Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

“ONE RAPE EVERY 16 MINUTES-BUT HOW LONG UNTIL JUSTICE?”

AUTHOR – DOLA GOKUL SAI, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

BEST CITATION – DOLA GOKUL SAI, “ONE RAPE EVERY 16 MINUTES-BUT HOW LONG UNTIL JUSTICE?”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (3) OF 2026, PG. 01-05, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

“In India, a woman is raped every 16 minutes. But justice? That can take years-or never come at all.” India bursts in collective anger after every horrific and highly publicized rape case; candlelight marches fill city streets, hashtags trend on social media, and urgent pleas for tougher laws resonates in Parliament. Yet beyond the public protests and sensational headlines lies a grimmer, more complex reality: a justice system that, despite legal reform, continues to fail thousands of survivors every year. This paper begins by unpacking this dissonance – between the symbolic severity of India’s rape laws and the procedural and structure failures that allow low conviction rates, prolonged trials, and institutional indifferences to persist. From pre-2013 penal framework to the post-Nirbhaya amendments and 2018 death penalty provisions, the study traces the legislative trajectory of rape sentencing in India. However, these reforms which are sometimes reactionary in character, have mostly concentrated on tightening penalties rather than tackling systematic issues including hostile investigations, delayed FIRs, judicial backlogs and inadequate victim protection. In order to comprehend sentencing trends and judicial reasoning, the study uses a qualitative methodology to analyse statutes and case law studies. It also looks at Supreme Court and High Court rulings. In order to determine whether India may benefit from international best practices in rape sentencing, a comparative legal analysis is also conducted, looking at models from nations like the USA, Sweden, and the UK. Central to this inquiry is a critical question: Do harsher sentences equate to justice, or merely perform justice in public eye? In seeking answers, this paper aims not only to assess existing sentencing laws, but to propose a victim-centred, constitutionally aligned and evidence based roadmap for reform-where justice is consistent, not contingent on headlines.

Keywords: Rape sentencing, Criminal justice reform, Judicial decisions, Victim-centred justice, Gender-based violence.

THIN SKULL, HEAVY LIABILITY: THE IMPACT OF THE EGGSHELL SKULL RULE IN INDIAN ACCIDENT AND MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE CASES

AUTHOR – DIVYANSHI SINGH, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

BEST CITATION – DIVYANSHI SINGH, THIN SKULL, HEAVY LIABILITY: THE IMPACT OF THE EGGSHELL SKULL RULE IN INDIAN ACCIDENT AND MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE CASES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 977-975, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The principle that liability must follow the wrongdoer irrespective of the victim’s condition is rooted in centuries of human justice. The Eggshell Skull Rule, or Thin Skull Rule, embodies this belief by ensuring that a defendant cannot reduce responsibility merely because a victim was unusually vulnerable. Built on the philosophy of fairness and corrective justice, it reinforces that once harm is caused, its entire extent ordinary or extraordinary remains attributable to the actor. This doctrine has particular relevance in societies like India, where accidents and medical negligence cases frequently involve individuals with pre-existing conditions, often leading to disproportionate consequences.

This article reviews the jurisprudence of the Eggshell Skull Rule of the Indian law of torts while placing it against comparative analyses of the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and Canada. The issue of research lies in the absence of statutory codification and uniform guidelines of India that forces courts to handle issues of causation, compensation, and proportionality by following unclear legislative guidance. The study aim is to trace the evolution of the doctrine of the rule, analyze its application of cases from India, and analyze its challenges and criticisms.

Methodologically, the paper uses a doctrinal and comparative approach, borrowing from judicial pronouncements, statutory overlaps, and secondary commentary to offer both theoretical and practical insights. The tentative view is that although Indian courts have ensured the spirit of the rule for the protection of vulnerable victims of rape, there is a need for reform to attain uniformity and fairness. Codification of law of criminal endeavour, formalized compensation mechanisms, and increased input of medical expertise would offer balance between giving justice to victims of rape and avoiding excessive burdens on defendants.

Key Words: Thin Skull Rule, Eggshell Skull Rule, Tort Law, Liability, Fairness, Compensation, Comparative Jurisprudence.

CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE ERA OF INFLUENCER MARKETING: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND REGULATORY RESPONSES TO SPONSORED CONTENT IN INDIA

AUTHOR – MEHEK FULARA, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

BEST CITATION – MEHEK FULARA, CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE ERA OF INFLUENCER MARKETING: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND REGULATORY RESPONSES TO SPONSORED CONTENT IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 965-976, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Through the marriage of personal expression and commercial persuasion, sponsored content and influencer marketing have redefined online advertising. Whilst this strategy enables businesses to communicate with consumers in a more genuine manner, it also increases the potential for deception, especially where endorsements are poorly disclosed. False advertising in India is governed by the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 (“CPA 2019”), which also gives the Central Consumer Protection Authority (“CCPA”) the authority to govern endorsements and sanction advertisers and promoters.¹ The Advertising Standards Council of India (“ASCI”) passed Guidelines for Influencer Advertising in Digital Media (2021) to supplement this regime, making the employment of standardized labels obligatory in disclosures of material relationships.² The enforcement of the same proves difficult, given the global and trans-border nature of influencer enterprise. The imperative for increased legal specificity and responsibility can be observed in decisions like *PepsiCo India Holdings (P) Ltd. v. Hindustan Coca Cola Beverages (P) Ltd.*³ and comparative regulatory patterns, e.g., Federal Trade Commission Endorsement Guides⁴ and United Kingdom Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) rulings. To accomplish this study, open disclosures in maintaining consumer autonomy and trust in the age of sponsored content require reconciling industry self-regulation with regulation.

Keywords: Influencer Marketing, Sponsored Content, Consumer Protection Act, 2019, Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA), Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI) Guidelines, Misleading Advertising, Disclosure Norms, Cross-Border Digital Advertising

GLOBAL BLACK MARKETS AND BLOOD RED FOREST FLOORS – AN EXPANDING CANVAS FOR THE ART OF FORENSIC SCIENCE”

AUTHOR – JENI BN* & SUGITH KUMAR**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

** PROFESSOR, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – JENI BN & SUGITH KUMAR, GLOBAL BLACK MARKETS AND BLOOD RED FOREST FLOORS – AN EXPANDING CANVAS FOR THE ART OF FORENSIC SCIENCE”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 945-964, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

“I suffer whenever I see the wilting plant” – Vallalar Ramalingar

The escalating crisis of wildlife crime presents a profound threat to global biodiversity, with illegal poaching, trafficking, and habitat destruction undermining conservation efforts and legal enforcement frameworks. This paper explores the critical role of forensic science in transforming wildlife crime investigations, particularly within the Indian context. By examining key forensic methodologies—such as DNA analysis, toxicology, veterinary pathology, and ballistic evidence—the study evaluates how scientific advancements have enhanced the accuracy and legal admissibility of wildlife crime evidence. It also interrogates the systemic and logistical challenges posed by remote crime scenes, lack of specialized training, and fragmented legal jurisdictions. A comparative analysis with human crime scene investigations reveals significant procedural and ecological differences that influence evidence collection and case outcomes. Despite the robust potential of forensic tools, the research identifies limitations in current enforcement mechanisms and calls for legal reforms, improved inter-agency coordination, and the establishment of dedicated wildlife forensic laboratories. Through case studies and policy evaluation, this study positions wildlife forensics not as an auxiliary tool, but as a foundational pillar in the fight against ecological crime and the preservation of endangered species.

Key Words : Wildlife Forensics, Ballistics, Toxicology. Veterinary Pathology, etc.       

SOCIAL MEDIA TRIALS VS COURT TRIALS: WHO DELIVERS JUSTICE?

AUTHOR – MR. JITIN TRIPATHI* & MR. PRAFUL SARAN**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW CAMPUS

** PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW CAMPUS

BEST CITATION – MR. JITIN TRIPATHI & MR. PRAFUL SARAN, SOCIAL MEDIA TRIALS VS COURT TRIALS: WHO DELIVERS JUSTICE?, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 943-944, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The emergence of social media has significantly changed the way information is shared and discussed in society. Online platforms allow instant public discussion about criminal cases and legal controversies. This has led to the phenomenon known as a “social media trial,” where public opinion is formed even before courts reach a final decision. While social media can raise awareness and highlight injustice, it may also influence perceptions of guilt and undermine the fairness of legal proceedings. This research paper examines the differences between social media trials and court trials and analyzes their impact on the justice delivery system. The study concludes that although social media can create awareness and accountability, courts remain the most legitimate and reliable institutions for delivering justice because they follow legal procedures, evaluate evidence, and protect the rights of the accused.

A STUDY ON COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION: A MULTI-DIMENSIONAL APPROACH

AUTHORS – S.THUHINI* & DR. M.D. CHINNU**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-600040

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR. DEPT. OF ECONOMICS, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY ,CHENNAI-600113

. BEST CITATION – S.THUHINI & DR. M.D. CHINNU, A STUDY ON COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION: A MULTI-DIMENSIONAL APPROACH, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 929-942, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

This study examines civil Public Interest Litigation through the lens of economic cost–benefit analysis (CBA), arguing that economic evaluation can serve as a complementary tool to enhance judicial efficiency without undermining the constitutional objectives of PIL. Using doctrinal research methodology, the study analyses judicial precedents, scholarly literature, and procedural practices to highlight the absence of structured economic scrutiny in civil PIL adjudication. It demonstrates how incorporating CBA at the admission and remedial stages can assist courts in prioritising high-impact cases, designing implementable remedies, and filtering out petitions that impose disproportionate costs relative to their public benefit. The study concludes that integrating economic cost–benefit analysis into civil PIL practice can strengthen judicial discipline, improve resource allocation, and preserve the legitimacy of PIL as a mechanism for genuine public interest litigation.

Keywords: Public Interest Litigation ,Economic Cost–Benefit Analysis, Civil Justice System, Judicial Efficiency, Frivolous Litigation

NAVIGATING CYBERBULLYING LAWS IN INDIA: ADDRESSING CHALLENGES AND REFORM OPPORTUNITIES POST-REPEAL OF SECTION 66A

AUTHOR – SHRIYA JAYASHANKAR, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

BEST CITATION – SHRIYA JAYASHANKAR, “NAVIGATING THE NEXUS: THE ROLE OF WTO JURISPRUDENCE IN HARMONIZING INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 918-928, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The explosive growth of digital technology has revolutionized communication in India, both empowering and subjecting people to the risks of new vulnerabilities. Perhaps the most urgent of these threats is cyberbullying, which takes the form of repeated online harassment, defamation, intimidation, and abuse. Compared with traditional bullying, cyberbullying’s anonymity, amplification, and permanence cause intense psychological and reputational damage. India originally dealt with this issue under Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000, which criminalized “grossly offensive” or “menacing” computer programme messages^[1]. The provision’s vagueness and overbreadth resulted in its abuse for silencing dissent, and the Supreme Court in Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) invalidated it as unconstitutional. Although this protected freedom of expression under Article 19(1)(a), it also left a vacuum in law, making victims of cyberbullying dependent upon dispersed provisions under the IT Act and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita that fail to encapsulate the continuous, composite character of the offence.^[2]

This paper examines the extent to which statutory law deals with cyberbullying after Shreya Singhal’s case, how judicial interpretations have shifted in the absence of a codified offence, and whether India needs a specific law to reconcile Article 19’s protections with the right to dignity and privacy under Article 21^[3]. Taking a doctrinal approach, the study examines statutory law, constitutional jurisprudence, and leading judicial pronouncements, while taking into account academic scholarship and comparative models from jurisdictions like the UK and Australia.

Keywords
Cyberbullying, Information Technology Act (2000), Section 66A – Shreya Singhal, Freedom to Speech, Article 21

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[1] Information Technology Act, 2000, § 66A (India)

[2] Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) 5 SCC 1 (India).

[3] India Const. art. 21, art. 19

THE BOOK REVIEW OF “12 YEARS A SLAVE – A TRUE STORY” -SOLOMON NORTHUP

AUTHOR – DEVYANI ANAND THORAT,  DECCAN EDUCATION SOCIETY’S SHRI. NAVALMAL FIRODIA LAW COLLEGE, PUNE

BEST CITATION – DEVYANI ANAND THORAT, THE BOOK REVIEW OF “12 YEARS A SLAVE – A TRUE STORY” -SOLOMON NORTHUP, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 900-917, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

Introduction:

The book 12 YEARS A SLAVE BY SOLOMON NORTHUP is a powerful and deeply moving true account of a free Black man who was kidnapped and forced into slavery for twelve long years in 19th-century America. This review aims to reflect on the emotional depth, historical importance, and personal strength conveyed through Northup’s words. The book was chosen for review because it gives a firsthand experience of the cruelty of slavery, making it not just a historical document but a voice for justice, dignity, and truth.

This introduction is taken into consideration because the story holds both educational and emotional value. It helps readers understand the real-life struggles of enslaved people, far beyond what is usually found in textbooks. By reviewing this book, I want to highlight its relevance even today, as it teaches lessons about human rights, identity, and resilience that continue to matter in our modern world.

This book was taken into consideration for review because of its historical relevance and deep emotional impact. It highlights the harsh realities that enslaved people faced, while also challenging readers to reflect on the value of freedom and human dignity. The story helps modern readers understand the cruel systems of the past, which can inform our present thinking on human rights, racism, and justice.

By reviewing 12 Years a Slave, the aim is to explore how a single individual’s experience can represent the suffering of many. The book is chosen not only for its literary strength but also for its ability to educate and awaken readers. This introduction sets the stage for a deeper analysis of how Northup’s story continues to resonate with audiences across generations.

UNION-STATE RELATIONS POST-INCEPTION OF NITI AAYOG

AUTHOR – MARIAPPAN VIJAYARANI ARAVIND, STUDENT (LAW) AT, CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE) UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – MARIAPPAN VIJAYARANI ARAVIND, UNION-STATE RELATIONS POST-INCEPTION OF NITI AAYOG, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 887-899, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. https://doi.org/10.65393/LBDE6276

Abstract

With the 2015 replacement of the Planning Commission by NITI Aayog, Union and State relations in India have entered into a new era characterized by promise to cooperative federalism and fiscal reform. This paper explores whether NITI Aayog has genuinely promoted cooperative federalism or just strengthened union authority in a different form. It explores how the 14^th Finance Commission with the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) system, and related constitutional regulations affect the financial independence of states. The function of the Supreme Court in assessing federal balance after 2015 is also examined. With the use of legal research and comparative viewpoints, the paper argues that although NITI Aayog has established a platform for discussion about ongoing issues in fiscal centralization and institutional imbalance impacts true state independence. The research emphasizes the necessity of structural changes to improve cooperative federalism and achieve the constitutional ideal of an equitable federal system.

Key Words – Cooperative Federalism, Centre–State Relations, NITI Aayog, Fiscal Federalism,, Planning Commission

THE IMF AND WORLD BANK’S ECONOMIC REFORMS: HOW THEY RAVAGED DEVELOPING ECONOMIES IN ASIA, AFRICA AND LATIN AMERICA AND LESSONS TO BE LEARNED

AUTHOR – SAMHITA RAJESH, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

BEST CITATION – SAMHITA RAJESH, THE IMF AND WORLD BANK’S ECONOMIC REFORMS: HOW THEY RAVAGED DEVELOPING ECONOMIES IN ASIA, AFRICA AND LATIN AMERICA AND LESSONS TO BE LEARNED, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 877-886, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This article critically examines the Bretton Woods Institutions economic reforms introduced in the developing countries of Latin America, Africa and Asia and how they had a detrimental impact on these regions. While these reforms were introduced as conditionalities for debt relief and bailouts in these countries they only ended up causing political instability, increasing poverty and causing economic stagnation. The reforms primarily examined are in the form of conditionalities and Structural Adjustment Programs. The case study of Latin America shows how these IMF reforms led to the lost decade, in Africa it exacerbated the poverty, unemployment and social discontent and in Asia it failed to manage the Asian financial crisis in an effective manner. The article advocates for a more localized approach while introducing trade and economic reforms and is a broader lesson in international trade law to incorporate local needs while integrating domestic economies with international economies and criticises neo-liberal policies which focus more on macroeconomic reforms, privatization, increased taxation, reduced role of the public sector, slashing wages and employment of public servants. There is a need for better representation, equitable and sustainable policies in the IMF and World Bank and the article elaborates on the same through the three cases. The article recommends a tailor-made approach to each individual economy with recommendations from local policy makers and civil servants to better suit domestic economies. The article essentially emphasizes that a one size fits all approach cannot be adopted while trying to reform diverse economies.