREYANSHI* & DR. JYOTSNA SINGH**

* LL.M (CONSTITUTIONAL LAW) SCHOLAR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH LUCKNOW CAMPUS

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH LUCKNOW CAMPUS

BEST CITATION – SHREYANSHI & DR. JYOTSNA SINGH, “BIG DATA SURVEILLANCE AND ITS IMPACT ON FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS UNDER THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (5) OF 2025, PG. 66-75, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The exponential growth of Big Data technologies has significantly reshaped the landscape of personal data management. In India, the widespread use of Big Data surveillance systems by both state agencies and private corporations has raised complex constitutional questions regarding the protection of fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution. This paper examines the constitutional implications of Big Data surveillance, particularly with respect to the Right to Privacy under Article 21, Freedom of Speech and Expression under Article 19(1)(a), and protection from arbitrary state action under Article 14.

The use of surveillance tools such as biometric identification systems (e.g., Aadhaar), facial recognition technologies, and real-time monitoring mechanisms raise concerns regarding privacy violations, freedom of expression, and state overreach. The Right to Privacy, as established by the Supreme Court of India in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, and Article 19 on free speech, are often at odds with the increasing intrusion of digital surveillance technologies. The paper critically assesses the impact of Big Data on these fundamental rights, emphasizing the need for stronger legal safeguards and democratic oversight.

In addition to examining legal gaps, the paper highlights the absence of comprehensive data protection laws and transparent regulations for surveillance programs. Given the absence of a unified data protection framework in India, this study advocates for the establishment of institutional mechanisms that balance the goals of national security with the protection of individual freedoms. The paper concludes by calling for an urgent legal reform to address the challenges posed by Big Data and proposes a framework that respects constitutional rights while enabling responsible digital governance.

Keywords: Big Data, Surveillance, Privacy, Fundamental Rights, Indian Constitution, Freedom of Expression, State Accountability, Legal Safeguards, Data Protection, Democratic Oversight.

CORPORATE INSOLVENCY AND RESTRUCTURING: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES POST IBC 2016

AUTHOR – RISHABH ATUL LALITA SHARMA, STUDENT AT KARNAVATI UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – RISHABH ATUL LALITA SHARMA, CORPORATE INSOLVENCY AND RESTRUCTURING: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES POST IBC 2016, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (5) OF 2025, PG. 53-65, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

This research analyzes the development of Indian corporate insolvency and restructuring law with an emphasis on the role of transformation played by the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC). Before the IBC, Indian insolvency law was regulated by a series of piecemeal legislations including the Companies Act, 1956 & 2013, Sick Industrial Companies Act, 1985 (SICA), RDDBFI Act, 1993, and SARFAESI Act, 2002. These overlapping pieces of legislation resulted in jurisdictional disputes, delayed insolvency resolution timelines, low recovery rates for creditors, and a debtor-centric system that resulted in piling up of non-performing assets (NPAs) in the banking system.The IBC Act made a paradigm shift by bringing harmonization of insolvency law into a single, creditor-oriented, and time-bound resolution mechanism. Some of the key elements of the IBC are the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP), the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) as the adjudicating authority, the Insolvency Professionals (IPs) concept, and the introduction of a hierarchical debt repayment system under Section 53. The Code also takes international best practices in insolvency, such as the US Chapter 11 model, UK’s Enterprise Act, and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency. By reducing procedural complexities and increasing legal certainty, the IBC has significantly enhanced the speed of insolvency resolution in India. The study concludes that the IBC has filled gaps in the earlier regime, thereby facilitating ease of doing business and foreign investment. Challenges such as delay in taking effect and development of a robust cross-border insolvency regime are still on the agenda of future development and reform

ANALYSIS OF THE RERA’S IMPACT ON RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERICAL REAL ESTATE SECTORS

AUTHOR – CHAUDHARI SOHAM HARESHBHAI, FINAL YEAR STUDENT AT UNITEDWORLD SCHOOL OF LAW, KARNAVATI UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – CHAUDHARI SOHAM HARESHBHAI, ANALYSIS OF THE RERA’S IMPACT ON RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERICAL REAL ESTATE SECTORS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (5) OF 2025, PG. 47-52, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act (RERA), enacted in 2016, was a transformative step in India’s real estate sector, introducing transparency, accountability, and efficiency. Prior to its implementation, homebuyers often faced issues such as project delays, undisclosed alterations, and financial mismanagement by developers. RERA has established stringent regulations mandating the disclosure of essential project details, including layout plans, financial approvals, and completion timelines. The Act ensures that developers adhere to project schedules and imposes penalties for non-compliance, thereby mitigating delays and enhancing buyer confidence.

Additionally, amendments to the Benami Transactions Act have further strengthened the fight against fraudulent property transactions by imposing stricter enforcement measures. Key updates in 2024 have reinforced the requirement for obtaining buyer consent for major project modifications, clarifying shared amenities, and ensuring transparency in financial dealings. The implementation of RERA has led to structured grievance redressal mechanisms, providing homebuyers with an efficient dispute resolution system.

The impact of RERA on the Indian real estate sector has been profound. It has bolstered consumer protection, attracted both domestic and foreign investors, and fostered a regulatory framework that promotes sustainable real estate growth. The categorization of sales according to Jantri rates has further standardized pricing structures. While RERA has significantly improved real estate governance, challenges such as inconsistent implementation and lack of awareness persist. Addressing these concerns through improved enforcement, consumer education, and streamlined grievance procedures will further solidify RERA’s effectiveness in ensuring a fair and robust real estate sector.