THE INVISIBLE THREAT: UNDERSTANDING POISON CRIME IN THE COLONIAL ASSAM

AUTHOR – ABHIJEET JAISWAL, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, GURUCHARAN UNIVERSITY, SILCHAR (ASSAM)

BEST CITATION – ABHIJEET JAISWAL, THE INVISIBLE THREAT: UNDERSTANDING POISON CRIME IN THE COLONIAL ASSAM, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 343-348, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

This essay explores the occurrence of poison-related crimes in late nineteenth century Assam, focusing on the movement of toxic substances across various societal domains, including medical practices and the legal system. During this period, Assamese society grappled with what seemed like a surge in poisoning incidents, often involving the use of “aconite” commonly known as “Indian monkshood” or “Bikh”, which held the notorious reputation of being the “king of poisons” in the nineteenth century. From a legal perspective, poisons were insidious tools for carrying out covert murders that proved challenging to prosecute in court. Due to the clandestine nature of poisoning crimes, the testimony of ordinary witnesses was often inadequate, prompting judges to frequently seek the counsel of medical and chemical experts. Consequently, poison in the nineteenth century served multiple roles as an everyday substance, a focus of scientific inquiry, a tool for criminals, a weapon of the vulnerable, and a subject of legal attention. Its meanings and significance varied significantly among different stakeholders, including forensic experts, lawyers, judges, and even poisoners themselves. The essay argues that these movements and interactions were multidirectional, presenting new challenges and complexities for toxicologists in the courtroom. This intricate landscape helps explain why poisoners in the nineteenth century differed significantly from other conventional criminals, not only in terms of gender but also in their social standing. Many poisoners were individuals of respectability who had never before been involved in criminal activities. Some were even close relatives or friends of the victims, allowing them easy access to poisons for domestic purposes and enabling them to administer them discreetly without arousing suspicion.

 Key words : Poisoning, Aconite, Court trial, Forensic Toxicology, Superstition  

AN ANALYSIS OF PUNISHMENT AND PENALTIES FOR TAX CRIMES IN INDIA COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH RUSSIA

AUTHOR – RITHIK U C, STUDENT AT SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF LAW, SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES, (SIMATS)

BEST CITATION – RITHIK U C, AN ANALYSIS OF PUNISHMENT AND PENALTIES FOR TAX CRIMES IN INDIA COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH RUSSIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 325-342, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

This comparative study examines the punishment and penalty frameworks for tax crimes in India and Russia, analyzing their legal structures, enforcement mechanisms, and effectiveness as deterrents. The research explores how these two diverse economies with significant informal sectors address tax evasion and avoidance through their respective legislative and administrative approaches.The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the punishment and penalties for tax crimes in India and Russia, evaluating their effectiveness in deterring tax evasion and ensuring compliance.  Key differences emerge in their definitional boundaries of tax crimes, severity of sanctions, and enforcement priorities, reflecting their distinct legal traditions and policy objectives.Tax crimes are a significant concern for governments worldwide as they undermine economic stability, reduce public revenues, and distort fair competition. Countries impose strict penalties and punishments to deter tax evasion, fraud, and other related offenses. This study examines the legal framework governing tax crimes in India and Russia, analyzing the similarities and differences in their approaches.The objective of the study in to examine the factors that influence the severity of punishment for tax crimes in India and to examine whether the current penalties for tax crimes are well effective.The research method followed here is empirical research and the sample frame is 200 collected in and around chennai.The findings is that in India tax enforcement is largely administrative, with criminal prosecution used in extreme cases. Many cases are settled through penalties rather than imprisonment and in Russia enforcement is more centralized, with strict criminal prosecution of tax offenders. Authorities actively monitor tax payments through digital tracking and banking regulations.In conclusion both India and Russia have well-defined laws for tax crimes, but Russia’s system is more centralized and stringent, while India relies on a combination of administrative penalties, voluntary disclosure schemes, and criminal prosecution in severe cases.Russia imposes harsher penalties, including longer prison sentences and asset confiscation, which act as a stronger deterrent. In contrast, India focuses more on fines and voluntary compliance schemes, making its enforcement more flexible but sometimes less effective in preventing tax evasion.

KEYWORDS:

Tax evasion,legal administrative,administrative approaches,banking regulations,economic stability.

BETWEEN LIBERTY AND LIABILITY: SECTION 66A 2.0, REIMAGINING FOR THE DIGITAL FREE SPEECH BOUNDARIES

AUTHOR – MR. PRATEEK DUBEY* & MR. ADITYA CHANDRAKANT GHUGE**

* (B.TECH, LL.B, MSW*), SENIOR TECHNICAL SPECIALIST AT UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW
** (B.TECH, LL.M, MBA, MSW*, PHD*), CYBER LAW EXPERT AT MAHARASHTRA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, MUMBAI

BEST CITATION – MR. PRATEEK DUBEY & MR. ADITYA CHANDRAKANT GHUGE, BETWEEN LIBERTY AND LIABILITY: SECTION 66A 2.0, REIMAGINING FOR THE DIGITAL FREE SPEECH BOUNDARIES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 317-324, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

In 2015, India’s Supreme Court nullified Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 due to its problematic ambiguity and disproportionately restrictive nature on free speech. Almost ten years later, India has entered an era marred by technologically exacerbated harms such as AI deepfakes, voice scams, highly orchestrated hate campaigns, and even psychological cyberbullying. This paper claims that the need for a constitutionally compliant cyber speech regulation framework is urgent. Addressing current challenges and global best practices alongside the legal void, the paper seeks to propose an amended Section 66A that upholds constitutional liberties alongside digital dignity, neutralism, foresight, and technological anticipation.

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON CYBER CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA

AUTHOR – JERIN RAJAH.R, STUDENT AT SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF LAW, SAVEETHA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – JERIN RAJAH.R, AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON CYBER CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 302-316, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

“You can’t always trust a cloud not to rain, don’t always trust one to protect your data ”- Today all over the world cyber-crimes are increasing at a higher rate and the soft targets are women and children. Even by the National crime record bureau – it was held that the cybercrime rate against women has increased to the higher cases from around 3000 cases to 6000 cases. Some of the cyber-crimes committed against women are defamation, cyber stalking, email spoofing, morphing of images for pornography content etc The main objective of this study is to find the causation behind the victimisation of women, To analysis the laws dealing with cybercrimes against women – and the effective functioning of those provisions, To find out loopholes in the laws, To study on the steps to be taken to reduce cybercrimes against women ,To study on the relationship between cybercrime against women and right to privacy .Samples are collected through convenient sampling method, sample frame – India ( empirical study )Through this research we found that the major causes of increase in cybercrimes in India – poverty ,negligence, easy access system, today we have various legislations in India like Indian penal code 1860, Information and technology act 2000, Indecent representation of women prohibition act 1986 and various other provisions but there are few areas which intervene the effective functioning of the provisions – ineffective coverage of many emerging issues , weak implementation of the laws ,less rate of conviction, There is the positive relation between commission of the cybercrime and violation of right to privacy of the victim and also suggests that there should be comprehensive cyber law act should be enacted and special penal laws to deal with cybercrimes investigation and evidence issues.

KEYWORDS:

Cyber, crimes, internet, women, victims.

WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION ACT OF 2014: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND AN URGENT NEED OF REFORM

AUTHOR – LUCKY KUSHWAHA, STUDENT AT RTMNU’S DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR SCHOOL OF LAW

BEST CITATION – LUCKY KUSHWAHA, WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION ACT OF 2014: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND AN URGENT NEED OF REFORM, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 294-287, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The Whistleblower Protection Act of 2014 was enacted to strengthen protections for federal employees who expose government misconduct, aiming to encourage accountability and transparency within federal agencies. This critical analysis examines the effectiveness of the Act, highlighting its achievements and the persistent challenges faced by whistleblowers, such as retaliation and lack of real safeguards. Despite improvements over previous legislation, the Act falls short in providing adequate legal protections, effective mechanisms for reporting, and sufficient remedies for whistleblowers. Furthermore, the underwhelming response from federal agencies to reported disclosures raises concerns about the genuine commitment to fostering a culture of transparency. This analysis reinforces the urgent need for reform to enhance protections, streamline the reporting processes, and ensure that whistleblowers can safely and effectively carry out their civic duty without fear of damages.

Keywords: Whistleblower Protection Act, Federal Employees, Misconduct, Accountability, Transparency, Safeguards, Reform.

OPPRESSION OF WOMEN: THE DESIDERATUM OF UCC

AUTHOR – ASMITA SINGH* & DR. AXITA SRIVASTAVA**

* LAW STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL LUCKNOW, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH

** PROFESSOR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL LUCKNOW, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION – ASMITA SINGH & DR. AXITA SRIVASTAVA, OPPRESSION OF WOMEN: THE DESIDERATUM OF UCC, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 288-293, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

The question that arises here is that even after 75 years of Independence does women of independent India enjoys their rights at the full extent. As we all know that in the present legal system the personal laws govern the matters related to marriage, divorce, inheritance and succession and it is quite clear that there is connivance between the personal laws and patriarchy. Presently, due to the political situation women’s rights continues to be conquered by the discussion of majority and minority in the sake of vote bank policy, there is a need to make a paradigm shift towards the protection of rights of women. It has been seen very often that somewhere the Gender Equality stands settled by personal laws in India and in the sake of the political vote bank even the legislature don’t dare to amend the discriminatory personal laws.

UCC which means uniform law for all is envisaged under Article 44 of the Constitution of India which states that “it is the duty of the State to secure for the citizen a Uniform Civil Code throughout the territory of India.”^[1]. UCC forecast the idea of governing all people belonging to different religion and regions under same law. The eminent feature of UCC is that it has the ability to restore the concept of women empowerment which India always concerned about. It aims to replace the customary personal laws which are discriminatory on the basis of gender. This paper tries to analyze the oppression of women under personal laws and how it can be curbed out by the implication of UCC. This paper will also put a light on the history of personal laws and different landmark cases which dealt with the constitutionality of particular provisions of personal laws. Keywords: Personal laws, UCC, Women, Rights, Oppression

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[1] INDIA CONST. Art. 44

GROWING ISSUE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST MEN

AUTHOR – NISTHA MISHRA & ABHYUDAY RAM TRIPATHI, STUDENTS AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW CAMPUS

BEST CITATION – NISTHA MISHRA & ABHYUDAY RAM TRIPATHI, GROWING ISSUE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST MEN, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 280-287, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

The Indian Constitution, in Article 14, states that all individuals should be treated equally under the law, without any discrimination based on caste, race, religion, place of birth, or gender. It also ensures that every individual, irrespective of gender, has the fundamental right to protection of life and personal freedom, as detailed in Article 21, which has been expanded by the Supreme Court (SC) through numerous cases as required. The term ‘right to life and personal liberty’ encompasses multiple dimensions, including but not limited to the right to work, the right to a clean and healthy environment, the right to a secure workplace, the right to a fair trial, and the right to privacy, as clarified by the SC on various occasions.

AN EVALUATION OF LABOR PROTECTION IN REDEVELOPMENT PROJECTS UNDER DCPR 2034 AND MAHARERA: WORKERS’ RIGHTS IMPLICATION

AUTHOR – ANANNYA SAXENA, STUDENT AT SYMBIOSIS LAW SCHOOL

BEST CITATION – ANANNYA SAXENA, AN EVALUATION OF LABOR PROTECTION IN REDEVELOPMENT PROJECTS UNDER DCPR 2034 AND MAHARERA: WORKERS’ RIGHTS IMPLICATION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 268-279, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

This research paper discusses in detail the implementation of labor protections in redevelopment projects under the DCPR 2034 and MahaRERA. It examines the impact of these regulations on worker rights in Maharashtra and how they compare with labor protection policies in different countries all over the world like the United States of America, Singapore and the United Kingdom. This paper therefore identifies the challenges and shortcomings of such frameworks in the recognition and protection of the rights of workers involved in redevelopment projects and in so doing, aims to suggest pathways for reform to ensure that such projects are conducted in a manner that protects the rights and promotes the well-being of all involved.

Keywords: Labour Law, Maharashtra, Redevelopment, Worker’s Rights

TAX COMPLIANCE AND REFORM IN INDIA: THE ROLE OF SIMPLIFICATION, TECHNOLOGY, AND POLICY DESIGN

AUTHOR – ANANNYA SAXENA, STUDENT AT SYMBIOSIS LAW SCHOOL

BEST CITATION – ANANNYA SAXENA, TAX COMPLIANCE AND REFORM IN INDIA: THE ROLE OF SIMPLIFICATION, TECHNOLOGY, AND POLICY DESIGN, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 264-267, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Taxation increases government revenue which could be utilized to fund certain essential services and social goods that the mercantile world would never have provided if they had to operate solely on profits. Given that taxes are obligatory contributions levied on income, it is paramount to put the right tax system in place, one that encourages compliance, while at the same time remains fair to all taxpayers. Tax compliance depends critically on three things: the rate of taxation, the perceived threat of detection, and the penalties for failing to pay taxes.

Tax policy is best formulated when the system has a broad base with a low and simple rate. Simplifying tax laws allows taxpayers to easily understand and comply with their obligations, as well as to minimize the cost of taxation. This denotes the costs of collection for the government, the costs of compliance for the taxpayer, and the cost of output as impacted by taxation.

Encouraging compliance and ensuring that tax systems work fairly for all citizens consist of a straightforward system to collect taxes, which also affords lower tax rates while generating the necessary revenue for public services. In addition, by administrating taxes with modern technologies, it becomes considerably easier to increase detection rates of any refusal to comply and thus encourage voluntary tax compliance.

This paper attempts to develop those design aspects of tax compliance in a way that underlines the contribution of technology in effective tax administration in the Indian context.

Keywords: Tax compliance, Tax administration, Tax rate.

CRIMINAL CONTEMPT OF COURT IN INDIA AND THE UNITED STATES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ORIGINS, LAWS, AND FREE EXPRESSION

AUTHOR – ADV. SHEIKH ABDUL MATEEN, STUDENT, LL.M, CMR UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LEGAL STUDIES

BEST CITATION – ADV. SHEIKH ABDUL MATEEN, CRIMINAL CONTEMPT OF COURT IN INDIA AND THE UNITED STATES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ORIGINS, LAWS, AND FREE EXPRESSION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 256-263, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

A comparative analysis of the law of criminal contempt in India and the United States, focusing specifically on the intersection between judicial authority, contempt provisions, and freedom of expression. It traces the historical evolution and origins of contempt law in both jurisdictions, highlighting the British colonial legacy in India and the significant influence of First Amendment jurisprudence in the United States.^[1] The analysis contrasts India’s expansive use of criminal contempt to safeguard judicial dignity, including the controversial offence of “scandalising the court,” with the more restrained American approach that prioritises free speech and narrowly limits judicial powers to sanction contempt.^[2] Key statutory provisions, landmark judicial interpretations, and contemporary debates in both nations are examined to illustrate the differing philosophical and constitutional perspectives on balancing judicial integrity against democratic freedoms.^[3] Ultimately, the paper argues for reforming India’s contempt laws by adopting clearer guidelines and greater protections for freedom of expression, drawing insightful recommendations from the more speech-protective American legal framework.^[4]

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^[1] Contempt of Courts Act, No. 70 of 1971, § 2(c), INDIA CODE (1971).

^[2] Law Commission of India, Review of the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971, Report No. 274, ¶¶ 1.2–1.4 (2018).

^[3] U.S. CONST. amend. I.

^[4] Ex parte Robinson, 86 U.S. (19 Wall.) 505, 510 (1873).