EMPLOYER LIABILITY AND EMPLOYEE RIGHTS IN THE AGE OF DIGITAL WORKSPACES

AUTHOR – KUMAR KISLAY, STUDENT OF GGSIPU

BEST CITATION – KUMAR KISLAY, EMPLOYER LIABILITY AND EMPLOYEE RIGHTS IN THE AGE OF DIGITAL WORKSPACES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1124-1131, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Examining the rising discrepancy between the official definitions of work and rest intervals, and the ways in which work is actually carried out in practice, the study explores the idea of labour time in the digital age. Traditional ideas of working hours have been challenged by technological breakthroughs that allow employees to work remotely and stay connected at all times. Two primary strategies for controlling working hours have emerged as a result of these advances. The first strategy aims to restrict the work schedule in order to provide regular and controlled work periods, returning to traditional ideas of working hours. The second strategy downplays the significance of set working hours by embracing the flexibility made possible by technology and emphasizing the ability to work from anywhere at any time. However, both strategies have serious drawbacks. While the second method can compromise the core goal of labour rights by ignoring the need for rest and appropriate remuneration, the first approach fails to adequately account for the revolutionary impact of digital technology on work practices. To address these issues, the study proposes a novel approach to time management that integrates the principles of labour protection with the structure and logic of the digital workplace. The default standards introduced by the proposed framework provide genuine rest periods during the workday, pay employees for actual labour completed, and give them essential rights. While maintaining the fundamental goals of labour rights, the framework also enables employers and workers to bargain for more working hours and their monetary value in a way that takes into account the opportunities presented by the digital era. By striking a balance between protection and flexibility, this strategy seeks to develop a more just and efficient framework for modern labour management.

KEYWORDS: Labour time, Digital workplace, Working hours, Remote work, Labour rights, Time management, Flexibility,

AN ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: ITS IMPACT, ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES

AUTHOR – DR. REKHA PAHUJA, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT S.S. MANIYAR LAW COLLEGE, JALGAON

BEST CITATION – DR. REKHA PAHUJA, AN ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL STATUS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: ITS IMPACT, ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1115-1123, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

“Artificial intelligence will reach human levels by around 2029. Follow that out further to, say, 2045; we will have multiplied the intelligence, the human biological machine intelligence of our civilization a billion-fold.”

Ray Kurzweil

The article focuses on concept of artificial intelligence and its implementation in industrial scale. It reviews its meaning and definitions, and its various types such as Artificial Narrow Intelligence, Artificial General Intelligence, and Artificial Super Intelligence. It also poses a new issue relating to legal status of artificial intelligence in intellectual property rights whether it would be considered as a copyright or a patent as Artificial intelligence is relatively a new area of debate concerning lPR laws. Besides this, while emphasizing on various advantages of AI right from reduction of human labour, taking of risk on behalf of human beings, 24*7 availability , faster decision making to providing digital assistance and many others, the Author has also discussed its possible disadvantages such as it involves high cost of creation, makes human being lazy, generates unemployment, lacking human emotion and rational thinking etc. with its positive impact on the society. The readers are encouraged to explore alternative views and perspectives on this subject

KEY WORDS: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI).

PATENT LAW & AI INVENTIONS – CAN AI BE RECOGNIZED AS AN INVENTOR?

AUTHOR – AKHILESH KUMAR RAJAN, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY PATNA

BEST CITATION – AKHILESH KUMAR RAJAN, PATENT LAW & AI INVENTIONS – CAN AI BE RECOGNIZED AS AN INVENTOR?, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1112-1114, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing the face of innovation at a very fast pace, causing complicated questions of inventorship in the context of existing patent legislations. In the current paper, the question of whether an AI system, like DABUS, can be considered an inventor under the field of patent law is investigated. With particular reference to the Indian Patents Act, 1970, it brings into focus that the provisions of the existing law indirectly limit inventorship to natural persons. Comparative studies with countries like the United States, United Kingdom, and European Union reveal an international rejection of AI inventorship except in a few exceptions such as the South African DABUS case. Policy and responsibility issues along with reasons for AI inventorship are given by the study to provide protection for innovation in the era of automation. It concludes that although Indian law does not yet acknowledge AI as an inventor, changing technology requires legislative acumen, policy development, and international collaboration—necessarily through such solutions as hybrid or sui generis methods—to align innovation with responsibility in law.

Keywords- AI, Patent, Inventor, Intellectual Property Rights, AI Inventions.

REGISTRATION AND INCORPORATION OF THE COMPANIES IN INDIA

AUTHOR – SHASHI PRABHA MUDGAL, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, AMITY UNIVERSITY, PATNA

BEST CITATION – SHASHI PRABHA MUDGAL, REGISTRATION AND INCORPORATION OF THE COMPANIES IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1105-1111, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

A crucial step in establishing a business entity in India is company registration and incorporation, followed according to the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013, and authorized by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. This process formally recognizes a business as a legal entity. It endows the company with its own legal identity, provides limited liability protection to its shareholders, and ensures continuity of existence. Such legal stature encourages trust and accountability in the business environment. The process commences with deciding on the appropriate business structure, such as a Private Limited Company, Public Limited Company, or One Person Company (OPC), depending on the scale and nature of the business. The company name requires MCA approval, followed by preparing vital documents including the Memorandum of Association (MOA) and Articles of Association (AOA). Reforms have introduced the electronic SPICe (Simplified Proforma for Incorporating Company Electronically Plus) process, enabling simultaneous application for Director Identification Number (DIN), Permanent Account Number (PAN), and Tax Account Number (TAN). Upon scrutinizing the application, the Registrar of Companies (ROC) grants the Certificate of Incorporation, confirming the company’s legal identity. The registration process imparts significant benefits, including legal recognition, limited liability for shareholders, and eligibility for various incentives. It marks the inaugural step in a company’s regulatory journey, necessitating compliance with post-registration requirements such as opening a corporate bank account and obtaining Goods and Services Tax (GST) registration based on the nature of the business and applicable legal provisions. Researcher tries to find out the legal framework,procedures and significance of company registration and incorporation in India,along wit its impact on business operations under companies Act,2013. Keywords: Companies Act 2013, Legal Entity, Limited Liability, Certificate of Incorporation, Ease of Doing Business

AN ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

AUTHOR – GOWSALYA. S. & POORNAMATHI N.C.

LLM STUDENTS AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – GOWSALYA. S. & POORNAMATHI N.C, AN ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1098-1104, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The United Kingdom’s approach to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) is globally recognized for its comprehensive, risk-based framework, rooted in the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HSWA). This article traces the evolution of OHS in Britain from the social upheaval of the Industrial Revolution and the ensuing Factories Acts to the modern, integrated system overseen by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). It examines the fundamental shift brought about by the HSWA, which established universal responsibilities for all employers and employees and defined the structure for regulation and criminal enforcement. Furthermore, the analysis details the critical regulatory pillars, including the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (which cemented the risk-assessment duty) and other specific regimes like those governing Manual Handling and Hazardous Substances (COSHH). Finally, the article explores contemporary strategies for OHS, highlighting the ongoing challenge of addressing occupational health and the shift towards a partnership-based approach in a dynamic, service-sector-dominated economy, confirming the HSWA’s enduring legacy in reducing workplace harm.

KEYWORDS:

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HSWA), Health and Safety Executive (HSE), Risk Assessment, Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations, Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH), UK Legislation.

MEDIA TRIALS IN HIGH-PROFILE CRIMINAL CASES: BALANCING PRESS FREEDOM WITH FAIR JUSTICE

AUTHOR – PRATHAMESH DHAKE, STUDENT AT UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI, THANE SUB CAMPUS

BEST CITATION – PRATHAMESH DHAKE, MEDIA TRIALS IN HIGH-PROFILE CRIMINAL CASES: BALANCING PRESS FREEDOM WITH FAIR JUSTICE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1093-1097, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

The phenomenon of media trials has emerged as a defining challenge for the administration of criminal justice in India. With 24×7 news cycles and the rise of social media, public perception of guilt or innocence is often shaped long before judicial verdicts are delivered. This paper examines the evolving relationship between freedom of expression and the right to a fair trial, analysing how sensational reporting can both strengthen and subvert justice. Drawing upon landmark cases such as Jessica Lal, Aarushi Talwar, Nirbhaya, and Sushant Singh Rajput, the study explores how the media’s pursuit of public interest sometimes crosses into prejudice. It also incorporates comparative perspectives from the United States and United Kingdom to highlight varying regulatory approaches. The discussion underscores the absence of effective enforcement mechanisms within India’s current framework and the ethical dilemmas faced by journalists. The paper concludes by proposing a balanced model that preserves press freedom while protecting the integrity of the judiciary through statutory reforms, digital accountability, and ethical self-regulation.

IMPORTANCE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN ECONOMIC GROWTH

AUTHOR – SUHANI GAUTAM, STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY, PATNA

BEST CITATION – SUHANI GAUTAM, IMPORTANCE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN ECONOMIC GROWTH, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1079-1087, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

In the Indian context, Intellectual Property (IP) has become a crucial driver of innovation, investment, and economic development in the 21st century. With India emerging as a global hub for technology, pharmaceuticals, and creative industries, the protection and promotion of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) have gained strategic importance. Effective IP laws encourage research and development, support start-ups, and attract foreign direct investment by ensuring that innovators and creators are rewarded for their contributions. India’s initiatives—such as the National IPR Policy (2016), Digital India, and Start-up India—reflect the government’s commitment to building a knowledge-driven economy. IP-intensive sectors like biotechnology, IT, film, and traditional goods under Geographical Indications (GIs) such as “Darjeeling Tea” and “Banarasi Sarees” significantly contribute to exports and employment. However, challenges remain in the form of limited awareness, procedural complexities, and inadequate enforcement. Strengthening IP education, infrastructure, and enforcement mechanisms will be vital for India to harness the full economic potential of intellectual property and establish itself as a global innovation leader.

Keywords:

Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs), Economic Growth, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Knowledge-Based Economy, Indian Development Policy

THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF WORKPLACE SAFETY: AN ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS IN THE UNITED STATES

AUTHOR – POORNAMATHI N.C. & GOWSALYA. S.

LLM STUDENTS AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – POORNAMATHI N.C. & GOWSALYA. S, THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF WORKPLACE SAFETY: AN ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS IN THE UNITED STATES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1071-1078, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) standards are foundational to protecting workers from workplace hazards and risks. In the United States, this framework is anchored by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a federal agency within the Department of Labor, established by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act). This article examines the historical context that necessitated the OSH Act, the statutory duties it imposes on employers, the various standards enforced by OSHA, and the comprehensive mechanisms for enforcement, investigation, and penalty. Furthermore, it details the crucial rights afforded to employees, including protection against retaliation, and analyses landmark court cases that have shaped the interpretation and application of the OSH Act, underscoring its enduring role in reducing workplace injuries, illnesses, and fatalities.

Keywords:

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act), OSHA, Workplace Safety, Employee Rights, General Duty Clause, Enforcement, Landmark Cases, Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC)

LEGAL IMPLICATIONS ON WORK-LIFE BALANCE IN INDIAN LABOUR LAW

AUTHOR – PRABU. P*, JYOTHI LAKSHMI P** & KALAIARASAN. P***

* GUEST LECTURER, GOVERNMENT LAW COLLEGE VILLUPURAM

** 3rd YEAR LL.B. GOVERNMENT LAW COLLEGE VILLUPURAM

*** 3YEAR B.A.LL.B. GOVERNMENT LAW COLLEGE VILLUPURAM

BEST CITATION – PRABU. P, JYOTHI LAKSHMI P & KALAIARASAN. P, LEGAL IMPLICATIONS ON WORK-LIFE BALANCE IN INDIAN LABOUR LAW, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1064-1070, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

The delicate balance between work and personal obligations is known as work-life balance (WLB), and it includes both vocational duties and leisure activities, family obligations, and mental and physical health. WLB has become a crucial issue impacting workers’ productivity and quality of life in the context of India’s quickly changing economy, which is characterized by the growth of the IT sector, gig economy, and remote employment. The legal environment around work-life balance (WLB) in India is examined in this article, with particular attention paid to how labor laws, court rulings, and policy initiatives attempt to handle statutory leaves, flexible work schedules, working hours, and mental health protections. The lack of a formal “right to disconnect,” which makes it harder to distinguish between work and personal life, and the new difficulties presented by digital workplaces are also examined in the study. Through the examination of seminal rulings, legislative changes like the 2020 Labour Codes, and socio-legal studies, this study draws attention to gender inequalities, ongoing enforcement gaps, and the exclusion of gig and irregular workers from official WLB safeguards. In order to develop sustainable work environments that preserve employee dignity, health, and social fairness in India’s changing labor market, the paper calls for extensive legislation reforms, such as the legalization of flexible work, rights regarding digital disconnects, and improved enforcement mechanisms.

KEYWORDS: Work-Life Balance, Indian Labour Law, Flexible Working Arrangements, Occupational Health and Safety, Right to Disconnect

TARIFFS AS INSTRUMENTS OF POWER: THE GEOPOLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF U.S. TRADE POLICY

AUTHOR – HITRAJ SINGH, STUDENT AT UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES, CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – HITRAJ SINGH, TARIFFS AS INSTRUMENTS OF POWER: THE GEOPOLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF U.S. TRADE POLICY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 1056-1063, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

1. Introduction

In the words of UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer, “The world has changed, globalization is over and we are now in a new era”.^[1] This idea underscores a momentous shift in global economic dynamics due to 21^st century being the era of free trade and open markets and it is being progressively challenged by a resurgence of protectionist policies. The United States, under the leadership of 47^th President Donald Trump has been at the front end of this movement by implementing tariffs on a range of imports as part of an “America First” strategy. These measures have not only disrupted international trade but ignited geopolitical tension and prompted strategic responses from various nations, international organisations as well as unrest in various stock exchanges through the globe. 

U.S. tariffs have evolved from mere economic instruments to a weapon thus making it a potent geopolitical tool, powerful enough that it can now influence global alliances and economic strategies. Countries such as India, China, and Russia have recalibrated their trade policies and diplomatic engagements in response to the shifting landscape. Simultaneously, emerging blocs like BRICS are exploring alternatives to the U.S.-dominated financial system, aiming to mitigate the impact of American economic policies.

This paper seeks to explore the multifaceted role of U.S. tariffs in contemporary geopolitics. The core research agendas guiding this inquiry are:

Keywords: Dollar, U.S., BRICS, Geopolitics, Economy, Trade, Tariffs.

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[1] UK Prime Minister Admit Globalisation Over in Response to Trump Tariffs, Fox News, https://www.foxnews.com/politics/uk-prime-minister-admit-globalisation-over-response-trump-tariffs-report (last visited Oct. 22, 2025).