ANALYSIS OF CHALLENGES FACED BY FIRST GENERATION LAWYERS

AUTHOR – SARUNETHRA. S* & DR. S. MARUTHAVIJAYAN**

* STUDENT AT THE SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU, CHENNAI – 600113.

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU, CHENNAI – 600113

BEST CITATION – SARUNETHRA. S & DR. S. MARUTHAVIJAYAN, ANALYSIS OF CHALLENGES FACED BY FIRST GENERATION LAWYERS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 980-996, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT:

First-generation lawyers—those who are the first in their families to enter the legal profession—face a unique set of challenges that distinguish their journey from that of their peers with established legal backgrounds. These challenges span socioeconomic, cultural, academic, and professional domains. Without the benefit of inherited networks or mentorship, first-generation lawyers often navigate law school and the legal profession with limited guidance and resources. Financial strain, imposter syndrome, and unfamiliarity with professional norms can create barriers to academic performance, job placement, and long-term career advancement. Additionally, the lack of representation and support can exacerbate feelings of isolation within a historically exclusive field. This abstract explores the multifaceted obstacles encountered by first-generation lawyers, while also highlighting their resilience, the value of diverse perspectives they bring to the legal system, and the importance of structural reforms and support systems in fostering equity and inclusion within the legal profession.

Keywords: First-generation lawyers, Legal profession, Social mobility, Mentorship gap, Professional networking, Imposter syndrome, Legal education, Diversity and inclusion, Structural barriers, Career advancement.

ASSESSING THE VULNERABILITIES AND CHALLENGES OF MIGRANT AND REFUGEE MINORS IN INDIA: A SOCIO-LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

AUTHOR – SRIJA MUKHERJEE, STUDENT AT CHRIST ACADEMY INSTITUTE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – SRIJA MUKHERJEE, ASSESSING THE VULNERABILITIES AND CHALLENGES OF MIGRANT AND REFUGEE MINORS IN INDIA: A SOCIO-LEGAL PERSPECTIVE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 969-979, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

This socio-legal inquiry critically assesses the escalating legal and social vulnerabilities afflicting minor migrants and refugees within India, a nation whose status as a key host country is paradoxically undermined by its unstructured legal framework. The study’s objective is to dissect the fundamental challenges these unprotected minors face, who are largely confined to a precarious legal limbo due to the absence of specialized national refugee legislation. Employing a rigorous qualitative and doctrinal methodology, which includes a critical comparative analysis of effective international frameworks in nations like Germany, the United States, and Sweden, the research reveals that protection is fragile. The core finding is that while India’s judiciary upholds protection through international human rights principles (ICCPR and UDHR), the lack of institutional specialization renders domestic safeguards, such as the Juvenile Justice Act (2015), practically inaccessible and susceptible exclusion from essential services, confirming that the crisis stems not from the absence of rights, but from a profound failure of accountability. Ultimately, this paper concludes by stressing the imperative for India to swiftly enact a comprehensive, specialized policy, coupled with enhanced institutional coordination, to transform theoretical protection into a guaranteed practical reality for these vulnerable children.

Key words: Migrant, Refugee, Vulnerable teenagers, Deportation, Minor, Xenophobia, Unaccompanied minors, Displacement, Human trafficking, refugee camps.

IMPACT OF MUSIC CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF STUDENTS

AUTHOR – S. SHUNMUGA SUNDARI* & DR. S. MARUTHAVIJAYAN**

* STUDENT AT THE SCHOOL EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT THE SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU

BEST CITATION – S. SHUNMUGA SUNDARI & DR. S. MARUTHAVIJAYAN, IMPACT OF MUSIC CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF STUDENTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 951-968, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Music has long been recognized as a powerful influence on human emotions and behavior, but its effect on students’ concentration levels remains a subject of growing interest. This study explores how different types of music—such as classical, instrumental, and lyrical—affect students’ ability to focus during academic tasks. A group of students was observed under controlled conditions, performing concentration-based activities both with and without background music. The findings indicate that while soft instrumental and classical music can enhance focus and improve task performance by creating a calm mental state, loud or lyrical music tends to distract and reduce concentration efficiency. The results highlight that the impact of music on concentration largely depends on the genre, volume, and individual preferences of students. This study suggests that incorporating suitable background music in study environments may positively influence learning outcomes and cognitive performance.

Keywords – Music, Concentration, Students, Academic Performance, Cognitive Function, Focus, Study Habits, Learning Environment, Productivity, Attention span.

CASTE BASED RESERVATION IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IS BENEFICIARY OR DISCRIMINATORY, A SURVEY BASED ON THE IMPACT OF THE RESERVATION IN INDIA

AUTHOR – MS.R.PRIYADHARSHINI* & DR.S.MARUTHUVIJAYAN**

* STUDENT AT THE SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT THE SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU

BEST CITATION – MS.R.PRIYADHARSHINI & DR.S.MARUTHUVIJAYAN, CASTE BASED RESERVATION IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IS BENEFICIARY OR DISCRIMINATORY, A SURVEY BASED ON THE IMPACT OF THE RESERVATION IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 941-950, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT:

           This study explore the effects of caste based reservation in educational institutions, this study has served as an aid for understanding the people’s opinion on the caste based reservations. Reservations in the educational institutions were introduced as a measure to promote social justice and equality from the grass root level, to uplift the historically marginalized communities by ensuring fair access to education. This study explores whether the caste based reservations in educational institutions serves as a beneficial tool for social inclusion or functions as a discriminatory practice against non reserved categories.  The research further analyzes the misconceptions of people about reservation policy and analyzes the opinion of both stance who claims it as beneficiary and people who claims it as discriminatory.

KEYWORD – Caste based reservation, social justice, marginalized communities, social inclusion, non reserved categories, educational institutions.

REGULATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA IMAGERY IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: CHALLENGES AND FRAMEWORKS

AUTHOR – MOHD AKASH, RESEARCH SCHOLAR, FACULTY OF LEGAL STUDIES, MJP ROHILKHAND UNIVERSITY BAREILLY, UP (INDIA).

BEST CITATION – MOHD AKASH, REGULATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA IMAGERY IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: CHALLENGES AND FRAMEWORKS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 935-940, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed the digital landscape, notably across social media platforms. These platforms have incorporated AI technology into their algorithms to improve user experience. However, the impact of artificial intelligence on social media is debatable. To sustain user confidence, social media platforms should ensure that their AI practices are transparent and ethical. The impact of AI on social media content is considerable and diverse, allowing for personalised content recommendations, automated content development, and real-time content analysis. However, there are also concerns regarding algorithmic bias and the possibility of job displacement. As AI technology advances, it is critical that ethical issues and social responsibility are prioritised in the development and application of AI in social media marketing. The impact of AI on social media posts is a multifaceted problem that has both positive and negative consequences. While AI algorithms can improve the user experience by offering personalised content, there are worries that they may also promote disinformation and create filter bubbles. With the growing development of AI-generated images, ranging from deepfakes to algorithmically augmented visuals, regulating such content presents significant legal, ethical, and technological issues. This article reviews the current frameworks and shortcomings in regulating AI-generated imagery on social media, investigates international and Indian legal methods, evaluates policy solutions, and recommends for a human-rights-based, technologically adaptive regulatory strategy. The goal is to promote accountability, transparency, and user protection against misinformation, privacy infringement, and the abuse of synthetic media.

Keywords:  Artificial Intelligence, Social Media, Content, Impact, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Algorithms, Data Analysis, Personalization, Automation.

THE ALARMING SURGE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN INDIA

AUTHOR – VIKRANT SINGH, S.R.M. SCHOOL OF LAW, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – VIKRANT SINGH, THE ALARMING SURGE OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 925-934, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Rape cases are ascending at an alarming rate in India, and this trend has become a social issue. However, more survivors are now coming forward due to increased awareness and support from activists, the media, and rights groups. Police reports and crime statistics indicate that reported rape cases are higher than in previous years. Most people believe that the rise is due to victims being more willing to report crimes rather than a rise in actual occurrences. Still, they agree that the problem is deeply rooted in gender discrimination, patriarchal mindsets, and unsafe environments. The judicial system is trying to speed up trials and implement harsher punishments, but delays, low conviction rates, and poor enforcement of laws still allow many offenders to escape justice. Public protests, activism, woke mindsets, and social media pressure are urging governments to take stronger action. Schools, workplaces, and society are starting to discuss consent, safety, and respect, which is a positive step. Yet, issues like insensitive policing, victim blaming, and excessive judicial delays hinder quick changes. The rise in rape cases is not just a law-and-order issue, although it is serious; it reflects a broader failure to protect women’s rights and ensure they can live without fear. It needs ongoing efforts from the government, police, civil society, and citizens to create a safer society where sexual violence has no place.

Keywords – Rape cases, Awareness, Gender discrimination, judicial system, Conviction rates,  social stigma.

NEURO – RIGHTS AND THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION: SAFEGUARDING COGNITIVE LIBERTY IN THE AGE OF BRAIN – SURVEILLANCE

AUTHOR – NIVETHA BASKAR, STUDENT OF POST GRADUATION IN  2 yrs LLM IN TAXTION LAW PURSUING AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, THARAMANI, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – NIVETHA BASKAR, NEURO – RIGHTS AND THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION: SAFEGUARDING COGNITIVE LIBERTY IN THE AGE OF BRAIN – SURVEILLANCE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 915-924, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTARCT

The fast-paced development of neurotechnologies, such as brain-computer interfaces and neural monitoring devices, has posed new socio-legal issues in India. The technologies hold the capability to probe, manipulate, and exploit human mental processes and cognitive functions, and hence, raise pressing questions concerning mental privacy, cognitive liberty, and psychological integrity. This research paper analyses the conceptual and constitutional underpinnings of neuro-rights in India, testing their doctrinal nexus with the fundamental right to privacy under Article 21 of the Constitution. The research also assesses the degree to which current laws in India govern neurotechnology, determines key legal gaps, and considers the ethical and social consequence of brain-reading technologies on autonomy, consent, and freedom of thought. Comparative jurisdiction studies of countries like Chile and the European Union offer lessons for implementing full neuro-rights protections. The doctrinal research approach is employed to contend that Indian constitutional law should be extended to incorporate neuro-rights expressly, complemented by legislative changes and ethical safeguards. The research finds that protection of mental privacy is both legally required and a social responsibility, to the effect that technological development must not undermine human freedom of mind, autonomy, and dignity in today’s digital age.

KEY WORDS: Neuro-Rights, Mental Privacy, Cognitive Liberty, Brain-Computer Interface, Constitutional Law, Fundamental Rights (Article 21), Ethical and Social Implications

DOWRY RELATED CRIMES IN INDIA: A CRIMINAL LAW ANALYSIS UNDER THE  BHARITYA NYAYA SANHITA (BNS)

AUTHOR – S.ISHANA ELIZABETH* & MR. V. MAHALINGAM**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, S.R.M. UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI, INDIA

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, S.R.M. UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI, INDIA

BEST CITATION – S.ISHANA ELIZABETH & MR. V. MAHALINGAM, DOWRY RELATED CRIMES IN INDIA: A CRIMINAL LAW ANALYSIS UNDER THE  BHARITYA NYAYA SANHITA (BNS), INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 910-914, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Dowry-related crimes continue to be a deep-rooted social and legal issue in India, reflecting the complex intersection of patriarchal customs and legal enforcement. Despite the existence of targeted legislation such as the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, and specific provisions in the Indian Penal Code (IPC), including Sections 498A and 304B, dowry-related violence and deaths remain alarmingly prevalent. With the recent introduction of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023—replacing the IPC—this article revisits the criminal law response to dowry crimes in contemporary India.

The paper explores the evolution of anti-dowry legislation and assesses how effectively these laws have been implemented. It includes an analysis of high profile cases such as State of Tamil Nadu v. Satheeswar & Ors. (Preeti Dowry Death Case, 2025) and State of Tamil Nadu v. Kavinkumar & Ors. (Rithanya Dowry Death Case, 2025). It also addresses critical issues such as the misuse of Section 498A, challenges in evidence collection, delays in prosecution, and the socio-legal impact on victims and their families.

WHITE COLLAR CRIMES: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND ENFORCEMENT CHALLENGES

AUTHOR – MR. HARSH MEHROTRA* & MR. V. MAHALINGAM**
* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, S.R.M. UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI, INDIA
** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, S.R.M. UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI, INDIA

BEST CITATION – MR. HARSH MEHROTRA & MR. V. MAHALINGAM, WHITE COLLAR CRIMES: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND ENFORCEMENT CHALLENGES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 897-909, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Nowadays, White-collar crimes have emerged as global issues that hurt investors, businesses, and consumers. White-collar crimes increasingly define the darker undercurrents of contemporary economic and legal systems. The term was coined by Edwin Sutherland in 1939, and it means the offenses committed by individuals of high status and trust, who exploit institutional mechanisms for personal or corporate gain. White-collar offenses, in contrast to traditional blue-collar crimes, thrive on the deception, concealment, and manipulation of financial or informational systems. These offenses include insider trading, corporate fraud, money laundering, cybercrime, and corruption. Even though if these crimes are not violent in nature, they harm the integrity of legal and regulatory systems, erode public trust, and destabilize economies. This paper provides a thorough and critical examination of the laws and regulations governing white-collar crimes in India. It looks into how the existing laws, including the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita^[1], Prevention of Corruption Act^[2], the Companies Act^[3], the Information Technology Act^[4], the Prevention of Money Laundering Act^[5], and the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act^[6]. In addition, it assesses the operations of enforcement agencies and other specialized bodies that are responsible for the prosecution and investigation of white-collar crimes. The discussion encompasses the judicial interpretation of economic offenses. Further, this paper outlines significant institutional and procedural weaknesses that hinder the efficient regulation of economic offenses, through case studies, statutory analysis, and current enforcement challenges. It recommends a comprehensive reform that includes the enhancement of inter-agency coordination, and the strengthening of technological and forensic capabilities. Final, the paper posits that the prevention of white-collar crimes isn’t just a matter of penal enforcement, but also of ethical governance and societal trust, which are essential for the protection of the transparency and resilience of India’s legal and economic framework.

Keywords

White-collar crime, fraud, Money laundering, Economic offenses, corporate fraud, Insider trading, fraudulent practices.

---

[1] The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, No. 45, India Code, 2023 (India).

[2] The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, No. 49, India Code, 1988 (India).

[3] The Companies Act, 2013, No. 18, India Code, 2013 (India).

[4] The Information Technology Act, 2000, No. 21, India Code, 2000 (India).

[5] The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002, No. 15, India Code, 2002 (India).

[6] The Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992, No. 15, India Code, 1992 (India).

TRIALS IN ABSENTIA UNDER BNSS: BALANCING PROSECUTION EFFICIENCY AND THE ACCUSED’S RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL

AUTHORS – HABEETHA SAI.T* & MS.T. VAISHALI

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN EAW, THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY EMAIL

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LAW, DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY,

BEST CITATION – HABEETHA SAI.T & MS.T. VAISHALI, TRIALS IN ABSENTIA UNDER BNSS: BALANCING PROSECUTION EFFICIENCY AND THE ACCUSED’S RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (12) OF 2025, PG. 887-896, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS), has introduced several transformative changes to India’s criminal procedure system, including the recognition of trial in absentia for proclaimed offenders. This research critically examines whether the BNSS framework effectively balances the need for swift prosecution with the constitutional guarantee of a fair trial under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. It explores the safeguards built into the BNSS, compares them with the previous provisions under the CrPC, and assesses their adequacy in protecting the rights of the accused. This paper critically analyzes the legislative framework of BNSS, focusing on Sections 84, 85, 107, and 356, which collectively set out the procedures for proclamation, property attachment, and trials in absentia. Through doctrinal study, judicial precedents, and comparative analysis with foreign jurisdictions, this work evaluates whether BNSS provisions successfully strike a balance between prosecutorial efficiency and the constitutional mandate of fairness in criminal justice