“DEEPFAKES AND COPYRIGHT: NAVIGATING LEGAL LANDSCAPES”

AUTHOR – ADV.BINJU SIBY, DOCTORAL RESEARCHER AT CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

BEST CITATION – ADV.BINJU SIBY, “DEEPFAKES AND COPYRIGHT: NAVIGATING LEGAL LANDSCAPES”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 502-509, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Deepfakes, a revolutionary yet highly contentious application of artificial intelligence, have transformed the creation and manipulation of hyper-realistic media. These AI-generated fabrications blur the line between reality and fiction, posing significant challenges for copyright law and intellectual property rights. This article delves into the legal complexities surrounding deepfakes across four key jurisdictions: India, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union. A key issue surrounding deepfakes is their copyrightability is whether AI-generated works possess the originality required for legal protection. Since traditional copyright law is founded on the principle of human authorship, the emergence of AI-generated content challenges existing legal norms. Determining ownership over deepfakes adds to this complexity, as multiple parties may be involved, including developer and the user. The lack of clear legal frameworks in many jurisdictions further complicates the enforcement of copyright laws, leaving gaps in protection and accountability for AI-generated media. Beyond copyright, deepfakes significantly impact personality rights, particularly regarding an individual’s likeness, identity, and reputation. The unauthorized use of a person’s image or voice, often for deceptive or malicious purposes, raises ethical and legal concerns. While some jurisdictions provide legal recourse for victims of deepfake misuse, others lack comprehensive protections. To address these growing challenges, legal reforms must balance innovation with accountability. Potential solutions include updating copyright laws to clarify AI-generated content’s legal standing and strengthening personality rights to protect individuals from deepfake exploitation. A robust legal framework is essential to ensure responsible AI use while safeguarding intellectual property and personal identity.Keywords: Deepfakes, Copyright, Personality Rights, Fair Use, Fair Dealing, Artificial Intelligence, Authorship

ROLE OF THE BAR COUNCIL IN INDIA

AUTHOR – VIBHUTI ARORA, STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN

BEST CITATION – VIBHUTI ARORA, ROLE OF THE BAR COUNCIL IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 524-531, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

The Bar Council of India was created according to the Advocates Act of 1961 and serves as  the main group that looks after  the legal profession in the country. Its job is to decide who can become a lawyer, set high standards for how lawyers should behave, and make sure that all legal professionals follow the rules. This paper talks about how the Bar Council operates, the power it has, and how it helps shape the legal system in India.

The research explains that to practice law in India, a person must be registered with a Bar Council. It also examines the history of this system and how it has evolved. The paper describes the structure of the Bar Council of India and the State Bar Councils, including their roles, responsibilities, and areas they control. Another part of the study looks at how the Bar Council helps keep lawyers’ behavior in check, ensures that legal education meets high standards, and supports the well-being of legal professionals.

The paper pays special attention to the rules and procedures used at both national and state levels to manage the conduct of legal professionals.

The paper also discusses important court decisions that have changed how the Bar Council works, the situations in which someone can be removed from the council, and the powers given to the chairperson of the council.

In the end, the Bar Council is seen as the main organization that helps maintain the reliability, ethical standards, and honesty of the legal profession in India.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF AUGMENTED REALITY TECHNOLOGIES: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND EMERGING SOLUTIONS

AUTHOR – MR. SHRIKANT UMAKANT KONDE, PROGRESSIVE EDUCATION SOCIETY’S MODERN LAW COLLEGE

BEST CITATION – MR. SHRIKANT UMAKANT KONDE, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF AUGMENTED REALITY TECHNOLOGIES: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND EMERGING SOLUTIONS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 510-523, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT:

Technologies like augmented reality (AR) are quickly changing sectors like healthcare, education, entertainment, manufacturing, and retail. The intellectual property (IP) regime, however, faces difficult obstacles as a result of this quick expansion since it finds it difficult to adjust to AR’s hybrid character, which involves superimposing digital information on top of real-world surroundings. In AR environments, ownership, infringement, and enforcement present challenges for traditional IP frameworks such as copyright, trademark, patent, and design rights. For example, user-generated AR content creates issues around authorship and licensing, while digital overlays may unintentionally violate real-world trademarks or copyrighted works. Because of overlapping claims and interoperability standards, patent law is especially unclear when it comes to protecting AR hardware, software algorithms, and user interfaces. Additionally, problems with IP rights enforcement in AR settings include

. Patent law also faces ambiguity in protecting AR hardware, software algorithms, and user interfaces due to overlapping claims and interoperability standards. Moreover, enforcement of IP rights in AR spaces is complicated by issues of jurisdiction, digital anonymity, and the ephemeral nature of AR interactions. ^[1]

A display of a real-world environment with one or more layers of text, data, symbols, images, or other graphical display elements added to it is called augmented reality (AR). Online games are always linked to augmented reality technologies. Beyond online gaming, augmented reality (AR) has permeated every facet of society’s technology-related interactions. AR and other virtual technologies are essential for cutting expenses in marketing and retail. AR is also utilized in the fields of medicine, education, and criminal prevention. In order to save lives in remote locations impacted by natural catastrophes, AR is growing more frequently utilized for humanitarian purposes.

Considered a new technology, the commercialisation of AR may bring incredible business opportunities as well as potential legal risks. In the context of Intellectual Property (IP), AR systems and services can embody a variety of forms of IP. Meanwhile, the operation of AR systems in virtual spaces is raising concerns about how to deal with data breaches and privacy issues.

Augmented reality (AR) is a relatively new technology that enables the blending of virtual elements with the real world in various proportions, achieving a level of immersion that no virtual reality equipment can provide. Recent advances in computer and vision technology enable AR systems to go beyond indoor applications (e.g., surgery and inspection of hazardous environments) to support complex analysis, decision-making, and governance processes. ^[2]Augmented Reality is a combination of a real and a computer-generated or virtual world. It is achieved by augmenting computer-generated images in the real world. It has many applications in the real world. AR is used in various fields, including medical, education, manufacturing, robotics, and entertainment. Augmented reality comes under the field of mixed reality. It can be considered as an inverse reflection of Virtual Reality. They both have certain similarities and differences.^[3] 

Keywords: Augmented Reality, Intellectual Property Rights, Copyright, Trademark, Patent Law, Digital Content, Legal Challenges, Emerging Solutions.

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[1] Gervais, D. J. (2019). Exploring the Interfaces Between Big Data and Intellectual Property Law. Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law (JIPITEC), 10(2), 101–113.

[2] Sisi Zlatanova Professor at UNSB Built Environment https://www.academia.edu/download/50447644/Augmented_Reality_Technology20161120-9929-1shp9s9.pdf

[3] Riya Aggarwal, Abhishek Singhal  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8776989

REGULATING SOCIAL MEDIA: CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

AUTHOR – VAISHNAVI VISHWASRAO PATIL, LLM STUDENT AT DECCAN EDUCATION SOCIETY’S SHRI. NAVALMAL FIRODIA LAW COLLEGE, SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY, PUNE

BEST CITATION – VAISHNAVI VISHWASRAO PATIL, REGULATING SOCIAL MEDIA: CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 502-509, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

(Catchy opening line) “Relying on the government to protect your privacy is like asking a peeping tom to install your window blinds”. (History) The earliest forms of social media appeared almost as soon as technology could support them. E-mail and chat programs debuted in early 1970s, but persistent communities did not surface until the creation of the discussion group network USENET in 1979. Social media in India began to gain traction in the mid- 2000s with the increasing availability of internet access. Orkut, a social networking site, was one of the earliest platforms to gain popularity in the country. However, Facebook quickly overtook Orkut to become the dominant social media platform in India. (Present Status) Social media has had a significant impact on the constitutional right to privacy. Users often share personal information on social media platforms without fully understanding the security and privacy terms and conditions, making them vulnerable to various attacks and privacy breaches. (Short Explanation) This research paper has put emphasis on Regulating social media Constitutional Perspective. It also discusses social media laws in India that is Information Technology Act, 2000 [IT Act]. The IT Act serves as the foundation for online regulation in India as it provides a legal framework for addressing issues related to cybercrimes, electronic commerce, and data protection. (Research Problem) The rapid growth of social media platforms has created unprecedent opportunities for communication, expression, and information dissemination. However, challenges such as misinformation, hate speech, data privacy breaches, and electoral manipulation. Efforts to regulate these platforms raise complex constitutional questions, particularly concerning the balance between protecting fundamental rights, such as freedom of speech and privacy, and addressing societal harms. (Hypothesis) Increased regulation of social media platforms will lead to a reduction in harmful content but may inadvertently restrict freedom of speech and expression, potentially violating constitutional rights. Existing regulatory approaches often struggle to reconcile the constitutional guarantees of free expression with the need to mitigate the negative impacts of social media. (Conclusion) Regulating social media within the bounds of constitutional principles requires a careful balance between protecting freedom of speech and ensuring accountability for harmful content.

Key Words: privacy breach, unprecedent, electoral manipulation, perspective, exposure, persistent communities, inadvertently, potentially violating, dissemination.

‘LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA’

BOOK REVIEW OF, “WOMEN IN INDIAN SOCIETY” WRITTEN BY NEERA DESAI & USHA THAKKAR

AUTHOR – DEVYANI ANAND THORAT, LLM STUDENT AT DECCAN EDUCATION SOCIETY’S, SHRI. NAVALMAL FIRODIA LAW COLLEGE, SAVITRIBAI PHULE UNIVERSITY, PUNE

BEST CITATION – DEVYANI ANAND THORAT, ‘LAW AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA’ BOOK REVIEW OF, “WOMEN IN INDIAN SOCIETY” WRITTEN BY NEERA DESAI & USHA THAKKAR, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 497-501, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

INTRODUCTION:

A. INTRODUCTION:

The book “Women in Indian Society” provides a comprehensive exploration of the multifaceted roles, challenges, and contributions of women in the socio-cultural, economic, and political fabric of India. It delves into the evolution of women’s status from ancient to modern times, examining how traditional norms, religious doctrines, colonial influences, and post-independence developments have shaped the position of women in Indian society. The author takes a critical lens to assess issues such as gender discrimination, patriarchy, domestic violence, lack of education, dowry, and underrepresentation in decision-making spaces, while also highlighting the resilience and agency of women across different strata of society.

THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AN INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

AUTHOR – YUVARAJA .A, RESEARCH SCHOLAR, BHARATH INSTITUTE OF LAW, BHARATH INSTITUTE OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH, SELAIYUR CHENNAI.

BEST CITATION – YUVARAJA .A, THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AN INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 483-496, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

India is one of the most bio-diverse countries in the world, it has one of the richest flora and fauna in the world boasting of varied geographical areas which stretch from the highest mountain peaks in the North to the tropical forests in the central and the southern part of the country, from rare aquatic species to the Asiatic lions. Some of the most exotic and exclusive plant and animal species are found in India and it has been a matter of concern that this invaluable biodiversity may be severely stressed unless a proper mechanism is put into practice for their preservation. It accounts for 7- 8% of all recorded species, including over 45,000 species of plants and 91,000 species of animals. The country’s diverse physical features and climatic conditions have resulted in a variety of ecosystems such as forests, wetlands, grasslands, dessert, coastal and marine ecosystems which harbour and sustain high biodiversity and contribute to human well-being. Out of the 34 globally identified biodiversity hotspots, four of them exist in India i.e., the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, the North- East, and the Nicobar Islands. In this article we are going  to discuss the international treaties, conventions, principles etc., which  have been broadly agreed to by the international community for combating environmental degradation, it also deals with the juridical basis and the legislative enactments of the municipal law of India related to environmental protection. An effort is made to briefly understand the major provisions related to environmental conservation in India and on an International sphere to understand the influence on Indian law.

Keywords: Environmental Protection, International legal Framework, Indian legal framework, Environmental Authorities, Environmental Protection Regulatory framework, etc.

AFFIRMATIVE ACTIONS FOR THE BACKWARD CLASS AS CONTEMPLATED UNDER THE INDIAN SOCIO-LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

AUTHOR – ADV. ABHIJEET SUMAN ANAND POKHARNIKAR, LLM STUDENT OF DECCAN EDUCATION SOCIETY’S SHRI. NAVALMAL FIRODIA LAW COLLEGE, PUNE

BEST CITATION – ADV. ABHIJEET SUMAN ANAND POKHARNIKAR, AFFIRMATIVE ACTIONS FOR THE BACKWARD CLASS AS CONTEMPLATED UNDER THE INDIAN SOCIO-LEGAL PERSPECTIVE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 470-482, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract-

“Justice is the first virtue of social institutions.” Affirmative action for India’s backward classes-the eternal verdict of justice is the first virtue of social institutions-underlines and defines the significance of affirmative action as a crucial tool to correct historical injustices and bring about social equity in society.Analysing the socio-legal framework, including constitutional underpinnings, this study examines the subject of affirmative action policies. Article 15(4) and Article 16(4) also grant state power to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes, in order that they are better-accessed toward education, employment, and political representation.

The paper tries to analyse the historical context that made affirmative action necessary, traces the evolution of policies from the post-independence era to this day, and focuses on landmark judgments by the Supreme Court. It analyses in detail how meritocracy and social justice are balanced to make such affirmative action valid. The paper also deals with an element of critique over the effectiveness of affirmative action in fulfilling its intended goals, focusing on problems of implementation and persistence of inequalities based on caste. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis, the study investigates the social implications of affirmative action in relation to its effects on backward classes in different sectors. Further, it counterbalances those arguments against such policies as reverse discrimination and the potential of it causing the entrenchment of caste identities. Finally, the paper calls for a highly sensitive approach to affirmative action as a tool in effective inclusion in development, and it stresses the importance of continuous scrutiny of policies to change them with shifting societal needs.

In other words, affirmative action still works as a very crucial instrument for initiating the prevalent notion of social justice in India but only when integrated with a collaborative approach, which must include all legal frameworks, an increase in social awareness, and active participation coming from each one of the stakeholders in society.

Keywords:   CONSTITUTION, JUSTICE, SOCIAL, LEGAL, FRAMEWORK, AFFIRMATIVE, SOCIO–LEGAL, FRAMEWORKS, JUSTICE, CONSTITUTION

“A STUDY ON INTER-STATE MIGRANT WORKERS IN HOTEL INDUSTRY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT”

AUTHOR – M. MATHAN, LLM STUDENT AT (LABOUR LAW AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW), TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY CHENNAI – 13

BEST CITATION – M. MATHAN, “A STUDY ON INTER-STATE MIGRANT WORKERS IN HOTEL INDUSTRY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 460-468, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The hospitality sector in India has witnessed unprecedented growth, creating substantial employment opportunities for inter-state migrant workers. This study examines the socio-economic conditions, working environment, and legal protection mechanisms for inter-state migrant workers in Tirunelveli district’s hotel industry. Using a mixed-method approach combining primary data from 75 respondents and secondary legal analysis, the research reveals significant challenges in labour rights implementation. The findings indicate that 66% of migrant workers experience wage deductions, 73% work overtime without adequate compensation, and 66% have faced workplace accidents. Despite existing legal frameworks including the Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979, and various ILO conventions, enforcement remains inadequate. The study identifies critical gaps between legislative provisions and ground-level implementation, with workers lacking awareness of their rights due to illiteracy and absence of trade union representation. Economic necessity drives 46% of migration decisions, with workers predominantly aged 21-25 years accepting substandard conditions. The research contributes to understanding migration dynamics in the hospitality sector and proposes comprehensive reforms including awareness programs, stricter enforcement mechanisms, and enhanced social security coverage. These findings have significant implications for policy formulation and labour rights advocacy in India’s expanding tourism economy.

Keywords: Inter-state migration, Hotel industry, Labour rights, Migrant workers, Tirunelveli, Social security, Working conditions

MAINTENANCE AND ALIMONY RIGHTS OF THE WIFE WHEN THE HUSBAND’S ASSETS ARE IN HIS PARENTS’ NAME

AUTHOR – NIRBHAY AGGARWAL, LL.B. STUDENT AT LLOYD LAW COLLEGE, GREATER NOIDA, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA.

BEST CITATION – NIRBHAY AGGARWAL, MAINTENANCE AND ALIMONY RIGHTS OF THE WIFE WHEN THE HUSBAND’S ASSETS ARE IN HIS PARENTS’ NAME, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (10) OF 2025, PG. 1011-1018, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

In India, a wife’s right to maintenance is primarily governed under the Criminal Procedure Code 1908 (CrPC), now being replaced with the Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023 (BNSS), which ensures that after marriage, the person shall provide sufficient means to the wife, children, and parents who are unable to maintain themselves. Though this bare provision is vast, but still focuses on providing a crucial support mechanism to ensure financial support of the wife, especially when she is unable to maintain herself. These laws apply to all types of marriages in India, but if a Hindu marriage is practised, some laws also outline provisions for maintenance, particularly for wives living separately from their husbands under certain conditions. Due to constant interpretation of laws by the Supreme Court as per the changes in society in related subjects of marriage, while their approach in these sensitive matters has always promoted safety and maintenance of rights to women, it has been commendable. Laws and precedents related to the maintenance of children and the wife after divorce have acted as a pillar to support their financial needs to live a normal life even after divorce. There has been a continuous debate in society on the amount being given as maintenance and alimony by a husband to his wife after divorce, highlighting an increasing trend of men transferring assets (especially to parents) to avoid financial liability and the resulting legal complexity, due to which many individuals who are unaware of their rights and exploited and pressurized of settlements that are not at standardised level This paper highlights the recent trend and its implications, while trying to provide an ethical, reasonable solution along with details an individual should look into so that their interest can be safeguarded and the rights of women are prevailed as per the law.

Keywords: Right to Maintenance, Hindu Marriage, Alimony

COMPARITIVE STUDY OF BNSS AND CRPC: EMPHASIZING ON VITAL PROCEDURAL REFORMS

AUTHOR – VEDANTA MALLIK, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – VEDANTA MALLIK, COMPARITIVE STUDY OF BNSS AND CRPC: EMPHASIZING ON VITAL PROCEDURAL REFORMS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 847-892, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

This research comprehensively examines the transformative impact of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, on India’s criminal justice system, indicating a transition from colonial-era legislation to address contemporary issues. The study investigates four critical reforms: Trials in Absentia, Redefining Criminal Complaints, Mechanisms of Mercy Petitions, and Digital Justice. The study evaluates, through a comparative analysis of historical precedents, international treaties, and judicial interpretations, whether the BNSS achieves an optimal balance between procedural efficiency and fundamental rights.

Trials in Absentia creates a structured way to deal with delays caused by the flight of accused people. It includes protections like mandatory notifications and legal representation. Still, there are worries about fairness in the process and the possibility of exploitation. The revised Criminal Complaints mandate compels magistrates to hear the accused before cognizance, which cuts down on pointless lawsuits but makes it harder to figure out when and how to employ specialized provisions. Mercy Petitions now set deadlines to help with chronic delays, but there are still ethical issues with presidential discretion that need to be worked out.  Digital Justice uses technology like electronic summons, virtual testimonies, and forensic advances, but it also faces problems like digital inequities and cybersecurity concerns. The dissertation focuses on the BNSS’s victim-centered approach, but it also points out problems with the process that could hurt the rights of the accused.  It emphasizes the need for clear courts, strong infrastructure, and moral leadership to make sure that the improvements lead to a modern, equitable criminal justice system.  The BNSS is a significant step forward in the law, but it will only work if it is carefully carried out, constantly changed, and firmly committed to the fundamental principles of fairness and human dignity