Category: Volume 5 and Issue 1 of 2025

FINANCING THE GLOBAL CLIMATE AGENDA: THE CONTRIBUTION OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS – AN INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE

AUTHOR – AARYA BANKAR, STUDENT AT MODERN LAW COLLEGE, PUNE

BEST CITATION – AARYA BANKAR, INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIET AND MENTAL HEALTH IN ADULT, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 811-816, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The escalating climate crisis necessitates unprecedented financial mobilization to support mitigation and adaptation efforts globally. International Financial Institutions (IFIs), such as the World Bank Group, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and regional development banks, play a crucial role in channelling these funds. This article examines the contribution of IFIs to financing the global climate agenda from an international law perspective. It analyses the legal frameworks governing IFI operations, their evolving climate finance mandates, and the challenges they face in ensuring effective and equitable climate action. The article argues that while IFIs possess significant financial leverage, their actions must be aligned with the principles of international environmental law, including common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR-RC), and must prioritize the needs of vulnerable states and communities.

INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIET AND MENTAL HEALTH IN ADULT

AUTHOR – DEVIKA AGARWAL & PURVA KADAM, STUDENTS AT KES’ SHRI JAYANTILAL H PATEL LAW COLLEGE

BEST CITATION – DEVIKA AGARWAL & PURVA KADAM, INVESTIGATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIET AND MENTAL HEALTH IN ADULT, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 801-810, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

There has long been an interest in the effects of diet which directly proportional to the mental health and the interaction of the two with stress. The nature of these relationships is not well understood. Although associations between diet, obesity and related metabolic syndrome, stress, casual pathways have not been established. A healthy balanced meal can give you an energy boost. But an heavy, greasy meal can leave you feeling tired and irritated. Fast food is typically high saturated fats, trans fats, and omega-6 fatty acids, which can trigger an inflammatory response that has links to anxiety and depression a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can positively impact mood and well-being. Eating a diet lacks nutrition causes. The body of the human being is struggle to regulate blood glucose through a process known as insulin resistance. This can help to lead the elevated and severely low glucose or sugar levels in human body and many contribute to anxiety in some people.

FROM THE INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES ACT, 1947 TO THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS CODE, 2020: A LEAP AHEAD OR A STEP BACK IN LABOUR DISPUTE RESOLUTION?

AUTHOR – ARYAN GUPTA, STUDENT AT RAJIV GANDHI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LAW, PUNJAB

BEST CITATION – ARYAN GUPTA, FROM THE INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES ACT, 1947 TO THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS CODE, 2020: A LEAP AHEAD OR A STEP BACK IN LABOUR DISPUTE RESOLUTION?, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 790-800, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

INTRODUCTION

 Brief Introduction of the Topic

From the enactment of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, till today, the landscape of labor laws has been in a stage of constant evolution. As the economy and workplace dynamics change, so does the need for an updated legal framework, hence coming into existence is the Industrial Relations Code, 2020. The given project attempts to engage in an extensive comparative analysis of the dispute resolution mechanisms put forth by both the IDA and IRC. The study, therefore, examines the historical background, major provisions, and procedural anomalies that distinguish IRC from IDA and those aspects where IRA introduces new frameworks, attempting to address the lacuna in IDA. It is necessary to study this impact of changes upon workers, employers, and trade unions. The ultimate aim of this project is to add to the already ongoing discourse on labor relations and how far these legal frameworks have worked in achieving harmonious industrial environments either in India or elsewhere

EXTRADITION OF CRIMINAL OFFENDERS: A STUDY OF INDIA’S BILATERAL TREATIES AND INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS

AUTHOR – MURUGESAN.I, BL (HONOURS), ML (CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION) & PRACTISING ADVOCATE IN MADRAS HIGH COURT, MADURAI BENCH

BEST CITATION – MURUGESAN.I, EXTRADITION OF CRIMINAL OFFENDERS: A STUDY OF INDIA’S BILATERAL TREATIES AND INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 1494-1499, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Extradition plays a critical role in combating transnational crime by enabling nations to cooperate in bringing fugitives to justice beyond their territorial limits. India’s extradition framework is shaped by a combination of domestic legislation, bilateral treaties, and international obligations under conventions such as the UN Convention Against Corruption and the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. This paper explores the legal and diplomatic dimensions of India’s extradition practices, focusing on the Extradition Act, 1962, bilateral treaty provisions, and procedural safeguards. It examines key legal principles—such as dual criminality, the political offense exception, and the rule of specialty—within the context of India’s engagements with countries like the United Kingdom, United States, and the UAE. Through an analysis of case law and treaty practice, the study highlights the operational challenges India faces, including delays, diplomatic tensions, human rights concerns, and non-reciprocity. The paper argues for a more harmonized, transparent, and rights-oriented extradition process that balances sovereign interests with global legal cooperation.

KEYWORDS – Extradition, Bilateral treaties, International obligations, Political offense exception, Dual criminality, Extradition Act, 1962, Human rights in extradition

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN MODERNIZING PAYROLL AND INVENTORY MANAGEMENT

AUTHOR – GOURI G.S , STUDENT OF PGDM- HR & MARKETING GIBS BUSINESS SCHOOL, BANGLORE

 BEST CITATION – GOURI G.S, THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN MODERNIZING PAYROLL AND INVENTORY MANAGEMENT, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 781-789, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Technology is changing how businesses operate in areas, like payroll and managing inventory by using tools such as cloud based systems and technologies, like intelligence (AI) machine learning (ML) and blockchain to improve efficiency and accuracy while also tackling scalability issues that can affect finances and customer service. 

This research explores how businesses adopt and use cutting edge technologies, for managing payroll and inventory by emphasizing advantages like monitoring of operations and predictive analytics that automate tasks and improve decision making processes while also recognizing challenges including expensive setup costs and a shortage of skilled personnel as well, as resistance to change within organizations. All factors that can impede the full utilization of these advancements by small to medium sized enterprises (SMEs).

Based on real life examples and expert opinions, from the field the report seeks to connect the gap between what technology can do and how its actually used in practice. It highlights the effects of using tools such, as how it affects company culture, employee interactions and environmental sustainability. As companies deal with paced changes and changing customer needs the results stress how crucial it is to incorporate strong and flexible tech solutions to stay ahead in the competition. 

This research offers suggestions to help leaders gain the insights and tactics required for implementing digital advancements in payroll and inventory control systems.

KEYWORDS – Technology adoption,  Payroll management, Inventory management , Digital transformation, Operational efficiency

INDIA’S WAR ON DRUGS: A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL EXAMINATION OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION AND REHABILITATION

AUTHOR – RANJANA RAJASRI R, ADVOCATE AND INDEPENDENT AUTHOR. Email – ranjanarajasri22@gmail.com

BEST CITATION – RANJANA RAJASRI R, INDIA’S WAR ON DRUGS: A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL EXAMINATION OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION AND REHABILITATION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 765-780, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

SYNOPSIS:

The study provides a historical perspective on narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in India, highlighting the impact of substance overuse and the introduction of drug regulation during British colonization. It covers the objectives and provisions of International Drug Control Conventions and the Sustainable Development Goals aimed at preventing substance misuse and protecting public health. The study also focuses on the development of drug laws in India, the current legal framework, and the role of the Narcotics Control Bureau in drug awareness and prevention. Additionally, it examines the judiciary’s role in combating drug abuse and trafficking, detailing severe penalties under the law. Finally, the study addresses the state’s obligation to protect drug victims and outlines rehabilitation measures, focusing on the National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR) and initiatives by the government and NGOs.

Keywords: Narcotic drugs- Psychotropic substance -Drug regulation- Prevention and Rehabilitation.

LEGAL INTERPRETATION OF THE NDPS ACT: ANALYZING THE ROLE OF THE JUDICIARY IN DRUG CONTROL

AUTHOR – RANJANA RAJASRI R, ADVOCATE AND INDEPENDENT AUTHOR. Email – ranjanarajasri22@gmail.com

BEST CITATION – RANJANA RAJASRI R, LEGAL INTERPRETATION OF THE NDPS ACT: ANALYZING THE ROLE OF THE JUDICIARY IN DRUG CONTROL, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 749-764, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

SYNOPSIS

With an emphasis on how the court has influenced the application of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985 through legislative provisions, case law, and judicial interpretation, this article examines the role of the judiciary in its implementation and interpretation. One important piece of legislation in India that aims to curb drug misuse, trafficking, and associated crimes is the NDPS Act. But in terms of enforcement, interpreting the law, and striking a balance between punishment and rehabilitation, its implementation has been fraught with difficulties. The role of the judiciary in interpreting these provisions is critically examined, focusing on how courts have balanced strict legal provisions with the need for a human-centric approach to drug addiction, rehabilitation, and the protection of individual rights.

This article examines how judicial judgments have affected the execution of the NDPS Act, notably in situations concerning the rights of the accused, the role of law enforcement, and the implementation of rehabilitative measures. The obstacles that the judiciary faces in guaranteeing justice while implementing the requirements of the NDPS Act are discussed, including mandatory punishment, the limits of judicial discretion, and the necessity for more targeted legislative revisions.

KEYWORDS: NDPS Act, Judicial Interpretation, Drug Abuse, Judiciary role, Legal Provisions and Rehabilitation

LEGAL AND ETHICAL CHALLENGES OF COUNTERINSURGENCY OPERATIONS: EVALUATING AFSPA’S ROLE IN MANIPUR

AUTHORS – HIJAM ROSHAN SINGH¹ & DR. S. JAMES²

¹ PHD RESEARCH SCHOLAR, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE & STRATEGIC STUDIES, MANIPUR INTRANATIONAL UNIVERSITY, IMPHAL, MANIPUR-795140, INDIA

² PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE & STRATEGIC STUDIES, MANIPUR INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, IMPHAL, MANIPUR-795140, INDIA

BEST CITATION – HIJAM ROSHAN SINGH & DR. S. JAMES, LEGAL AND ETHICAL CHALLENGES OF COUNTERINSURGENCY OPERATIONS: EVALUATING AFSPA’S ROLE IN MANIPUR, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 743-748, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) has remained a contentious legal instrument in India, particularly in insurgency-affected regions like Manipur. While the Act provides sweeping powers to the armed forces for maintaining public order, it has raised serious concerns regarding human rights violations, legal accountability, and ethical governance. This paper examines the constitutional validity, legal framework, and ethical dilemmas surrounding AFSPA in Manipur, analyzing its impact on rule of law, civilian rights, and counterinsurgency efficacy.¹ By exploring judicial interpretations, case studies, and international legal perspectives, the study highlights the complex interplay between national security imperatives and fundamental rights. The findings suggest that a balanced approach, incorporating accountability mechanisms and human rights safeguards, is necessary for effective counterinsurgency strategies without compromising democratic principles. This research critically evaluates how AFSPA’s provisions create a framework that often prioritizes state security over civil liberties, leading to a culture of impunity among armed personnel. Through an analysis of contemporary case studies and legal precedents, the study highlights the tensions between constitutional protections and the extraordinary measures enacted in the name of national security. Additionally, it examines the implications of these dynamics on local communities, the judicial system, and the broader pursuit of peace and stability in the region. Ultimately, this evaluation seeks to contribute to the ongoing discourse on necessary reforms to ensure that counterinsurgency efforts respect fundamental rights while effectively addressing security challenges.

Keywords: AFSPA, Counterinsurgency, Human Rights, Legal Framework, Rule of Law, National Security.

JUSTICE TO VICTIMS OF CRIME: AN ANALYSIS OF ROLE OF THE STATE AND COMMUNITY IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

AUTHOR – DR. RAJENDRAKUMAR HITTANAGI, IQAC COORDINATOR AND SR. GR. ASST.PROF. AT KARNATAKA STATE LAW UNIVERSITY, HUBBALLI

BEST CITATION – DR. RAJENDRAKUMAR HITTANAGI, JUSTICE TO VICTIMS OF CRIME: AN ANALYSIS OF ROLE OF THE STATE AND COMMUNITY IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 736-742, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

The State, community and parties to crime have prominent role to play in the administration of criminal justice system. Hitherto the criminal justice system was more concerned with punishing the offender. Fortunately, the focus is shifting towards meeting the needs of victims of crime also. A state, community and an offender are all having an obligation to fulfill the loss suffered by a victim of crime. Roles of State and community in ensuring justice to victims of crime have to be properly analyzed. Theme of this paper is to explore as to how state and community have to use their potential to ensure justice to victim of crime. Family group conferencing is one method that has been tried in some western countries to realize justice for victim of crime. India has been experimenting with community based dispute settlement mechanism which makes sure that the demands of victim are met and the feeling of victim of being ignored is minimized to certain extent. This paper attempts to critically analyze role the state and community can play in ensuring justice to victims of crime in India.       

Keywords: criminal justice system, victim of crime, State, Community, compensation

ECONOMIC COSTS OF VIOLENCE ON WOMEN- SOME THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS

AUTHOR -ABHIJIT SRINIVAS UDAY CHELLURU, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, N S RAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DAKAMARRI, VISAKHAPATNAM ANDHRA PRADESH

BEST CITATION – ABHIJIT SRINIVAS UDAY CHELLURU, ECONOMIC COSTS OF VIOLENCE ON WOMEN- SOME THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 725-735, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

 It is indeed quite disheartening to observe that violence against women is merely being viewed as a family problem for the individuals and with a deviation of society within cause in a patriarchal society. VAW is not only an infringement of human dignity and rights but it is also a major economic problem that hinders the development and expansion of communities. In this respect, the economic effects of violence against women are extensive, penetrating at individual and family levels, at the level of communities, and in the long run, nations as well. Such complexity exists from the outset when considering the economic burden which falls upon the victims of domestic violence and other gender-based violence. Economic costs of such violence are always positive in a sense that they demonstrate how it is infectious to every sphere of life and the extent to which it permeates into people’s lives although the lessons of great significance for developing strategies for countering it apply.

Key words: Violence against women, international law, person’s, interdependence, economic cost