Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

INTEGRATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION PLATFORMS: LEGAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS

AUTHOR – BHAVANA DHOUNDIYAL* & AKASH TYAGI**

*ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, SCHOOL OF LAW, IILM UNIVERSITY, GREATER NOIDA. EMAIL – BHAVANA.DHOUNDIYAL@IILM.EDU.

**LLM STUDENT, IILM UNIVERSITY, GREATER NOIDA. EMAIL – AKASH.TYAGI.GNLLM25@IILM.EDU

BEST CITATION – BHAVANA DHOUNDIYAL & AKASH TYAGI, INTEGRATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION PLATFORMS: LEGAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 213-224, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) provides a variety of well-established methods, such as arbitration, mediation, and negotiation, that offer practical and impactful ways to settle disagreements without the need for traditional court proceedings. The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI), coupled with the rapid advancements in digital technology, has brought about a notable shift in how ADR operates. The world is increasingly seeing AI-powered tools, user-friendly digital platforms, and Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) systems playing a role in making dispute resolution more efficient, more readily available, and less expensive.

This paper explores the significant impact of AI and digitization on the established practices within ADR, focusing on how these innovations are changing the fundamental process of resolving conflicts. This study aims on several crucial aspects within the domain of Alternative Dispute Resolution. A primary concern involves investigating methods to broaden the availability of justice to a wider population. Furthermore, it will explore ways to lessen the economic impact often linked to resolving disagreements. The fundamental aim of this research paper is not only to simply find faster methods of resolving disputes, but it also questions whether these alternative approaches can ultimately lead to solutions that are superior in their quality and fairness. Moreover, as Artificial Intelligence becomes increasingly rooted in Alternative Dispute Resolution, a thorough analysis of ensuing legal and ethical consideration is essential. This requires a particular focus on achieving a clear and comprehensive understanding of how AI algorithms actually functions, along with a critical examination of protecting individual’s personal data within these AI-driven environments.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR), Online Dispute Resolution (ODR), Machine Learning, Predictive Analytics, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Blockchain Technology, Digital Platforms, AI in Arbitration, Digital Transformation in Law, AI-powered Mediation, Legal and Ethical Implications of AI, AI in Legal Practice, Bias in AI Algorithms.

SECURITIES CLASS ACTIONS IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MARKET ANOMALIES AND INVESTOR REMEDIES

AUTHOR – KOUSTAV BHATTACHARJEE, STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, NOIDA (AUUP)

BEST CITATION – KOUSTAV BHATTACHARJEE, SECURITIES CLASS ACTIONS IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MARKET ANOMALIES AND INVESTOR REMEDIES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 194-212, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The liberalization of India’s financial markets over the past three decades has ushered in unprecedented levels of investor participation, capital mobilization, and regulatory sophistication. However, this growth has also exposed significant systemic vulnerabilities, particularly in the context of market anomalies—rare but high-impact disruptions that defy traditional assumptions about price behavior and market efficiency. Among such anomalies, the phenomenon of negative pricing, especially in derivatives markets, has emerged as a pressing concern. The April 2020 negative pricing event involving crude oil futures on the Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) marks a watershed moment in Indian commodity trading history. It revealed profound limitations not only in market infrastructure and regulatory preparedness, but also in the legal remedies available to aggrieved investors.

This dissertation critically analyzes the intersection between market anomalies and the collective legal remedies—or lack thereof—available to Indian investors. Using the April 2020 MCX incident as a central case study, it explores how the absence of a well-defined securities class action mechanism in India impedes effective redressal when thousands of investors suffer similar harm from a market-wide event. The study begins with a detailed conceptualization of market anomalies, categorizing phenomena such as negative pricing, flash crashes, insider trading, and information asymmetry, and tracing their disruptive impact on investor portfolios, market confidence, and systemic stability. It emphasizes that such anomalies are not only technical aberrations, but legal flashpoints that stress-test the adequacy of existing investor protection frameworks.

At the heart of the dissertation lies a case study analysis of the April 2020 MCX crude oil futures collapse, in which the WTI benchmark settled at –$37.63 per barrel, leading to a settlement price of –₹2,884 on MCX. This unprecedented event resulted in aggregate investor losses of hundreds of crores, raising critical questions about the roles and responsibilities of brokers, exchanges, clearing corporations, and regulators. The study investigates the causes of the anomaly—including global supply chain shocks, storage constraints, and exchange-specific contract design flaws—and critiques the regulatory and legal responses. It finds that while SEBI and MCX responded with temporary measures and risk containment frameworks, the broader question of investor compensation remained unaddressed.

To contextualize India’s shortcomings, the dissertation offers a comparative analysis of securities class action mechanisms in jurisdictions such as the United States, Canada, and Australia. These systems, by permitting collective investor suits and statutory liability regimes, provide a robust framework for investor redress in the wake of market anomalies. Their regulatory and judicial responses to similar anomalies offer instructive models for potential reform in India.

In its final chapters, the dissertation advances a set of targeted recommendations, including legislative amendments to securities laws to incorporate a dedicated securities class action framework, procedural reforms to facilitate collective investor grievances, strengthening SEBI’s investor compensation and surveillance functions, and enhanced transparency and accountability mechanisms for market infrastructure institutions. The study also advocates for institutional support to investor associations and public-interest litigation mechanisms as complementary tools of collective redress.

In conclusion, this dissertation argues that the April 2020 negative pricing event should not be seen as an isolated incident, but as a powerful catalyst for reform. It exposes deep structural gaps in India’s investor protection regime and highlights the urgent need for a coherent, well-enforced collective redress mechanism. At a time when retail participation in Indian markets is surging, ensuring that investors are not only protected from fraud, but also from systemic breakdowns and regulatory blind spots, is vital for maintaining the legitimacy and resilience of India’s capital markets

Keywords

{Securities Class Actions, Investor Protection, Market Anomalies, Negative Pricing, Crude Oil Futures, Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX), April 2020 Market Incident, SEBI, Securities Law in India, Collective Investor Remedies, Derivatives Market Regulation, Financial Market Volatility, Legal Redress Mechanisms, Class Action Litigation, SEBI Act, Companies Act, Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT), Comparative Securities Law, United States Securities Litigation, Investor Grievance Redressal, Systemic Risk, Commodity Derivatives, Flash Crashes, Regulatory Reform}

FORENSIC INVESTIGATION OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES

AUTHOR- ADITYA PRATAP SINGH, STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL NOIDA, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION – ADITYA PRATAP SINGH, FORENSIC INVESTIGATION OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 159-193, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

1.INTRODUCTION

Criminal offences are actions committed against the state, threatening public safety and welfare. In India, these offences are governed by laws such as the Indian Penal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code, and the Indian Evidence Act. These laws outline which acts are considered crimes because they harm society, and they also lay down the punishments for those offences.

“The Criminal Procedure Code specifically defines the penalties for various criminal acts and clearly states which behaviors are prohibited by the government for the safety and well-being of the public”.

Forensic science plays an important role in the criminal justice system by applying principles from natural and physical sciences — like ballistics, DNA analysis, hair examination, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) — to help solve crimes.

A few key figures shaped the foundation of forensic science. Mathieu Orfila, often regarded as the father of modern toxicology, developed methods in early 19th-century Paris for detecting poisons through chemical analysis — some of which are still in use today. Francis Galton, a British scientist, was the first to conduct a systematic study of fingerprints, creating a method to classify them for identification purposes. ^[1]In 1892, he published Fingerprints, a groundbreaking book that provided scientific proof of the uniqueness of fingerprints as a reliable form of personal identification.

In the 19th century, natural sciences advanced rapidly, but at the same time, the justice system struggled with unreliable evidence, tampered proof, and coerced testimonies. Criminals often took advantage of these weaknesses to avoid punishment. It was this gap that led to the emergence of forensic science, offering a much-needed, reliable way to gather and present evidence in court.

Interestingly, the idea of using science in crime-solving was popularised by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle through his fictional detective Sherlock Holmes, who showcased how forensic techniques could help uncover the truth. This inspired real-life investigators to realise that physical and natural sciences could be valuable tools in criminal investigations. Many of the most significant early breakthroughs in forensic science came from Europe, though countless contributors worldwide played important roles in shaping the field.

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[1] Houck, M. M. and Siegel, J. A., (2015).  Fundamentals of forensic science (3rd ed.). Academic Press. 

A STUDY ON RIGHTS AND STATUS OF A CHILD BORN OUT A LIVE-IN RELATIONSHIP IN INDIA

AUTHOR – YUSUF A K*

* BBA LLB(HONS) SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF LAW SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES (SIMATS) CHENNAI: 600077 MOBILE NO :9500827435 Email:kalamyusuf1512@gmail.com

BEST CITATION – YUSUF A K, A STUDY ON RIGHTS AND STATUS OF A CHILD BORN OUT A LIVE-IN RELATIONSHIP IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 139-158, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

With the passage of time and urbanization, India’s social dynamics have seen some favorable improvements.Whereas a small percentage of the Indian populace has accepted it, a sizable portion remains opposed. Even while films like ‘Luka Chhuppi’ have helped to mainstream it in Bollywood and regional cinema, there is still hesitation.The objective of this research is whether the indian society and the judiciary are welcoming about the new age concept and whether a child born out of such relationship is legitimate or not.The research method followed here is a descriptive method ( empirical research). A total of 200 samples have been collected out of which all the samples have been collected through field visits by picking the general public at random. The results from the research are majority of the sample population are welcoming and aware about the livin relationship concept however they feel it can affect oneself negatively and another finding is that child born out of livin relationship is legitimate under the law.It is safe to assume that, given the current legal situation, the child of a live-in relationship will inevitably face a lack of clarity in life in terms of his or her legal position, ancestry, and eventual rights. This might lead to mental and emotional instability in the child’s life.To prevent this, explicit rules should be enacted, as well as revisions to unclear wording in existing laws, to provide clarification on the status and rights of children born in a live-in relationship. This will maintain consistency and help the youngster create emotional, mental, and physical stability.

KEYWORDS – Living relationship, legitimacy , child, marriage, Domestic cohabitation

CONCEPT AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF CONJUGAL RIGHTS

AUTHOR – BHAVAY GOEL, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA

BEST CITATION – BHAVAY GOEL, CONCEPT AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF CONJUGAL RIGHTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 133-138, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Meaning and Definition of Conjugal Rights

The concept of conjugal rights refers to the rights granted to spouses, particularly within the context of marriage, regarding sexual relations, cohabitation, and companionship. While often tied to the legal and social fabric of marriage, the term has evolved within legal discourse to encompass broader rights that extend beyond mere conjugal duties. In the prison context, the term has taken on new dimensions, encompassing the right of prisoners to maintain intimate family relations, despite their incarceration. This section aims to unpack the meaning and definition of conjugal rights in both domestic and international legal frameworks, and discuss their relevance in prison jurisprudence.^[1]

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[1] Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, (Vintage Books, 1995) 35.

STAND OF DIFFERENT NATIONS REGARDING CONJUGAL VISITS TO PRISONERS

AUTHOR – MUSKAN RUNGTA, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA

BEST CITATION – MUSKAN RUNGTA, STAND OF DIFFERENT NATIONS REGARDING CONJUGAL VISITS TO PRISONERS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 129-132, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

NATIONS THAT DO NOT ALLOW CONJUGAL VISITS

Republic of Ireland: It does not permit conjugal visits at all.

New Zealand:

Conjoining convicts is prohibited by prison regulations in New Zealand. There are currently no mechanisms in the penitentiary system that permit prisoners to have private, intimate relationships with their spouses.

PUBLIC OPINION ON PRIVATIZATION OF PUBLIC COMPANY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CHENNAI

AUTHOR – MITHUN PRASATH K *

* 4TH YEAR BBA, LLB (HONS), SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF LAW, SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES (SIMATS), CHENNAI- 600077 MOBILE NO: 8190076692 E-MAIL ID:MITHUNJONES13@GMAIL.COM

BEST CITATION – MITHUN PRASATH K, PUBLIC OPINION ON PRIVATIZATION OF PUBLIC COMPANY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CHENNAI, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 120-128, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

Privatization of certain government functions occurs in a number of ways, but typically the government transfers ownership of certain facilities or business processes to a private company. Privatization generally helps governments save money and increase efficiency. Proponents of privatization argue that private firms run businesses more economically and efficiently because they have a profit incentive to eliminate wasteful spending. As a result of this public-private transaction, the company’s shares will be removed from the public exchange. The shares are no longer available to the public. While companies can be taken private for a variety of reasons, this often happens when the company is significantly undervalued in the public market. The main aim of this research is to know about the causes of the transition that takes a company from being publicly traded to becoming privately held in Chennai and to discuss all the impacts created by the privatization of public companies in Chennai. To discuss the benefits of the privatization of public companies to the government in Chennai and to examine the factors affecting the privatization of public companies in Chennai. The spreading awareness about the measure’s development of privatization of public companies in Chennai. The method of research has followed empirical research with a convenient sampling method. The sample size covered by the researcher is 200. The results of this research are that companies may be privatized for a number of reasons, but it often occurs when a company is substantially undervalued in the public market which basically benefits the respective government in many ways.

KEYWORDS: Privatization, Public companies, incentives, Investment, Investors.

JUDICIAL REVIEW OF AFSPA: BALANCING NATIONAL SECURITY WITH CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS

AUTHOR: – SHIVANI RAJARAM PATIL* & ASHOK DOBHAL**

* B.A.LL.B. (H), LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL – SHIVANIII0307@GMAIL.COM

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL – ASHOKDOBHAL19@GMAIL.COM

BEST CITATION – SHIVANI RAJARAM PATIL & ASHOK DOBHAL, JUDICIAL REVIEW OF AFSPA: BALANCING NATIONAL SECURITY WITH CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 111-119, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The purpose of this research study is to investigate the judicial review of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) in India, with a particular emphasis on the difficult balance that exists between constitutional rights and the constitutional imperatives of national security. The purpose of this research is to investigate the manner in which Indian courts have interpreted, sustained, curtailed, or amended the provisions of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) by analysing key judgements, legal precedents, and constitutional principles. The essay provides an analysis and evaluation of the judicial strategy that is used in conflict-affected regions in order to reconcile concerns over security with protections for basic rights. The paper contends that although the courts have, for the most part, deferred to the discretion of the executive branch in matters pertaining to national security, they have simultaneously attempted to establish safeguards against potential rights violations. This has resulted in a dynamic equilibrium that is imperfect in nature between the requirements of security and the guarantees of the constitution.

Keywords: AFSPA, Judicial Review, National Security, Constitutional Rights, Supreme Court of India, Fundamental Rights

UNDERSTANDING ESG AND ITS LEGAL LANDSCAPE IN INDIA

AUTHOR – VASHNI ANGEL V* & DR. KRITIKA NAGPAL**

* BBA LL.B. (H) STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, NOIDA

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, AMITY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA

BEST CITATION – VASHNI ANGEL V & DR. KRITIKA NAGPAL, UNDERSTANDING ESG AND ITS LEGAL LANDSCAPE IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 100-110, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This research explores the evolving legal landscape of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) compliance in India, with a specific focus on its integration into the luxury fashion industry and mergers & acquisitions (M&A). ESG, once a peripheral concern, has now become central to corporate strategy, investment decisions, and brand reputation. The study traces ESG’s global evolution anchored in frameworks such as the United Nations’ Who Cares Wins report, the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), and the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) and contextualizes its Indian adaptation through the Securities and Exchange Board of India’s (SEBI) Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR) mandate.

Through sector-specific analysis, the paper highlights the critical ESG risks within India’s luxury fashion industry, including environmental pollution from textile production, labor exploitation in informal artisanal clusters, and governance gaps in family-run businesses. The lack of ESG compliance exposes Indian brands to reputational and investment risks, especially as global scrutiny intensifies following incidents like the Birkin-style bag scandal in China.

The research underscores the growing importance of ESG in M&A due diligence, where non-financial metrics such as ethical sourcing, carbon footprint, and board governance now influence deal valuations and post-acquisition performance. It also addresses jurisdictional overlaps between the National Green Tribunal (NGT) and National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT), posing challenges in ESG enforcement. Furthermore, the study reveals gaps in ESG reporting, standardization, data credibility, and the lack of independent assurance, particularly among mid-tier companies and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).

The paper concludes by advocating for culturally contextualized ESG frameworks, improved digital traceability, third-party certifications, and stronger regulatory coordination. For Indian companies to remain competitive in global markets, embedding ESG into core business models is not just advisable it is imperative.

Keywords: Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG); India; luxury fashion; mergers & acquisitions (M&A); Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI); Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR); Global Reporting Initiative (GRI); Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI); corporate governance; sustainability; due diligence

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CYBER TERRORIST – UNDERSTANDING MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOUR

AUTHOR – ANKUR SHARMA* & DR. AISHWARYA PANDEY**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – ANKUR SHARMA & DR. AISHWARYA PANDEY, THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CYBER TERRORIST – UNDERSTANDING MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOUR, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 96-99, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The study of the psychological aspect of cyber terrorists is a sensitive and broad subject that endeavours to uncover the causes of setting up cyber terrorists. The existing research in the field of cyber terrorism is further analyzed in this abstract concentrating on the psychological orientation of the cyber terrorists themselves including their reasons for the act, the manner they think and the behavioral characteristic they exhibit.

It is expectable that cyber terrorists act on basis of Sizes; Ideologies and & political reasons ; Money; Revenge^[1]. These motivations are the same as those of traditional terrorists but done via the use of technology. Lives will be at stake; emotional wellbeing will be affected; those on the receiving end become stressed, anxious and feel insecure^[2]. It is also worthy of note that cyber terrorists are intelligent, technical, and are usually associated with great risks. Furthermore, Both the narcissism, the need for acknowledgment or power may also contribute to their behaviours.

Knowledge of these psychological factors, therefore, is important if one has to come up with countermeasures and defenses against the problem. Understanding the psychological profile of cyber terrorists can therefore help officials design strategies to counter act threats from these groups. This abstract brings into perspective of the psychological perspectives that require integration to enhance the fight against cyber terrorism in the contemporary society.

Keywords : Cyber terrorist , Cyber terrorism , Radicalization , Psychological behaviour

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[1] “The Psychology of Cybercriminals: Understanding Motivations and Behaviour by Grady Anderson & MoldStud Research Team”

[2]“Cyberterrorism: its effects on psychological well-being, public confidence and political attitudes : Journal of Cybersecurity, Volume 3, Issue 1, March 2017, Pages 49–58”