Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

“DNA PROFILING AND CRIME SCENE MANAGEMENT: A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION”

AUTHOR – AKSHAYA S, STUDENT AT TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – AKSHAYA S, “DNA PROFILING AND CRIME SCENE MANAGEMENT: A SCIENTIFIC APPROACH TO CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 802-816, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The delivery of criminal justice increasingly relies on scientific investigative techniques in order to guarantee accuracy, reliability and fairness in the detection and prosecution of crimes. Among the range of forensic techniques available today, DNA profiling has become one of the most important tools for the identification of individuals and the establishment of links between suspects, victims and crime scenes. However, the effectiveness of DNA evidence is heavily dependent on proper crime scene management, as any error in the collection, preservation or handling of biological evidence may jeopardize the reliability of forensic results. This paper investigates the synergistic relationship between DNA profiling and crime scene management as components of modern criminal investigation. This paper discusses the concept of corpus delicti, basic principles of forensic science and the importance of systematic analysis of the crime scene in order to maintain the evidentiary value. The paper also discusses the historical development, the scientific basis, sources and processes of DNA profiling with emphasis on the identification of the offenders, victims and exoneration of innocent persons. Special attention is paid to processes of handling and preserving biological evidence and the importance of maintaining the chain of custody. The paper also discusses significant judicial pronouncements which have recognized the evidentiary value of DNA profiling and addresses the practical and legal issues regarding crime scene management and forensic DNA analysis. It is found that efficient management of crime scenes and precise DNA profiling are indispensable for improved criminal investigations and to boost the credibility of the criminal justice system. The study suggests improved forensic infrastructure, specialised training, standard protocols and robust legal safeguards to exploit the potential of DNA based evidence in criminal proceedings.

KEY WORDS: Corpus Delicit, DNA Profiling, Forensic Science, Crime Scene Management, Criminal Justice System

FORENSIC BALLISTICS IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS: ASSESSING THE RISK OF WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS AND MISCARRIAGES OF JUSTICE

AUTHOR – KAVITHA T, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – KAVITHA T, FORENSIC BALLISTICS IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS: ASSESSING THE RISK OF WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS AND MISCARRIAGES OF JUSTICE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 788-801, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Forensic ballistics has consistently held a significant role in criminal investigations that involve firearms. Ballistic evidence is generally viewed by courts and law enforcement agencies as an extremely reliable type of scientific evidence capable of linking a firearm to a particular bullet or cartridge case recovered from a crime scene. This type of evidence is often key to the prosecution of murder, terrorism, organized crime, armed robbery, and other crimes involving firearms. But increased scrutiny by scientific organizations, legal scholars, and advocates for criminal justice reform has cast serious doubt on the reliability, validity, and evidentiary certainty of forensic ballistic identification. While ballistic evidence is often presented as objective and scientific, the identification of firearms is largely a function of the subjective interpretation of forensic examiners. Questions about examiner bias, methodological limitations, lack of standardization and absence of universally accepted error rates have reignited discussions of the role of forensic ballistics in wrongful convictions and miscarriages of justice.

This article critically examines the scientific principles of forensic ballistics, evidentiary significance of firearm identification and the circumstances under which ballistic evidence may lead to wrongful convictions. The article explores the legal treatment of ballistic evidence in India and other comparative jurisdictions, critically analyses the major criticisms of firearm identification techniques and evaluates the potential perils of excessive reliance on forensic expertise. It also investigates the new reforms to enhance scientific rigor, transparency and accountability in forensic investigation. The study concludes that forensic ballistics is an important investigative tool but its limitations must be recognized to prevent miscarriages of justice and to maintain the integrity of criminal adjudication.

Keywords: Forensic Ballistics, Wrongful Convictions, Firearm Identification, Expert Evidence, Criminal Investigation, Miscarriages of Justice, Forensic Science.

DEEPFAKE TECHNOLOGY: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND REGULATORY RESPONSES

AUTHOR – SREE PARVATHAVARTHINI SK* & DR. SANTOSH KUMAR TIWARI**

* LLM (STUDENT) AT SCHOOL OF LAW JUSTICE AND GOVERNANCE GAUTAM BUDDHA UNIVERSITY

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW JUSTICE AND GOVERNANCE GAUTAM BUDDHA UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – SREE PARVATHAVARTHINI SK & DR. SANTOSH KUMAR TIWARI, DEEPFAKE TECHNOLOGY: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND REGULATORY RESPONSES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 774-787, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The advent of artificial intelligence (ai) has changed the way that people communicate digitally, how we can create media, and how information is delivered. One of the greatest innovations in the use of ai is deepfake technology. Deepfake technology utilizes advanced machine-learning based algorithms to produce highly-realistic synthetic visual imagery (still images), video imagery, and audio-recordings. There are many benefits to using deepfakes including the potential for enhanced forms of entertainment, educational experiences, medical treatment options, and accessibility opportunities. However, there are a number of serious legal, ethical, and social concerns with respect to the use of deepfakes. Since their emergence as a viable tool for deception, individuals and organizations have employed them to further misinformation campaigns; distribute non-consentual pornographic images of individuals; influence elections; commit financial crimes such as stock market manipulation and account takeovers; steal identities; and engage in other forms of cyber-crime.

There are many potential problems that India will encounter when it attempts to regulate DeepFake technology. While India has implemented a number of laws (the Information Technology Act, 2000; the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023; the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023) which partially address the issue of regulation of DeepFakes, none of these laws deal specifically with the problem of DeepFakes. The international community is beginning to develop legislation and regulatory schemes to mitigate the dangers posed by DeepFakes created using artificial intelligence.

This research evaluates the legal impact of deepfakes in terms of Indian constitutional law, criminal law, civil law and international law. It assesses whether current laws and regulations are sufficient to address this new form of deception and suggests an all-inclusive framework for regulating it in India. The analysis concludes that a balance is needed; one that will protect individual rights (of privacy, dignity and democracy) but also allow for creativity and free speech.

Keywords: Deepfake Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Privacy, Cybercrime, AI Governance, Data Protection, Digital Rights.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS: ISSUES OF TRANSPARENCY, ACCOUNTABILITY AND DUE PROCESS

AUTHOR – NEGA.N, LLM STUDENT AT THE TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – NEGA.N, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS: ISSUES OF TRANSPARENCY, ACCOUNTABILITY AND DUE PROCESS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 765-773, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

INTRODUCTION

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in modern criminal investigations, significantly reshaping traditional methods of policing, surveillance, evidence analysis, and crime prevention. Technologies such as facial recognition systems, predictive policing algorithms, biometric surveillance, digital forensics, automated decision-making tools, and machine learning systems are increasingly used by law enforcement agencies to identify suspects, analyze large volumes of data, and improve investigative efficiency. While AI offers advantages such as speed, accuracy, and enhanced crime detection capabilities, its growing integration into criminal justice systems has also raised serious legal, ethical, and constitutional concerns. Issues relating to algorithmic opacity, lack of transparency, biased decision-making, wrongful identification, and misuse of surveillance technologies challenge the principles of accountability, fairness, and due process. Furthermore, the extensive collection and monitoring of personal data through AI-driven systems raise concerns regarding privacy, equality, and protection against arbitrary state action, particularly in the absence of comprehensive legal regulation. In India, the increasing adoption of AI technologies in policing and criminal investigations highlights the urgent need for a balanced legal framework that ensures effective law enforcement while safeguarding constitutional rights and democratic values. This research paper therefore critically examines the role of Artificial Intelligence in criminal investigations with specific focus on the issues of transparency, accountability, and due process, while also analysing the need for regulatory safeguards and ethical AI governance in the digital age.

DATA PROTECTION AND CROSS BORDER DISPUTES

AUTHOR – FARZILA, STUDENT AT TAMIL NADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW COLLEGE

BEST CITATION – FARZILA, DATA PROTECTION AND CROSS BORDER DISPUTES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 757-764, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The fast-paced developments in digital technology, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and internet communication across the globe have resulted in greater flows of personal data internationally. Cross-border flows of data have contributed immensely to the processes of economic development, innovation, and international collaboration; however, the issue of cross-border personal data flow presents several legal problems as well. The disparities among national laws of data protection, the practices of government surveillance, cyber security threats, and jurisdictional issues have posed a number of cross-border controversies. The objective of this research paper is to study the issue of data protection law and the issues involved in regulating international data management. In this context, the research will look into the primary causes that lead to data protection issues at an international level. In addition, the paper will compare how Europe, the US, and India protect and regulate data management practices. Apart from this, the research will examine the role played by international organizations as well as the role of judicial decisions in the regulation of data protection. Moreover, some of the challenges related to data protection include non-uniformity in legislation, poor enforcement, and rapid technological development impacting privacy.

THE LEGAL CHALLENGES OF AI IN HEALTHCARE:  CYBER-LEGAL ANALYSIS OF LIABILITY AND SYSTEMIC VULNERABILITIES UNDER INDIAN LAW

AUTHOR – BALASUBRAMANIAN K.V., STUDENT AT CYBER SPACE LAW AND JUSTICE DEPARTMENT, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – BALASUBRAMANIAN K.V, THE LEGAL CHALLENGES OF AI IN HEALTHCARE:  CYBER-LEGAL ANALYSIS OF LIABILITY AND SYSTEMIC VULNERABILITIES UNDER INDIAN LAW, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 747-756, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare through applications such as diagnostics, robotic surgery, predictive analytics, telemedicine, drug discovery, and patient monitoring. While AI improves efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility, particularly in developing countries like India, it also creates significant legal, ethical, constitutional, and cybersecurity concerns. This study critically examines the challenges posed by AI-driven healthcare systems through a cyber-legal and comparative analysis. It evaluates the adequacy of existing Indian laws, including the Information Technology Act, 2000, Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, and the National Medical Commission Act, 2019, along with ethical guidelines issued by the Indian Council of Medical Research. The paper further explores constitutional principles such as privacy, dignity, informed consent, equality, and the right to health under Article 21, supported by landmark judgments including Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India. It identifies regulatory gaps concerning liability, algorithmic bias, cybersecurity, accountability, and data protection, while comparatively analysing AI governance models in the European Union, United States, China, Japan, Canada, and Singapore. The study concludes that India requires comprehensive AI-specific healthcare legislation balancing innovation with constitutional and ethical safeguards.

SHARES AND DEBENTURES UNDER INDIAN CORPORATE LAW: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK, INVESTOR RIGHTS AND CORPORATE FINANCING

AUTHOR – BAIBHABA CHINHARA, LLM STUDENT AT G.M. LAW COLLEGE, SRI VIHAR, PURI

BEST CITATION – BAIBHABA CHINHARA, SHARES AND DEBENTURES UNDER INDIAN CORPORATE LAW: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK, INVESTOR RIGHTS AND CORPORATE FINANCING, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 734-746, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I978

Abstract

The corporate form has emerged as the most sophisticated institutional mechanism for the mobilization of capital, allocation of commercial risk, and facilitation of economic growth. The capacity of corporations to raise funds through legally recognized financial instruments lies at the heart of corporate enterprise. Among such instruments, shares and debentures constitute the principal modes through which companies secure long-term equity capital and debt financing, respectively. Although both instruments serve the common commercial objective of capital mobilization, they differ fundamentally in their legal nature, economic consequences, governance implications, and regulatory treatment. Shares represent proprietary participation in the corporate entity, conferring membership rights, governance participation, and residual economic claims. Debentures, in contrast, create a creditor-debtor relationship, entitling investors to fixed returns and repayment rights without ownership participation. The legal regulation of these instruments in India has evolved significantly through statutory reform, judicial interpretation, and securities market regulation. The Companies Act, 2013, the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992, the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, SEBI regulations, and judicial precedents collectively create a comprehensive framework governing issuance, transfer, redemption, disclosure obligations, investor protection, and corporate accountability. Contemporary developments such as dematerialized securities, hybrid financial instruments, institutional investment activism, insolvency proceedings, and globalized capital markets have further transformed the practical operation of these instruments. This article undertakes a doctrinal and analytical examination of shares and debentures under Indian corporate law, evaluating their conceptual foundations, statutory architecture, judicial treatment, governance implications, and practical significance. It further assesses the adequacy of the present legal framework in addressing emerging corporate financing challenges while maintaining investor protection and market integrity.

Keywords: Corporate Law; Shares; Debentures; Companies Act, 2013; SEBI; Corporate Finance; Shareholder Rights; Debenture Holders; Securities Regulation; Investor Protection

A CRITICAL STUDY OF INSURANCE SECTOR LIBERALISATION IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE FDI REGIME, IRDAI REGULATORY CAPACITY AND POLICYHOLDER PROTECTION

AUTHOR – PRIYANSHU DIXIT* & DR. EKTA GUPTA**

* STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY NOIDA

** ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY NOIDA

BEST CITATION – PRIYANSHU DIXIT & DR. EKTA GUPTA, A CRITICAL STUDY OF INSURANCE SECTOR LIBERALISATION IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE FDI REGIME, IRDAI REGULATORY CAPACITY AND POLICYHOLDER PROTECTION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 719-733, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I977

ABSTRACT

India’s successive liberalisation of foreign equity caps in the insurance sector culminating in a proposed ceiling of one hundred percent proceeds from the assumption that ownership restrictions are the principal impediment to sectoral development. The empirical record challenges that assumption with uncomfortable consistency: insurance penetration has stagnated at approximately four percent of GDP, and FDI inflows have persistently fallen short of legislative expectations, across the very period in which liberalisation was most actively pursued. This paper argues that the binding constraint is not the equity ceiling but the structural inadequacy of IRDAI’s regulatory capacity encompassing supervisory reach, enforcement consistency, group level oversight, and institutional independence. Through doctrinal analysis of the governing legal framework, comparative assessment of Singapore, Malaysia, the United Kingdom, and China as models of sequenced liberalisation, and empirical engagement with official data from IRDAI, DPIIT, and UNCTAD, the paper demonstrates that full foreign ownership, in the absence of commensurate regulatory preparedness, exposes policyholders to governance and systemic risks that the existing architecture is ill equipped to manage. Regulatory capacity building is not a consequence of liberalisation to be deferred .it is a precondition upon which the reform’s legitimacy depends.

Keywords: Foreign direct investment, insurance regulation, IRDAI, regulatory capacity, FDI liberalisation, policyholder protection, comparative insurance law

JUDICIAL DIRECTIONS AND POLICE REFORMS IN INDIA: CONSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVES, COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS, AND IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES

AUTHOR – SATHYARAJ K K, LLM STUDENT, CRIMINAL LAW DEPARTMENT, TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, PERUNGUDI CAMPUS, CHENNAI 600013

BEST CITATION – SATHYARAJ K K, JUDICIAL DIRECTIONS AND POLICE REFORMS IN INDIA: CONSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVES, COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS, AND IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 710-718, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Police reform in India has emerged as a constitutional and institutional imperative in response to persistent challenges such as custodial violence, arbitrary arrests, political interference, and erosion of public trust in law enforcement. This study critically examines the evolution, legal foundations, and contemporary relevance of police reforms in India through an analysis of constitutional provisions, statutory frameworks, judicial interventions, and reform committee recommendations. Anchored primarily in Articles 14, 21, and 32 of the Constitution, the paper explores how judicial activism—particularly through landmark decisions such as D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal and Prakash Singh v. Union of India—has shaped procedural safeguards, accountability mechanisms, and structural reforms within policing. The research further evaluates the influence of major police reform committees, including the National Police Commission, Malimath Committee, and Soli Sorabjee Committee, alongside recent legislative developments under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 and Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023. By examining implementation challenges, state responses, and recent instances of custodial misconduct, particularly in Tamil Nadu, the study highlights the persistent gap between normative legal frameworks and operational realities. The paper concludes by proposing a rights-oriented, institutionally autonomous, and citizen-centric model of policing that integrates constitutional morality, legislative enforcement, judicial oversight, and administrative accountability as the way forward for meaningful police reform in India.

Keywords: Police Reforms, Judicial Activism, Custodial Violence, Constitutional Rights, Prakash Singh Case, D.K. Basu Guidelines, Police Accountability, BNS and BNSS, Rule of Law, Human Rights

VICTIMS OF CORPORATE CRIME AND IT’S EFFECT: A SOCIO LEGAL STUDY

AUTHOR – ANKIT KUMAR YADAV* & DR. DEO NARAYAN SINGH**

* LL.M. SCHOOL OF LAW AND GOVERNANCE CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH BIHAR 2025-26.

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, SCHOOL OF LAW AND GOVERNANCE, CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH BIHAR

BEST CITATION – ANKIT KUMAR YADAV & DR. DEO NARAYAN SINGH, VICTIMS OF CORPORATE CRIME AND IT’S EFFECT: A SOCIO LEGAL STUDY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 700-709, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I975

Abstract

Corporate crime has serious and far-reaching consequences for people, communities and the environment. Corporate crime is often perceived as a non-violent, technical form of misbehaviour. The main focus of the article is on the victims of corporate crime who are usually ignored and highlights how harm is often hidden, mitigated and delayed. Unlike the traditional crimes, corporate misconduct does not usually have immediate or identifiable victims, therefore identification and remediation are more difficult. The study addresses a number of groups of victims, such as communities affected by environmental degradation, workers subjected to abusive working conditions and consumers exposed to dangerous products. Furthermore, this paper examines some categories of corporate crime such as consumer deception, labour abuse, environmental crimes and financial fraud. The study also reveals the pervasive and multifaceted harm caused by corporate wrongdoing in these categories.

Keywords

White-Collar Crime, Consumer Crime, Corporate Crime, Labour Exploitation, Consumer Protection, Corporate Liability, Environmental Crime, Regulatory Framework, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Social Impact Economic Loss, Legal Enforcement, Public Awareness and Corporate Ethics