CONDITIONS FOR GRANT OF COPYRIGHTS: ORIGINALITY, EXPRESSION, FIXATION

AUTHOR – UTKARSH VISHAL MUDGAL, STUDENT AT AMITY SCHOOL OF LAW, AMITY UNIVERSITY,PATNA

BEST CITATION – UTKARSH VISHAL MUDGAL, CONDITIONS FOR GRANT OF COPYRIGHTS: ORIGINALITY, EXPRESSION, FIXATION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1051-1055, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Copyright is a legal protection granted to creators for their original works, such as music, literature, art, or software. It gives creators control over their work, including the right to determine how it is used, distributed, and reproduced. Creators can license their work to others, who must pay royalties for its use. Failure to pay royalties can result in the creator enforcing their copyright and taking action against the infringing party.It must meet three key conditions: originality, expression, and fixation. These conditions ensure that only certain types of creative works are protected under copyright law.

THE EVOLUTION OF MAJOR TYPES OF CYBERCRIME AND CRITICALLY ANALYZES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000 (IT ACT), AND OTHER SUBSEQUENT LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS IN INDIA TO COMBAT THESE THREATS

AUTHOR – V R KALYANI, STUDENT AT VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES

BEST CITATION – V R KALYANI, THE EVOLUTION OF MAJOR TYPES OF CYBERCRIME AND CRITICALLY ANALYZES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000 (IT ACT), AND OTHER SUBSEQUENT LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS IN INDIA TO COMBAT THESE THREATS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1045-1050, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

This research critically examines the dynamic landscape of cybercrime in India and assesses the efficacy of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act), alongside allied legal and institutional frameworks. The exponential rise in digital transactions, fueled by national digitalization initiatives, has simultaneously fueled a surge in sophisticated cyber threats, including financial fraud, Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS), and the misuse of emerging technologies like deepfakes.

The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining doctrinal analysis of key statutes (the IT Act, the newly enacted Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA), 2023, and the Indian Evidence Act) with an empirical review of governmental data and judicial pronouncements.

The findings reveal that while the IT Act provided a foundational legal basis for digital governance and crime prosecution, it suffers from significant obsolescence and procedural challenges. Critically, the primary impediment to effective justice is not a lack of statutory definitions but the low conviction rate stemming from profound institutional weaknesses. These weaknesses include the rigorous and often impractical requirements of Section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act for digital evidence admissibility, the lack of sufficient digital forensics capacity within law enforcement, and persistent jurisdictional complexities in tackling cross-border crimes.

The introduction of the DPDPA, 2023, is recognized as a vital step towards enhancing data accountability, but its enforcement mechanism must be seamlessly integrated with the penal framework of the IT Act to avoid jurisdictional conflict. The research concludes that the existing legal structure remains a paper tiger unless immediate, targeted reforms are made to simplify evidence rules, dramatically enhance the technical capabilities of law enforcement, and mandate specialized training for the judiciary.

Keywords – Cybercrime, Information Technology Act, 2000, IT Act Effectiveness, Digital Evidence, Section 65B, Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023, Ransomware, Cyber Law India, Conviction Rate

COPYRIGHT PROTECTION OF MEMES AND REELS IN THE DIGITAL ERA

AUTHOR – HARSA AKHTAR, STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY PATNA, BIHAR

BEST CITATION – HARSA AKHTAR, COPYRIGHT PROTECTION OF MEMES AND REELS IN THE DIGITAL ERA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1042-1044, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The emergence of memes and short videos, particularly reels on Instagram, Facebook, and YouTube Shorts, has revolutionized online communication. Though these modes of content succeed based on creativity, they tend to use existing copyrighted works songs, pictures, film clips, and logos resulting in copyright conflicts. This article analyses whether reels and memes can be “original works” under copyright law, discusses protection and freedom of expression balance, and reviews legal developments in India, the United States, and the European Union. The paper contends that even if memes and reels are considered transformative cultural works, copyright regimes need to adapt to resolve issues of ownership, fair use, and monetization in the digital age.

Keywords: Protection, Copyright, Authorship, Monetization, Ownership, Legal Framework, Digital, Fair use

WORK PLACE SURVEILLANCE AND DATA PROTECTION: THE NEW DIMENSION OF LABOUR RIGHTS IN CYBER SPACE

AUTHOR – ANBU RANI A* & S.GOWSALYA**

*LLM STUDENT AT CYBER SPACE LAW AND JUSTICE, THE TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

**LLM STUDENT AT LABOUR LAW AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, THE TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – ANBU RANI A & S.GOWSALYA, WORK PLACE SURVEILLANCE AND DATA PROTECTION: THE NEW DIMENSION OF LABOUR RIGHTS IN CYBER SPACE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1037-1041, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract:

                In the digital economy, the boundaries of the workplace have extended into cyber space, creating new challenges for labour regulation and employee rights. Employers in India increasingly deploy technologies such as CCTV, biometric attendance, email monitoring, and GPS tracking to monitor workers’ productivity and ensure organisational security. However, these measures often conflict with the fundamental right to privacy, now constitutionally protected under Article 21. This paper explores how Indian labour rights intersect with data protection and workplace surveillance, analysing the constitutional foundation, statutory framework under the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act), and the relevant judicial pronouncements. It argues that the unchecked use of surveillance mechanisms risks undermining dignity, autonomy, and fairness in employment relations. The study concludes by proposing a balanced framework rooted in constitutional morality, employer accountability, and respect for informational privacy as a component of labour rights.

Key Words: Workplace Surveillance, Data Protection, Right to Privacy, Labour Rights, Cyber Law.

COPYRIGHT CHALLENGES IN THE ERA OF DIGITAL STREAMING AND PIRACY: A LEGAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

AUTHOR – ARSHIQUE RIZVI, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY PATNA

BEST CITATION – ARSHIQUE RIZVI, COPYRIGHT CHALLENGES IN THE ERA OF DIGITAL STREAMING AND PIRACY: A LEGAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1034-1036, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The digital revolution has transformed the consumption and distribution of creative works, introducing unprecedented opportunities and challenges for copyright law. The rise of digital streaming platforms such as Netflix, Spotify, and YouTube has changed the way audiences engage with music, movies, and other creative content. However, this convenience has been accompanied by a surge in piracy, content leaks, and copyright infringement, creating significant challenges for rightsholders, regulators, and technology companies. This research paper explores the multifaceted copyright challenges in the era of digital streaming and piracy from legal, technological, and economic perspectives. It analyzes the effectiveness of current copyright frameworks, the role of technology in both enabling and combating infringement, and the economic implications for creators and industries. The paper concludes by suggesting adaptive legal reforms and innovative digital governance models to balance creators’ rights and public access in a globalized digital ecosystem.

IMPORTANCE OF TRADE MARK IN BUILDING BRAND IDENTITY : AN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT PERSPECTIVE

NAME – ADITYA SINGH, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY PATNA

BEST CITATION – ADITYA SINGH, IMPORTANCE OF TRADE MARK IN BUILDING BRAND IDENTITY : AN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT PERSPECTIVE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1028-1033, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Trade mark or logo plays a crucial role in identifying a company. People also try to copy the logo of different companies which is violation of intellectual property rights. To protect it from violation trade mark act was made. Logos plays a crucial role in building trust among the customers this shows how important a logo can be for a company.Logos also provide a unique identity to provide difference between two companies.This paper will allow you to explore significance of trademark in building brand identity from intellectual property rights perspective focusing on legal, economic and marketing importance. It will also provide case laws and evolving nature of trade marks.

FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION IN THE AGE OF SOCIAL MEDIA

AUTHOR – BADAL KUMAR, STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN

BEST CITATION – BADAL KUMAR, FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION IN THE AGE OF SOCIAL MEDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1020-1027, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The right to freedom of speech and expression, guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India, is one of the most essential pillars of democracy. Over time, communication has evolved from print to digital platforms, transforming the control of information from centralized to decentralized systems. Social media has emerged as a new public sphere where individuals across the world can share opinions, express ideas, and engage in public debate. It has enabled rapid dissemination of information, empowered marginalized voices, and enhanced civic engagement by allowing citizens to hold authorities accountable and participate in social movements.

However, this digital transformation has also brought new challenges, including the spread of misinformation, hate speech, and cyber harassment. These issues raise concerns about privacy, reputation, and emotional well-being. To address such challenges, governments have implemented various laws and regulations to balance freedom of expression with public safety and order. In conclusion, while social media has strengthened the exercise of freedom of expression by connecting people globally, it also demands responsible use and stronger digital literacy to ensure that this fundamental right continues to promote truth, democracy, and respect in the digital age.

THE ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOPRINTING TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA: CHALLENGES AND LIABILITIES

AUTHOR – MRS. DIPALI MOHAN KHALATE, LLM STUDENT AT MODERN LAW COLLEGE, SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – MRS. DIPALI MOHAN KHALATE, THE ROLE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOPRINTING TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA: CHALLENGES AND LIABILITIES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1008-1019, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Bioprinting, an innovative combination of biotechnology and additive manufacturing, has emerged as a transformative technology in healthcare, enabling the fabrication of functional tissues, organs, and patient-specific implants. The implementation of the aforementioned, however, introduces unique intellectual property (IP) challenges that extend beyond conventional biotechnology. The study explores three critical areas of concern: IP protection for bioprinting hardware and bioinks, ownership and ethical management of digital files derived from biological data, and the implications of commercializing bioprinted tissues and organs. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, the paper analyzes existing IP frameworks, ^[1]highlights their limitations when applied to bioprinting, and examines ethical dilemmas, such as ownership of bioprinted human tissues and the commodification of biological innovations. Findings suggest that current IP laws inadequately address the complexities of bioprinting, particularly in managing the intersection of proprietary technologies^[2] and ethical considerations. The study underscores the need for adaptive legal and ethical frameworks to balance innovation with equitable access and sustainability. Recommendations include the development of tailored IP policies for bioprinting and enhanced international collaboration to harmonize legal protections across jurisdictions. This work aims to provide a comprehensive foundation for stakeholders to navigate the rapidly evolving landscape of bioprinting IP. Keywords: bioprinting; intellectual property; bioinks; bioprinting hardware; digital design files; ethical considerations; patentability; regulatory frameworks; personalized medicine; regenerative medicine Introduction : Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, constitutes a groundbreaking method of production that has the capacity to profoundly alter numerous^[3] industries. Fundamentally, 3D printing is the layer by-layer construction of three-dimensional objects from digital models, employing a diverse array of materials, including plastics, metals, ceramics, and even biological substances1. This technology has significantly evolved since its introduction in the 1980s, transforming from a specialized tool for rapid prototyping into a mainstream manufacturing process that facilitates the creation of complex geometries that would be challenging, if not impossible, to achieve with conventional subtractive manufacturing techniques2. The disruptive potential of 3D printing spans multiple sectors, including aerospace, automotive, healthcare, fashion, and construction, among others. In the aerospace sector,^[4] 3D printing enables the fabrication of lightweight components that improve fuel efficiency and minimize waste, as it permits the design of intricate structures that optimize strength-to-weight ratios 3. In the automotive sector, manufacturers are increasingly utilizing additive manufacturing for both prototype and the production of customized components, thereby reducing lead times and costs associated with conventional manufacturing methods. Bioprinting, an emerging technology that integrates additive manufacturing with biological sciences, is positioned at the forefront of ^[5]transformative innovations in healthcare and biomedical research . This process entails the precise, layer-by-layer deposition of bioinks—comprising living cells, biomaterials, and other biologically relevant substances utilized to fabricate complex, three dimensional tissue structures that emulate the morphology and functionality of native biological tissues

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[1] Pratap Devarapalli & Dara Ajay, The Impact of 3D Bioprinting Innovation on IP Ecosystem and Patent Law: An Indian and US Perspective, in Science, Technology and Innovation Ecosystem: An Indian and Global Perspective (Springer, 2024) pp. 197–210

[2] Dr. Soumya Kanti Ghosh & Unnat P. Pandit, Patent Revolution in India, IPR Newsletter, Intellectual Property India (Feb 2024) 1–6

[3] Akshat Mehta & Nancy Saroha, Traversing India’s Intellectual Property Landscape: Insights from the International IP Index, Bar & Bench (13 Apr 2024).

[4] WIPO, 3D Printing and IP: Trends and Challenges, World Intellectual Property Organization (2023).

[5] Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, Reimagining India’s IP Framework for Emerging Technologies, Policy Brief (2022)

STREAMING PLATFORM AND COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT: A LEGAL OVERVIEW

AUTHOR – KHUSHI SHARMA, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY PATNA

BEST CITATION – KHUSHI SHARMA, STREAMING PLATFORM AND COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT: A LEGAL OVERVIEW, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1002-1007, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

In our digital world, streaming platforms have completely changed how we watch movies and listen to music. But this convenience comes with a major legal headache: copyright infringement. This article breaks down the complex relationship between streaming services and copyright law. Essentially, it’s illegal to stream copyrighted material without permission from the people who own it, as this violates their exclusive rights.

The article explores the legal duty streaming services have to stop this unauthorized use. A big part of this is through licensing agreements, which are legal contracts that give a platform the right to show content and ensure creators get paid. The piece also looks at enforcement tools like DMCA takedown notices, which force sites to remove pirated content, and court orders that can block access to pirate websites altogether. We also examine the role of anti-piracy technology, like digital locks (DRM) and automated systems that scan for stolen content.

The legal challenges don’t stop at copyright. They spill over into issues of user privacy and market competition, creating a complicated web of rules for platforms to follow. A key tension is balancing the protection of creators with “fair use” exceptions, which is especially tricky online. By looking at real court cases, the article shows how judges are handling these new disputes. Ultimately, streaming platforms must walk a tightrope. They need to encourage innovation and provide easy access for users, all while firmly protecting the intellectual property that makes their libraries possible. This overview concludes by considering how both laws and technology are evolving to create a fairer digital ecosystem for everyone involved.

BRIDGING SOCIETY AND CULTURE: CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL TRADITION, SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY, AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

AUTHOR – GANESH SHRIRANG SATARKAR, M.A. SOCIOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY, CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF HARYANA, INDIA

BEST CITATION – GANESH SHRIRANG SATARKAR, BRIDGING SOCIETY AND CULTURE: CLASSICAL SOCIOLOGICAL TRADITION, SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY, AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 997-1001, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

The disciplines of sociology and anthropology share a common intellectual ancestry in their quest to understand human societies, cultural systems, and the nature of social order. This article provides a comprehensive exploration of the Classical Sociological Tradition, Sociological Theory, and Anthropological Theories, highlighting their development, schools of thought, and major theorists. From the classical contributions of Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, and Max Weber to the anthropological insights of Bronisław Malinowski, Alfred Radcliffe-Brown, and Claude Lévi-Strauss, the paper examines the theoretical frameworks that shaped modern social science. Through the lens of positivism, functionalism, conflict theory, interactionism, and structuralism, it analyzes how these theories collectively advance our understanding of human society and cultural systems.

Keywords: Classical Sociological Tradition, Sociological Theory, Anthropological Theory, Positivism, Functionalism, Conflict Theory, Interactionism, Structuralism, Culture, Society