Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

OCEAN POLLUTION: A GROWING ALARM

AUTHOR – SHIVAM YADAV* & ASHOK DOBHAL**

* STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN / UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN / UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – SHIVAM YADAV & ASHOK DOBHAL, OCEAN POLLUTION: A GROWING ALARM, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (10) OF 2025, PG. 136-141, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

INTRODUCTION

In present scenario the environment has facing plastic pollution in the world in different countries mainly those countries who has willing to increase the economy and most developed by the help of technology but there waste management infrastructure is insufficient but the oceans of the whole world is directly harmed by the impact of macro plastic items and degradation and convert in the form of micro plastic. the article only for awareness about the ocean pollution by the hazardous or harmful impact of plastic now it’s a duty of every citizen to take beneficial steps .In 2016 plastic waste management rules in the discussion or  the time to make international framework by the participate all over the countries are needed for protection of environment .plastic pollution also gave death of aquatic animals in the oceans due to impurity of water particles .also we have watch in covid 19 pandemic period the environment can recover the purities of nature but the time has end of the covid 19 pandemic is over the startup of industries or use of plastic is restart up or the oceans , rivers are badly impact of the impurities of the bad particles of the plastic .businessman only markable his own benefit but they had did not watch they harmed the environment or they did not watch the hazardous impact now it’s a time to every citizen is bound to protect the environment , bureaucrats’ representator , leaders to take steps for prohibition of the acts in the countries on the behalf of right to life or every citizen or everybody necessity to live and healthy and clean environment human as well as all living beings its directly recognize in Stockholm declaration.

Plastic pollution responsible for death of nine millions premature deaths per year, it necessary to control pollutions of the oceans and safeguard human health. the 80 % of ocean plastic come from land-based resources, and remaining come from 20% marine sources.

A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF CYBER TERRORISM ON NATIONAL SECURITY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CHENNAI

AUTHOR – T. SANTHOSH* & R.RITHIK RAJAN**

STUDENTS AT SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF LAW, SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES (SIMATS), CHENNAI-600056

BEST CITATION – T. SANTHOSH* & R.RITHIK RAJAN, A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF CYBER TERRORISM ON NATIONAL SECURITY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CHENNAI, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (10) OF 2025, PG. 94-114, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

In the contemporary landscape of global security, cyber terrorism has emerged as a formidable threat, reshaping the paradigms of national security and geopolitical stability. The term ‘cyber terrorism’ refers to the use of digital technology to conduct premeditated, politically motivated attacks aimed at undermining the stability and security of a nation. This phenomenon, while not entirely new, has evolved significantly over the past few decades, reflecting broader technological advancements and the increasing reliance on digital infrastructure in both public and private sectors. The main objective of this research is to  explore the factors influencing the susceptibility of national infrastructure to cyber terrorist attacks and to evaluate the role of international cooperation in enhancing national cybersecurity and countering cyber terrorism. This paper followed an empirical method of research. The data is collected through a questionnaire with a set of questions and the sample size is 232. This study used a Convenience sampling method to collect the data. The samples were collected from the general public in reference to the Tiruvallur region. The independent variables are Gender, Age, Educational Qualifications, Occupation and Marital status. The dependent variables are impacts of increasing cyber terrorism across the world and way to mitigate the effects of such attacks. The findings suggest that advancements in technology are seen as a significant driving factor behind the rise in cyberattacks. This aligns with the rapid evolution of technology, which often outpaces the ability of organisations and governments to secure their systems against sophisticated threats.

KEYWORDS: Cyber terrorism, National security, Cyber threats, Critical infrastructure, Security measures

A STUDY ON THE CHALLENGES UNDER ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN INDIA

AUTHOR – BHARATH.V, STUDENTS AT SAVEETHA SCHOOL Of LAW, SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES (SIMATS), CHENNAI-600056

BEST CITATION – BHARATH.V, A STUDY ON THE CHALLENGES UNDER ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (10) OF 2025, PG. 115-135, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

The evolution of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) in India has been significant in recent years. While traditional methods of dispute resolution, such as litigation and arbitration, have been predominant, the advancement of technology and the need for more efficient and accessible methods of resolving disputes have paved the way for ODR in India. Here are some key aspects of the evolution of ODR in the country:Legal Recognition: In 2018, the Indian government introduced the Legal Services Authorities (Amendment) Bill, which recognized and provided a legal framework for ODR mechanisms. This recognition has given legitimacy to ODR processes and increased their acceptance in the Indian legal system.Online Mediation and Arbitration: ODR platforms and institutions have emerged in India, offering online mediation and arbitration services.  For instance, the Ministry of Law and Justice launched the Tele-Law program, which provides legal advice and ODR services to citizens in rural areas through video conferencing and helpline services.The present study is based on primary data collection by the researcher and the secondary data from books,journal,and online sources.A Total  of 205 samples have been collected out of which all samples,Techniques for resolving disputes range from procedures in which the parties have complete control over the procedure to methods in which a third-party control both the process and the outcome.

KEYWORDS: Online, Government, amendments, resolution, technology.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RELATION WITH HUMAN RIGHTS AND ITS AGENDA 2030

AUTHOR – ISHIKA KHURANA* & MR. MANISH BHARADWAJ**

* STUDENT, IXTH SEMESTER, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, 248007, INDIA, EMAIL: ISHIKAKHURANA23@GMAIL.COM

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, 248007, INDIA

BEST CITATION – ISHIKA KHURANA & MR. MANISH BHARADWAJ, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RELATION WITH HUMAN RIGHTS AND ITS AGENDA 2030, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (10) OF 2025, PG. 76-84, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Human rights are fundamental to all three of sustainable development’s dimensions—social, environmental, and economic—and are necessary to achieve development that leaves no one behind. This research paper provides an in-depth analysis of the interconnectedness between human rights and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It emphasizes the role that human rights play in achieving the three pillars of sustainable development—social, environmental, and economic—and their centrality in the overarching goal of “leaving no one behind.” The paper illustrates how the 169 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are deeply aligned with international human rights norms, with over 90% of the SDG targets being in harmony with fundamental labour and human rights principles. A key argument in the paper is that the SDG framework and human rights principles reinforce each other, especially with regard to equality, non-discrimination, and the inclusion of marginalized groups. The paper highlights the explicit connections between specific SDG targets and key human rights provisions, underscoring the role of human rights frameworks in shaping the achievement of the SDGs. The paper also stresses the importance of accountability in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda, particularly through Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs). It advocates for integrating human rights reporting into the VNR process and provides guidance on how states can reuse their existing human rights reports to meet the SDG monitoring requirements. This approach is particularly relevant for ensuring transparent, participatory, and inclusive processes in the monitoring and reporting of progress towards the SDGs. Disaggregated data is presented as a critical tool for understanding the specific challenges faced by excluded and vulnerable groups. The research advocates for a human rights-based approach to the 2030 Agenda, which requires addressing the needs of those most behind and ensuring that data collection and analysis reflect the realities of marginalized communities. Finally, the paper highlights the role of the United Nations (UN) system, especially the Human Rights Council (HRC), UNDP, OHCHR, and UN Country Teams, in supporting the integration of human rights into the implementation of the SDGs. The paper concludes by urging the institutionalization of human rights- based approaches within the UN’s development activities, emphasizing that the achievement of the SDGs depends on robust, rights-oriented governance and accountability mechanisms .In essence, this research paper provides a comprehensive framework for integrating human rights into the implementation and monitoring of the 2030 Agenda, calling for greater collaboration among governments, international institutions, and the private sector to ensure that no one is left behind in the pursuit of sustainable development.

Keywords: Human Rights, Agenda 2030, SDG Targets, Human Rights Council, Voluntary National Review

ARBITRATION LAWS IN INDIA, UK AND USA: A COMPARITIVE STUDY

AUTHOR – UDIT CHAUDHARY* & NIKUNJ YADAV**

* STUDENT, XTH SEMESTER, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, 248007, INDIA, EMAIL:UDITCHAUDHARY9897@GMAIL.COM

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, 248007, INDIA, EMAIL: NIKUNJYADAV83@GMAIL.COM

BEST CITATION – UDIT CHAUDHARY & NIKUNJ YADAV, ARBITRATION LAWS IN INDIA, UK AND USA: A COMPARITIVE STUDY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (10) OF 2025, PG. 85-93, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Arbitration evolved in response to the requirement of disposing of disputes with a speedy and specialist approach, in lieu of litigation. Significance of the mechanism, as an alternative way to resolve commercial conflicts, has increased tremendously over the last decades, especially within the international context. But the efficacy of any arbitration process runs to the core of the national law of arbitration (substantive law) that prescribes the scope of powers exercisable by the arbitrator and finally decides on the enforcement of the award. While there are international norms which have urged some uniformity, in the domestic laws on arbitration, most world nations have enacted laws in the form appropriate to their national needs. Therefore, the fate of international arbitrators remains subject to the sound selection of national laws by parties. It is at this stage that it will not be a wrong exercise to carry out comparative analysis on arbitration laws as existing in India, USA and UK. Arbitration is a central dispute resolution mechanism outside the conventional judiciary, providing parties with a quicker and more discreet option.

Arbitration is a technique for conflict resolution not involving the court. This research targets the examination and comparison of India’s arbitration law, that of the UK, the US, and the UNCITRAL Model Law. The study will explore the evolution of arbitration legislation in India with specific reference to the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.The comparative study will address issues such as the enforcement of Unilateral Arbitration contracts, legislation on arbitration such as amendments, arbitrability of disputes non-arbitrable issues and significant legal decisions impacting the law. Additionally, it will evaluate the efficiency of the Model Law that gives guidance to nations that are establishing their own arbitration laws. This research will seek to provide an insight into arbitration laws in these countries.In addition, the study investigates how international arbitrations are governed by looking at how local laws correlate with agreements and best practices. It also investigates issues concerning arbitrability in areas and recent trends, in those regions. Through the analysis of these factors, the study seeks to unveil commonalities, differences and emerging patterns, in arbitration rules, among countries. The overarching goal of this study is to provide an insight into the arbitration laws, in these regions evaluate the pros and cons of each country’s system and share perspectives for policymakers, businesspeople, specialists and those who deal in trade and conflict resolution. The study aims to serve as a guide for all those who are involved in resolving conflicts using arbitration providing a template, for designing arbitration frameworks in different regions.Keywords: Arbitration, Disputes ,Jurisdiction,Awards, Separability, Judicial Intervention.

A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF SURROGACY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY UNDER INTERNATIONAL AND INDIAN LAW

AUTHORS – VARSHA D. VYAS*, DR. MANDEEP KAUR** & DR. ARSHIPAL KAUR***

* RESEARCH SCHOLAR AT LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF LAW

** ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF LAW

*** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT DEPARTMENT OF LAWS, GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – VARSHA D. VYAS, DR. MANDEEP KAUR & DR. ARSHIPAL KAUR, A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF SURROGACY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY UNDER INTERNATIONAL AND INDIAN LAW, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (8) OF 2025, PG. 1145-1148, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Surrogacy, as a form of assisted reproductive technology (ART), has raised profound ethical, social, and legal debates across the world. While it provides a path to parenthood for individuals and couples unable to conceive, it also presents challenges regarding the rights and responsibilities of the intended parents, the surrogate mother, and the child. This paper provides a legal analysis of surrogacy with a comparative lens, examining the framework in India alongside major international jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia. It evaluates the evolution of surrogacy regulation, the balance between reproductive autonomy and exploitation concerns, and the need for harmonized global standards. The study concludes with recommendations for ethical and legally sound policy reforms that protect all stakeholders while ensuring the dignity of motherhood and the best interests of the child.

Keywords – Surrogacy; Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART); Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021; Comparative Law; Reproductive Rights; Altruistic Surrogacy; Commercial Surrogacy; Ethical Issues; Parental Rights; Human Rights; International Law; India; United Kingdom; United States; Australia

EVOLVING LAW WITH REGARD TO AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION, AS ENSHRINED IN ARTICLE 368 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

AUTHOR – AKSHAT SINHA, STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, NOIDA

BEST CITATION – AKSHAT SINHA, EVOLVING LAW WITH REGARD TO AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION, AS ENSHRINED IN ARTICLE 368 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (10) OF 2025, PG. 01-06, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

This study takes a fresh look at Article 368 of the Constitution of India, focusing on how its meaning has shifted over time. Judges’ rulings and lawmakers’ moves have, in most cases, wedded together in ways that both expand and tighten its reach—sometimes one, sometimes the other. A closer look at old court decisions, legislative records, and even academic critiques is needed to put together the messy, ever-changing picture of how constitutional amendments are handled in India.

TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT AND THE ONLINE ENVIRONMENT: CHALLENGES AND LEGAL REMEDIES

AUTHOR – SIDDHANT VERMA & DR. VIKRAM KARUNA

POST GRADUATION RESEARCH SCHOLARS AT SCHOOL OF LAW, JUSTICE AND GOVERNANCE GAUTAM BUDDHA UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – SIDDHANT VERMA & DR. VIKRAM KARUNA, TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT AND THE ONLINE ENVIRONMENT: CHALLENGES AND LEGAL REMEDIES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (10) OF 2025, PG. 61-75, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

As new and challenging questions of trademark infringement in the online environment arise, as the world of the internet, e-commerce, social platforms and digital advertising, continue to develop and expand, there are various avenues by which trademark owners may enforce their rights against online infringers in the UK. With traditional legal doctrines struggling to adapt to technological advancements, infringers are emboldened by the anonymity and international accessibility of the internet, allowing continued violations of intellectual property rights without repercussion. Abstract: This paper discusses the different dimensions of online trademark infringement, focusing on unauthorized use of marks, domain squatting, comparative advertising, and other intermediaries. This study by critically examining statutory frameworks, case law, and regulatory responses across multiple jurisdictions, namely the United States, European Union, and India, elucidates as to where gaps in contemporary enforcement frameworks and jurisdictional ambiguities undermine effective redress. The focus is particularly on the obligations of online marketplaces and on the procedural complexites of bringing claims cross-border. The paper discusses some application of relevant comparative law techniques as well as recent case law developments with implications for some civil law jurisdictions, and proposes multiple policy recommendations aimed at improving domestic trademark protection, enhancing cooperation through national and international resources and leveraging new technologies, such as AI, to detect violations. The bottom line, the study writes, is that a balanced approach — one that achieves some manner of protection for brand identity without stifling online innovation — is critical to ensuring legal clarity and commercial fairness in the digital age.

Keywords— Trademark infringement, online environment, cybersquatting, intermediary liability, legal remedies, digital commerce, cross-border enforcement.

ROLE OF OFFICIAL LIQUIDATOR: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPANIES ACT 1956 V 2013

AUTHOR – APURBA BEHERA & SATH PATHY GAYATREE GEETASWAROOP

STUDENTS AT BIRLA GLOBAL UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – APURBA BEHERA & SATH PATHY GAYATREE GEETASWAROOP, ROLE OF OFFICIAL LIQUIDATOR: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPANIES ACT 1956 V 2013, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (10) OF 2025, PG. 54-61, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

A company can’t be formed without public demand, employees, board of directors and various other factors, similarly without a liquidator a company will not going to wind up. A liquidator is the one who conducts the all the process of liquidation. It is performed in a situation where the company is about to wind-up and then the process of realisation of assets of the company and it should be distributed among debenture-holders, creditors and shareholders of the company. A person is being appointed to take all those necessary steps which are being taken to wind-up the company. This person is known to be the liquidator under the company. The study of the evolution and current role of Official Liquidators is thus more than a technical comparison of legislative provisions; it also reflects the Indian legal system’s transition from a slow, court-dependent insolvency procedure to a nimbler, market-driven insolvency regime. This study intends to critically examine how much the amendments under the Companies Act of 2013 have succeeded in overcoming the flaws of the 1956 Act, as well as whether the position of Official Liquidators remains relevant or needs to be completely overhauled in light of the International Business Code.

A STUDY ON GAMING ADDICTION IN YOUNGSTERS (TAMIL NADU)

 AUTHOR – S.KOGULA SWATHI, STUDENT AT SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF LAW, SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES (SIMATS)

BEST CITATION – S.KOGULA SWATHI, A STUDY ON GAMING ADDICTION IN YOUNGSTERS (TAMIL NADU), INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (10) OF 2025, PG. 37-53, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT :

Online games are a highly popular entertainment in modern societies. They refer to games that are played over a computer network or mobile network. They are different from video games and computer games that do not use the internet and do not have interpersonal communication. The objective of this paper was to find why they are addicted to online gaming and how it affects society. The research method followed is descriptive research and the sample size is 200. Convenience sampling method is adopted in the study to collect the data. The samples were collected from friends and relatives. All data was analysed by computer using IBM Statistics SPSS, Version 23 package. The independent variables are age group, gender, marital status. The dependent variables are types of online gamers, favourite mode in online games, level of spending time for online games per day, changes of  characteristics of playing online games, rating of  with whom they mostly play online games.

Keywords:  Online gaming, Society, internet, Communication, Entertainment.