Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

ROLE OF COMPETITION COMMISSION OF INDIA’S ROLE IN COMBATING CARTELIZATION: CHALLENGES AND EFFICACY

AUTHOR – PRASHANT KUMAR CHAUDHARY, LLM SCHOLAR (CORPORATE BANKING & INSURANCE LAW) AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL , NOIDA

BEST CITATION – PRASHANT KUMAR CHAUDHARY, ROLE OF COMPETITION COMMISSION OF INDIA’S ROLE IN COMBATING CARTELIZATION: CHALLENGES AND EFFICACY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 771-775, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Cartelization, often referred to as the most egregious form of anti-competitive conduct, undermines market efficiency, restricts consumer choice, and inflates prices. In India, the Competition Commission of India (CCI), established under the Competition Act, 2002, serves as the primary regulatory body to detect, investigate, and penalise cartel behaviour. This research critically examines the role of the CCI in combating cartelization by analysing its statutory framework, enforcement mechanisms, notable case decisions, and coordination with other regulatory bodies. It further evaluates the effectiveness of tools such as the leniency programme, dawn raids, and economic analysis in unearthing covert cartel activities. The study also explores significant institutional, procedural, and evidentiary challenges that impede robust enforcement. Through comparative insights from jurisdictions such as the United States, European Union, and Australia, the paper identifies best practices and formulates recommendations to enhance the CCI’s deterrent and investigative capabilities. The analysis concludes that while the CCI has made notable strides in cartel enforcement, persistent challenges demand comprehensive reforms for sustained effectiveness in safeguarding market competition in India.

Keywords: Competition Commission of India (CCI), Cartelization, Anti-competitive practices, Competition Act 2002, Leniency Programme, Dawn raids, Market regulation, Cartel enforcement, Judicial interpretation, Comparative competition law, Collusion detection, Antitrust law, Price fixing, Regulatory challenges, Indian competition regime

PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF SEXUAL ABUSE ON CHILD VICTIMS – A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

AUTHOR – MR. GAURAV KUMAR* & MS. PRACHI PRIYA**

* ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, SCHOOL OF LAW, IILM UNIVERSITY, GREATER NOIDA. EMAIL – GAURAV.KUMAR@IILM.EDU

** LL.M. STUDENT AT IILM UNIVERSITY, GREATER NOIDA. EMAIL – PRACHIPRIYASINGH40@GMAIL.COM

BEST CITATION – MR. GAURAV KUMAR & MS. PRACHI PRIYA, PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF SEXUAL ABUSE ON CHILD VICTIMS – A CRITICAL ANALYSIS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 763-770, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The aftermath of sexual molestation results in physical, emotional and mental affliction on a child. This article aims to focus on the mental trauma undergone by children who are victims of sexual abuse. The dynamic research in this field suggests that there are long-term harmful consequences of childhood sexual abuse on an individual’s emotional well-being and overall psychic health. It is a growing evil in the society, which represents a ‘harrowing abuse of power’, trust, and authority with far-reaching imputation for the victims. In depth research revealed the percentage in which 66.0% children were ‘mentally disturbed’ due to sexual abuse, 5.2% of children were mildly emotionally ‘disturbed’, and only 24.0% of the victims remained mentally stable after facing the sexual abuse. The harsh result is the scar on the mind, the fear of the abuser and also the overall trauma disrupts the growth and overall well-being of a child.

The adverse effect of these heinous crimes is examined with regard to the general impact on the early-life traumatic experiences, as a trigger of particular infective mechanisms, to gain understanding of the long-term implications on the victim’s psychology. The impacts on the victims “psychological well-being”, including short-term consequences, i.e., isolation, low self-esteem, extreme fear, stress, anxiety, and “post-traumatic stress disorder”. Long-term effects enclose disrupted intimate relationships, social and emotional health issues, and more. The lack of a definitive number of implications, highlight the need to discuss and raise awareness about child sexual abuse which is important for parents, guardians, and concerned authorities to effectively counteract these heinous crimes against children and creating a safe environment for them to live securely^[1].

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[1] Website: indianpsychiatricsociety.org

GROWING UP ONLINE: SAFEGUARDING CHILDREN’S RIGHT IN DIGITAL PLAYGROUND

AUTHOR – SUMIT PANDEY, STUDENT AT UNIVERSITY OF DELHI

BEST CITATION – SUMIT PANDEY, GROWING UP ONLINE: SAFEGUARDING CHILDREN’S RIGHT IN DIGITAL PLAYGROUND, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 750-763, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

In the digital era , the use of internet for study , recreation and social interaction is growing among children. This connectedness has many advantages but it also create problems that disproportionately harm children owing their fragility and ignorance. Cyberbullying, Online Gaming, Data abuse , AI generated deepfakes and hazardous material pose are several examples which are harmful to children and it requires urgent legal , technical and social remedies.

This article critically analyse the global and Indian child’s rights and safeguard in the digital world and also examines how UNCRC , Information Technology Act 2000, Protection of Children form Sexual Offence 2012 and Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 deals with these challenges. This article  also examine the landmark case laws , Policy gaps and current issue like AI and misinformation. Alongwith, from child- centric view, this article discuss the need for balanced strategy & regulations which protects children’s right to access information and express themselves online while preserving their safety , privacy and dignity. A systematic change includes legal protection, ethical digital practices , public awareness and education.

Keywords: Children, Privacy, child’s safety, Artificial intelligence,

MARINE INSURANCE POLICIES IN INDIA: LEGAL FRAMEWORK, RISK ALLOCATION, AND PRACTICAL CHALLENGES UNDER THE MARINE INSURANCE ACT, 1963

AUTHOR – HARSHITA TIWARI, STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, NOIDA

BEST CITATION – HARSHITA TIWARI, MARINE INSURANCE POLICIES IN INDIA: LEGAL FRAMEWORK, RISK ALLOCATION, AND PRACTICAL CHALLENGES UNDER THE MARINE INSURANCE ACT, 1963, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 744-749, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Marine insurance serves as a critical tool in international trade, offering protection against the multifaceted risks involved in maritime ventures. Given the unpredictable nature of the sea and related logistics, marine insurance policies are uniquely tailored through mutual agreements between the insurer and the insured. This research explores the essential components, classifications, and legal frameworks governing marine insurance policies under the Marine Insurance Act, 1963. It also delves into the concept of insurable value and the legal principles surrounding the assignment of marine policies. By systematically analysing statutory provisions and industry practices, this paper aims to enhance understanding of the structure and practical applications of marine insurance in the Indian legal context.

THE UNSEEN STRUGGLE: SEX WORKERS’ RIGHTS AND LEGAL CHALLENGES IN INDIA: A CONSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVE TOWARDS JUSTICE

AUTHOR – AMRENDRA KUMAR, STUDENT AT JHARKHAND RAI UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – AMRENDRA KUMAR, THE UNSEEN STRUGGLE: SEX WORKERS’ RIGHTS AND LEGAL CHALLENGES IN INDIA: A CONSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVE TOWARDS JUSTICE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 735-743, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

In the vibrant yet often contradictory tapestry of Indian society, the lives and rights of sex workers remain largely obscured, entangled in a web of legal ambiguity, societal stigma, and moralistic judgments. The legal framework governing the rights of sex workers in India, with a focus on the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956^[1] (ITPA), and its implications for the dignity, safety, and empowerment of sex workers. Despite the prevalence of sex work in India, sex workers face systemic marginalisation, violence, and exploitation due to the criminalisation of their profession and the lack of a rights-based legal approach. By comparing India’s legal framework with international models, such as with the Netherlands, the study highlights best practices that could inform reforms in India. The findings underscore the urgent need for decriminalization and the adoption of a rights-based approach to sex work, ensuring legal protection, social inclusion, and economic empowerment for sex workers.

Furthermore, it will discuss the perspectives of sex workers’ rights and the potential pathways towards a more just and more equitable and a safer environment for sex workers are created, all whilst keeping the broader goals of societal well-being and prevention of exploitation is prioritized.

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^[1] The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956

INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE RELATED TO WOMEN

AUTHOR – PRIYAVARDHINI.A, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT BHARATH INSTITUTE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – PRIYAVARDHINI.A, INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE RELATED TO WOMEN, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 728-734, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

The global prevalence of women’s relative backwardness compared to men is a widespread phenomenon. Women have consistently been regarded as unequal and given only a secondary status in societies worldwide. Throughout history, women have been deprived of their rights due to prevailing social and cultural backwardness. Due to a variety of social and cultural restrictions placed by their families and the persistence of conventional societal structures, they have been prevented from taking part in the decision-making processes of their families. Additionally, numerous restrictions have been placed on their involvement in certain social and cultural activities, as well as their ability to leave their homes for specific purposes. Women have not been treated on an equal footing with men; instead, they have been relegated to performing household chores and confined within the confines of their homes.

ANTI-CONVERSION LAWS IN INDIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN STATES

AUTHOR – URVASHI MALIK* & MR.NIKUNJ YADAV**

* STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – URVASHI MALIK & MR.NIKUNJ YADAV, ANTI-CONVERSION LAWS IN INDIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN STATES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 723-727, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Anti-conversion laws in India, officially termed as “Freedom of Religion” laws, seek to regulate religious conversions and prevent conversions through force, fraud, or inducement. While the Indian Constitution guarantees religious freedom under Article 25, states have implemented varying laws that create tensions between religious liberty and state control. This research critically examines and compares the anti-conversion laws of key Indian states—Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, and Odisha. The study highlights legislative trends, judicial scrutiny, controversies, and implications for fundamental rights.

Keywords: Anti-conversion, religious freedom, Article 25, fraud, inducement, religious liberty, state legislation

“BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA ON TRIAL: CAN SECTIONS 103 AND 117 DETER MOB LYNCHING?”

AUTHOR – KRISHNA R, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT BHARATH INSTITUTE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – KRISHNA R, “BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA ON TRIAL: CAN SECTIONS 103 AND 117 DETER MOB LYNCHING?”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 716-722, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Mob lynching, a brutal form of vigilante justice often fueled by communal hatred, caste prejudice, and misinformation, has emerged as a growing concern in India’s socio-legal landscape. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, in its Sections 103(2) and 117(4), introduces specific provisions addressing group-based acts of murder and grievous hurt motivated by identity markers such as race, caste, religion, sex, or language. These provisions mark a legal evolution from the Indian Penal Code (IPC) by formally recognizing hate-based group violence and assigning collective criminal liability to all participants in such acts.

This article critically examines the effectiveness and limitations of these provisions in tackling the menace of mob lynching. It assesses whether BNS’s framework can serve as a sufficient deterrent, especially in the absence of a standalone anti-lynching law and explores how these provisions align with constitutional principles of equality, justice, and due process. Drawing on case studies, judicial precedents, and comparative international legal frameworks, the analysis highlights key enforcement challenges—such as institutional bias, weak prosecution, and community silence—that may hinder the law’s potential. Ultimately, the article argues that while Sections 103 and 117 represent a step forward, their success in curbing mob violence will depend on interpretation, implementation, and public accountability mechanisms.

KEYWORDS

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023; Mob lynching; Section 103 BNS; Section 117 BNS; Group liability; Hate crimes; Caste-based violence; Communal violence; Legal deterrence; Collective criminal responsibility; Criminal law reform in India; Grievous hurt; Identity-based violence; Vigilantism; Indian penal reform.

RESEARCH PAPER ON CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) & HUMAN RIGHTS

AUTHOR – PRATHAMESH CHIPKAR, LLM STUDEN AT SHREE L.R.TIWARI COLLEGE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – PRATHAMESH CHIPKAR, RESEARCH PAPER ON CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) & HUMAN RIGHTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 706-715, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract:

Significant improvements to corporate governance have been brought about in India by “Companies Act of 2013”, making “Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)” essential for certain types of companies. These described qualifying requirements, expenditure commitments, and reporting procedures under the legislative framework of “CSR under Section 135 of Act”.

Additionally, it evaluates how “CSR activities listed in Schedule VII” relate to more general objectives of defending and advancing human rights, including gender equality, healthcare, education, and environmental sustainability. Efficacy of CSR with human rights is critically assessed, and trends in corporate compliance are examined.

Case studies and analysis of CSR reports performs a major role for businesses as key stakeholders in achieving social justice and development in human rights. The results indicate that while legal requirements have promoted businesses’ contributions to social causes, including human rights in fundamental business strategies, it remains work in progress.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT ON ECO – TOURISM IN INDIA: A CRITICAL STUDY

AUTHOR – ANIRUDH SINGH* & DR VIPIN DAS R V**

* STUDENT AT CHRIST DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY, PUNE, LAVASA

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT CHRIST DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY, PUNE, LAVASA

BEST CITATION – ANIRUDH SINGH, THE INFLUENCE OF THE WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT ON ECO – TOURISM IN INDIA: A CRITICAL STUDY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 699-705, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT–

Many aspects of India’s biodiversity are protected and conserved through the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. This paper attempts at critically analyzing how the Act has promoted or otherwise affected eco-tourism in India, responsible travel to areas of natural beauty that aims at conserving the environment with regard to enhancing locals’ well-being. Eco-tourism probably has gained a great deal of thrust across India as a destination for travelers to learn about and appreciate unique wildlife and habitats found in the country.

The Wildlife Protection Act also provided for the setting up of protected areas like national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and conservation reserves which have gradually become the main hot spots of eco-tourism. It enables the visitors to see the beauty and variety of Indian wildlife in their natural setting. Moreover, the Act has acted as an important catalyst in regulating tourism activities at these sites so that they were conducted in an environment-friendly and sustainable manner.

Despite the fact that the Wildlife Protection Act has proved to be positive in regard to increasing eco-tourism in India, there still are related challenges and constraints, such as issues relating to implementation of the Act, human-wildlife conflict, and the involvement of the community in the eco-tourism activities. This paper essentially elucidates the salience of Wildlife Protection Act in promoting eco-tourism in India and possible measures for overcoming the challenges faced in this sector.