SHARPENING THE SWORD: REFINING LEGAL TESTS AND ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS TO TACKLE PREDATORY PRICING AND EXCLUSIVE DEALING IN INDIA

AUTHOR – RETHIGA RAMESH, LLM 2^ND YEAR IN BUSINESS LAW, TAMILNADU DR.AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TAMILNADU, CHENNAI.

BEST CITATION – RETHIGA RAMESH, SHARPENING THE SWORD: REFINING LEGAL TESTS AND ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS TO TACKLE PREDATORY PRICING AND EXCLUSIVE DEALING IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 614-619, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The paper delves into the significance of fair competition in India’s market and the challenges posed by predatory pricing and exclusive dealing practices. It describes how these actions might reduce customer choice, discourage innovation, and impede the entry of new competitors. It evaluates the efficiency of the present legal system, which includes the Competition Act of 2002, in combating these kinds of conduct. It recommends improving legal standards and enforcement procedures in light of the difficulties in identifying and prosecuting these cases.
The study uses international best practices to support the need for more precise standards and thresholds for identifying antitrust infractions. In order to speed resolution, it emphasizes the necessity of cooperative efforts between regulatory organizations, the judiciary, and stakeholders. In order to support enforcement, it also suggests improvements to resource allocation and investigative methods. Ultimately, policymakers may foster a competitive market that supports innovation, consumer welfare, and economic progress by improving legislative requirements and enforcement strategies, supporting the fundamentals of fair competition in India.

Kewords: Fair competition, Predatory pricing, Exclusive dealing practices, Antitrust violations, Enforcement mechanisms, Regulatory bodies

INTERNATIONAL LAW AND CLIMATE CHANGE: THE ROLE OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENT

AUTHOR – ANIKET NITIN PAYGUDE, LLM STUDENT AT SHRI NAVALMAL FIRODIA LAW COLLEGE

BEST CITATION – ANIKET NITIN PAYGUDE, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND CLIMATE CHANGE: THE ROLE OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENT, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 606-613, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT:

International Law and Climate Change: The Role of Global Environmental  Agreements

This research investigates the role of international law in combating climate change through global environmental agreements, with a focus on multilateral treaties like the Paris Agreement. Climate change presents one of the most pressing global challenges, and international law provides a framework for collective action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote sustainability, and adapt to changing environmental conditions. The study explores how international legal instruments set binding  for states, promoting cooperation in climate mitigation.This section analyzes major global agreements like the Paris Agreement, examining their legal frameworks, objectives, and how they define state obligations for emission reductions,  and climate resilience.The research explores the legal responsibilities of states under these treaties, and how international bodies monitor and report on compliance.

The study highlights difficulties in ensuring compliance with international climate law, particularly in the absence of strong enforcement mechanisms. Issues such as sovereignty, and political  significant obstacles to achieving global climate goals.This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how international law supports the global fight against climate change and cooperation among nations.

Keywords: International law, climate change, Paris Agreement,  environmental agreements,  state obligations.

BEYOND THE BINARY: AN EXAMINATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION IN PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY FOR TRANSGENDER INDIVIDUAL

AUTHOR – S S SUMIJA, LLM STUDENT AT PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION SOCIETY’S MODERN LAW COLLEGE, PUNE  (SPECIALISATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW)

BEST CITATION – S S SUMIJA, BEYOND THE BINARY: AN EXAMINATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION IN PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY FOR TRANSGENDER INDIVIDUAL, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 598-605, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The main theme of a gender-equal society focus in the recognition and protection of diverse gender identities, particularly in the context of international law. This study has shown that while international human rights laws increasingly support the rights of transgender people, many countries still have weak or unfair laws when it comes to gender identity. Some nations have made big progress-like allowing people to change their legal gender without surgery-but in other places, laws still require medical procedures, or transgender rights are being taken away. Through a critical analysis of the Act’s provisions and their alignment with International Human Rights standards, my research highlights the challenges and opportunities in implementing legal reforms that promote gender equality. Furthermore, the paper investigates the implications of these challenges for the realization of a gender-equal society, emphasizing the need for reforms that prioritize self-identification, non-discrimination, and inclusive policies.^[1] By harmonizing international law frameworks with national legislation, this research provides perception into the complexities of promoting gender equality and offers recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of legal reforms in protecting the rights of transgender individuals. Eventually, this paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on gender equality and human rights, reinforcing the importance across the board and rights-based approaches to legal reform. This study concludes that effective part of gender equality for transgender individuals highlighting the need for continued advocacy and reforms to protect, ensure their human rights.

Keywords: Transgender rights, Gender equality, International law, National legislation, Legal recognition of gender identity, Human rights, On-binary identity, LGBTQ+ rights, Gender identity laws, Anti-discrimination, policies, Legal gender recognition, Gender markers, Legal protection for transgender individuals, Inclusive legislation, Transgender legal status, United Nations human rights, European Court of Human Rights, Yogyakarta Principles, International human rights treaties, National legal frameworks.

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[1] HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, “All Five Fingers Are Not the Same”: Discrimination on Grounds of Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation in Sri Lanka (2016), https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/08/15/all-five-fingers-are-not-same/discrimination-grounds-gender-identity-and-sexual

DISSENT AND DEBT: A COMPARATIVE JOURNEY THROUGH THE INDIA RESURGENCE ARC AND DBS BANK WITH INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES

AUTHOR – SARFRAZ ALAM & PRIYANSHU DANU

STUDENTS AT B.SC. LLB (HONS) {CYBERSECURITY}, NATIONAL LAW INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY BHOPAL

BEST CITATION – PARIDHI SHARMA, AI-GENERATED BRANDS: CREATIVE REVOLUTION OR LEGAL RISK?, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 586-597, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Introduction

The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (‘IBC’) was enacted in 2016^[1] with the intention of streamlining and easing out the process of insolvency, winding up, or liquidation of a company. The 2019 amendments to this code introduced significant changes to crucial sections, including Sections 7, 12, 25A, 30, 31, 33, and 240. Notably, these amendments enhanced protections for dissenting financial creditors, ensuring their interests are safeguarded. Though the purpose of the legislature behind the amendments is clear, the practical application of these provisions has been very controversial and problematic. One such legal issue remains pending before the Supreme Court of India, concerning the determination of the minimum amount a dissenting financial creditor is entitled to when an adjudicating authority accepts a resolution plan.

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^[1] The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code of 2016, Act 31 of 2016 (prior to the 2019 amendment).

INTELLIGENT JUSTICE: THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MODERN LEGAL SYSTEMS

AUTHOR – ANIRUDH MAHAJAN* & MANTEJ SINGH**

* 4TH  YEAR B.A. LL.B STUDENT AT UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES, CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

** 3RD   YEAR B.COM LL.B STUDENT AT UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES, CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – PARIDHI SHARMA, AI-GENERATED BRANDS: CREATIVE REVOLUTION OR LEGAL RISK?, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 579-585, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing the legal field rapidly with various differeny ways like it is making many tasks faster, cheaper and more accurate, but this does not come without its problems. This paper throws spotlight at how AI has evolved in law from early expert systems that relied on fixed rules to modern machine learning and natural language processing tools which can learn from data, identify patterns, and understand human language. The United States is considered to be among the first countries to use AI widely in legal practice, achieving notable success with systems for legal research, predictive analytics, and e-discovery, although all the other countries are now catching up. Currently AI applications have wide and vivid spectrum varying from legal research & case analysis, contract review and drafting, predictive litigation strategy, e-discovery, compliance monitoring, to virtual legal assistants, all of which can provide “instant fixes” by reducing case delays as well as cutting costs. Moreover, it can also handle large amounts of information and minimising human errors. However, AI is not perfect and demands data and practice to be perfect; sometimes it gives incorrect citations, misreads documents, or lacks the ethical reasoning that human lawyers provide. There are also issues of bias, transparency, and accountability that must be managed carefully. Future prospects include smart contracts integrated with blockchain, virtual courtrooms, and hybrid decision-making models where AI assists judges but humans retain control. Therefore, this paper will analyse all the various dimensions where AI can be useful in the field of Law.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, machine, law, AI,

WOMEN CRIMINALS

AUTHOR – MANDAR NANASAHEB KEDAR, LLM STUDENT AT DECCAN EDUCATION SOCIETY’S SHRI. NAVALMAL FIRODIA LAW COLLEGE, SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY, PUNE

BEST CITATION – MANDAR NANASAHEB KEDAR, WOMEN CRIMINALS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 574-578, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

This research paper critically examines Women Criminals: An Encyclopedia of People and Issues, Volume 1 by Vickie Jensen, a foundational text that explores the often-overlooked dimensions of female criminality. The study delves into the central themes of the book, including gendered pathways to crime, systemic inequalities, victimization, political repression, and the intersectionality of race, class, and age. It also compares the work with other influential texts in feminist criminology, highlighting its unique contributions in offering a comprehensive, interdisciplinary, and international perspective. Through a thematic and qualitative approach, the paper evaluates the author’s methodology, structure, and the effectiveness of her arguments in challenging traditional, male-dominated criminological theories. The findings underscore the book’s significance as both a scholarly resource and a tool for advocating gender-sensitive justice reforms. This review ultimately affirms the book’s relevance in contemporary criminological discourse and its value in informing research, policy, and academic inquiry on women and crime.Key Words-Women Criminals ,Female Offenders, Feminist Criminology, Gender and Crime,Gender-Responsive Justice,Structural Inequality,Women in Prison

MEGHA INTERNATIONAL SPORTS EVENTS AND VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS – A CRITICAL STUDY WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCES TO INTERNATIONAL CRICKET, OLYMPICS AND COMMONWEALTH GAMES

AUTHOR – VARSHA SUBHASH SABLE, LLM STUDENT AT P.E.S MODERN LAW COLLEGE PUNE

BEST CITATION – VARSHA SUBHASH SABLE, MEGHA INTERNATIONAL SPORTS EVENTS AND VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS – A CRITICAL STUDY WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCES TO INTERNATIONAL CRICKET, OLYMPICS AND COMMONWEALTH GAMES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 569-573, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

INTRODUCTION

Mega sporting events — such as the Olympics, Commonwealth Games and major international cricket tournaments — are promoted as global festivals of sport, unity and development. They promise economic stimulus, urban regeneration, and a showcase for host cities and nations. Yet, under the surface of public pageantry and corporate sponsorship, such events increasingly intersect with complex human rights concerns. This article provides a critical study of the human rights implications of mega international sports events, with focused references to international cricket, the Olympics, and the Commonwealth Games. It examines how grand sporting spectacles can exacerbate forced evictions, workers’ exploitation, restrictions on civil liberties, discrimination, and long-term social harms — and offers recommendations to prevent and remedy such violations.

AI-GENERATED BRANDS: CREATIVE REVOLUTION OR LEGAL RISK?

AUTHOR – PARIDHI SHARMA, STUDENT AT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW AND LEGAL STUDIES, GGSIPU

BEST CITATION – PARIDHI SHARMA, AI-GENERATED BRANDS: CREATIVE REVOLUTION OR LEGAL RISK?, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 565-568, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

INTRODUCTION

AI is quickly changing the landscape of consumer behaviour and decision-making: From route optimization and investment to personalised movie and product recommendations, AI simplifies complicated operations and makes them more engaging for customers by utilising large data sets and sophisticated algorithms. Technology will not only simplify certain jobs but also change the way that customers engage with brands. Trademarks have historically served as a reliable constant that most consumers rely on to represent the identity and quality of a product. Businesses used trademarks as a very potent tool for communicating with consumers. They provide clarity to help the consumer make decisions without conducting a never-ending amount of research

IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICIES: BALANCING LOCAL NEEDS WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

AUTHOR – DEENBANDHU PODDAR, LLM STUDENT AT MODERN LAW COLLEGE

BEST CITATION – DEENBANDHU PODDAR, IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICIES: BALANCING LOCAL NEEDS WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 562-564, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Introduction

Globalization, often described as the interconnectedness of nations through trade, technology, culture, and knowledge, has had a profound effect on education policies worldwide. Education, once primarily designed to address national priorities, is now influenced by global benchmarks, international collaborations, and cross-border mobility of students and professionals. Governments face the dual challenge of aligning their systems with international standards while preserving cultural identity, addressing local socio-economic realities, and ensuring inclusivity. This article explores how globalization impacts national education policies, the benefits and challenges of integrating global frameworks, and how nations attempt to balance global competitiveness with local needs

CLOUD LICENSING AND COPYRIGHT EXHAUSTION

AUTHOR – V.M. DEEPAPRIYA, STUDENT AT THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI.

BEST CITATION – V.M. DEEPAPRIYA, CLOUD LICENSING AND COPYRIGHT EXHAUSTION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 556-561, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

     Cloud computing has changed a lot like how the people buy, use and also share the digital content such as software, music and e-books. Instead of owning or getting a copy, most the users are now getting access through cloud licensing agreements, which has limit in their rights. The exhaustion doctrine clearly says that once a copyright holder sells a product legally, their control over to resale the product or distribution ends. The cloud licensing , companies argues that users are nor really buying the work, but getting permission only to use it. Cloud licensing prevents resale, lending, or transfer of digital goods, reducing users freedom and creating legal uncertainty. This research explores the intersection of cloud licensing and the doctrine of copyright exhaustion, focusing on its application and implications for the intellectual property rights in the digital age. The study aims to highlight whether copyright law has any updated for the cloud era, the balance between creator rights and user rights is fair and future – proof.Keywords : Cloud licensing, cloud era, copyright, agreements, intersection and freedom.