SUSTAINABLE FINANCE AND ESG INTEGRATION: CAPITAL MARKETS AS DRIVERS OF GLOBAL CHANGE

AUTHOR – RIYA BHARDWAJ, STUDENT AT CHANAKYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – RIYA BHARDWAJ, SUSTAINABLE FINANCE AND ESG INTEGRATION: CAPITAL MARKETS AS DRIVERS OF GLOBAL CHANGE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 443-447, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

INTRODUCTION

The times that we live in have been driven by a growing sense of accountability among people. This generation of humans yearn for growth but not at the cost of environmental damage, they aim for progress but not at the cost of social inequality. If we analyze the global financial landscape trends then we witness growth of a transformative trend where there has been an urgency in addressing the problems like climate change, social inequality and challenges to the corporate governance. Through this paper I aim to analyze one of the transformative shifts, i.e., the Rise of Sustainable Finance which seeks to align the flow of finance with long-term ESG objectives. Capital Markets have become a catalyst for channeling investments that are aiming to advance global development goals. Previously the integration of ESG criteria in the investment portfolio seemed to be a niche, not many companies followed but with the awareness and accountability rising in this generation of people it has now transitioned into a common practice. It is expected that by the end of 2025 around 70 percent of the global investors would be incorporating ESG factors into their portfolios and we can say that because we also have a trend going on currently where the issuance of green bonds has reached record levels^[1]. Therefore, through this paper my objective is to explore how capital markets are in the forefront of the transition to a more sustainable economy.

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[1] BNP Paribas, ESG Global Survey 2023: Taking Action – Institutional Investors Progress on the Path to Sustainability (2023) https://securities.cib.bnpparibas/app/uploads/sites/3/2023/12/esg-global-survey-consolidated-report.pdf, accessed 7^th July, 2025

A CRITICAL STUDY ON THE EVOLUTION OF MEANS AND METHODS OF WARFARE AND IHL

AUTHOR – SREE LAXMI A J, LLM (INTERNATIONAL LAW AND ORGANISATION) SCHOLAR AT DEPARTMENT OF LEGAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS

BEST CITATION – SREE LAXMI A J, A CRITICAL STUDY ON THE EVOLUTION OF MEANS AND METHODS OF WARFARE AND IHL, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 433-442, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

War has been an inescapable part of human experience throughout history. The nature of warfare has undergone significant transformations, driven by advances in technology and tactics. A long-standing commitment to reducing the brutality of war has driven humanitarians across the globe to establish safeguards, resulting in the groundbreaking 1864 Geneva Convention and the emergence of modern International Humanitarian Law. IHL is a comprehensive set of norms that regulate the conduct of warfare and aims at protecting human rights during armed conflicts. The atrocities committed during World War II led to a renewed effort to establish clear rules for the conduct of war. The Geneva Conventions were revised and expanded in 1949. The four Geneva Conventions and their three Additional protocols form the core of modern IHL. IHL seeks to humanize the conduct of war, prioritizing the protection of human life and dignity, and alleviating the suffering caused by conflict. Modern warfare has become increasingly complex, with non-state actors, cyber warfare, and artificial intelligence changing the nature of warfare. The impact of modern warfare on IHL is significant. New technologies such as drones and automated weapons raise questions about accountability and the ability to distinguish between military targets and civilians. Modern warfare has also introduced new areas of concern such as Cyberwarfare, Urban warfare, Siege warfare, increasing role of Non-State Actors and Asymmetric warfare. It is crucial to foster a culture of respect for IHL among States and Non-State Actors through diplomatic efforts, capacity-building initiatives, and training programs

Key Words – Warfare, Armed conflict, Humanitarian, War

A CASE COMMENTARY ON PRAGYA PRASUN & ORS. & ORS.  V. UNION OF INDIA & AMAR JAIN V. UNION OF INDIA & ORS.

AUTHOR – TEJVEER SINGH, SRMS COLLEGE OF LAW, BAREILLY

BEST CITATION – TEJVEER SINGH, A CASE COMMENTARY ON PRAGYA PRASUN & ORS. & ORS.  V. UNION OF INDIA & AMAR JAIN V. UNION OF INDIA & ORS. INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 428-432, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

INTRODUCTION | BACKGROUND OF THE CASE

^[1]The Issue involved regarding digital rights to the disable people of this country, two writ petitions are been filed with common and similar properties of injustice, Digital Indian aim to promote efficiency, transparency and accessibility through digital means. Centre of this transformation has been the creation of a robust digital infrastructure. However, with wave of digital progress, there remains overlooked aspect that demand urgent attention ensuring the digital infrastructure and services are accessible to all? Including person with disability and other marginalised groups. We can called Technical Inclusion a true progress when all the people are treated inclusively and have the same accessibility and ease and thereby foster an environment where no individual is left behind. There is a digital divide created, In the contemporary era, access to essential services, governance, education, healthcare and economic opportunities is increasingly mediated through digital platforms. Right to life under ^[2]Article 21 of the Constitution of Indian has to be reinterpreted in light of these technological realities and especially abled persons also have the same right to access Article 21 as and other person with no disability “Justice Mahadevan pointed out this”.

A dedicated act ^[3]“Rights of Person with Disability Act, 2016” is a landmark legislation that aim to provide comprehensive legal protection and entitlement to person with disabilities. It Algies with the United Nation Convention on the Right of Person with Disability (UNCRPD). This Act expands and definition of disability, increase the types of recognition, focus on ensuring equality, non-discrimination and full participation of person with disabilities in the society and work for there development and equal representation and protection came in force on April 19, 2017. Under Section 12 this act, the act addresses challenges faced by person with disabilities in accessing the justice system, person with disabilities have the right to access any court or anybody with judicial and quasi- judicial or investigative power without discrimination and step will be taken to provide suitable measures to support person with disabilities. This Act ensures that all persons with disabilities can lead their lives with dignity, without discrimination and with equal opportunities.

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[1] Pragya Prasun v. Union of India, W.P. No. 31291 of 2023, ¶ 20 (Madras HC Apr. 30, 2025), https://indiankanoon.org/docfragment/68332080/.

[2] SCO Team, The Right to Life and Personal Liberty Under Article 21: A Timeline, Sup. Ct. Observer (June 26, 2025), https://www.scobserver.in/journal/the-right-to-life-and-personal-liberty-under-article-21-a-timeline/

[3] National Human Rights Commission, Disability Rights: Overview and Analysis, https://nhrc.nic.in/sites/default/files/DisabilityRights.pdf (last visited July 14, 2025).

DRAFT OF ARREST POLICY FOR INDIA

AUTHOR – AAYUSHMAN NEPAL, STUDENT AT SYMBIOSIS LAW SCHOOL, HYDERABAD

BEST CITATION – AAYUSHMAN NEPAL, DRAFT OF ARREST POLICY FOR INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 422-427, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

1. ABSTRACT

This draft in the Arrest Policy for India will restructure arrest policies under the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) with a comprehensive overhaul, thus ensuring their constitutionality and consistency with judicial interpretation as well as accepted international human rights standards. Given the electoral history of arbitrary arrests, custodial violence, and inability to implement the police, this policy strives to develop arrest procedures that are uniform, open, and accountable. It considers the arrest power as a form of liberty versus Article 21 and 22 of the Constitution, Article 3 of the UDHR, and Article 9 of the ICCPR.

 The study critically evaluates the legal justifications and challenges for several categories of arrests-mayor or Magistrate, private persons, with or without warrant, arrest for refusing to disclose name and residence. Therefore, it suggests, inter alia, procedural checks like review by a magistrate, written record of arrest reason, limitations on police discretion to curb abuse.

Further, the policy sets forth all the rights that an arrestee has under the CrPC and the Constitution, such as the rights of arrest information, legal aid, protection against self-incrimination, medical examination, and humane treatment. Case laws like D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal, Joginder Kumar v. State, and Khatri v. State of Bihar anchor these rights.

On the suggested reforms site, judiciary, periodic reviews, gender-sensitive procedures, protection of marginalized communities, and rigorous police training are promoted. Those would preserve the dignity of the accused and, at the same time, enhance public confidence in the system. The Draft Arrest Policy foresees a criminal justice system in which legitimate, fair, and proportionate enforcement practices call forth the ideals of a democratic and humane society.

Keywords:  Arrest Policy, Code of Criminal Procedure, Arbitrary Arrests, Custodial Violence

RELIGIOUS MINORITIES AND THE LAW IN SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION

AUTHOR – NISHA THIRUNAVUKKARASU* & HARSATH VARUN**

* BA LLB LLM (ENVIRONMENTAL LAW), CHENNAI DR. AMBEDKAR GOVERNMENT LAW COLLEGE PUDHUPAKKAM

** B.COM LLB HONS, BHARATH INSTITUTE OF LAW BHARATH UNIVERSITY SELAIYUR, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – NISHA THIRUNAVUKKARASU & HARSATH VARUN, RELIGIOUS MINORITIES AND THE LAW IN SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 413-421, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT:

This study explores the dynamic interplay between legal frameworks and social transformation concerning religious minorities. Investigating diverse global contexts, it examines how legal structures either contribute to inclusivity or perpetuate discrimination. By analysing the impact of legal reforms on the rights and freedoms of religious minorities, this research sheds light on the role of law in shaping broader societal attitudes. The study aims to provide insights into the complex relationship between legal systems, social change, and the experiences of religious minority communities in an ever-evolving world . The interaction between the law and social changes is a compelling area of study, particularly when examining the rights and experiences of religious minorities within diverse societies. In this exploration, we delve into the intricate dynamics that define the relationship between legal frameworks and the evolving social landscape for religious minorities. This inquiry aims to unravel the multifaceted impact of laws designed to protect religious minorities, shedding light on their role in influencing attitudes, fostering tolerance, and ultimately shaping the broader fabric of society. As we embark on this journey, it becomes evident that understanding the legal underpinnings is crucial for comprehending the transformative potential of these laws in the realm of social change.

Keywords: Social changes, Minority Religious law, changed Society, Equality, constitutional assembly.

EMPOWERING PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES THROUGH ICT: LEGAL RECOGNITION, POLICY FRAMEWORK, AND INCLUSIVE SUPPORT IN INDIA

AUTHOR – TMT. AEHAHINI, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT CHENNAI DR. AMBEDKAR GOVERNMENT LAW COLLEGE, PUDUPAKKAM

BEST CITATION – TMT. AEHAHINI, EMPOWERING PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES THROUGH ICT: LEGAL RECOGNITION, POLICY FRAMEWORK, AND INCLUSIVE SUPPORT IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 408-412, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Empowering persons with disabilities through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) reflects a fundamental shift in India’s legal and institutional approach toward equality, dignity, and inclusion. Anchored in the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, and supported by national programmes like Digital India and Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan, ICT has become central to ensuring access to education, employment, communication, and public services for individuals with diverse disabilities. Assistive tools such as screen readers, speech-to-text converters, and AI-powered navigation devices enable independent learning and mobility, while inclusive digital platforms expand professional opportunities and civic participation. Judicial pronouncements, including National Federation of the Blind v. UPSC and Deaf Employees Welfare Association v. Union of India, have reinforced the constitutional imperative of using technology to bridge systemic barriers. Regulatory bodies like UGC, AICTE, and RCI have also institutionalized accessibility standards, inclusive pedagogy, and academic accommodations. While AI further enhances personalized support, ethical concerns and uneven access highlight the need for responsible design and implementation. Ensuring universal access, affordability, and awareness remains key to transforming ICT from a technological aid into a rights-based instrument of empowerment for persons with disabilities.

Key words: ICT, Persons with Disabilities, RPwD Act 2016, Assistive Technology, Inclusive Education, Digital Accessibility, AI for Inclusion, Disability Rights, Dworkin’s Law as Integrity, , WCAG, Equal Opportunity, Empowerment, Indian Legal Framework

BRIDGING THE BENCH AND BAR : THE CASE FOR MANDATORY JUDICIAL PRACTICE

AUTHOR – UTSAB SENGUPTA, STUDENT AT SIKSHA O ANUSANDHAN NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – UTSAB SENGUPTA, A BRIDGING THE BENCH AND BAR : THE CASE FOR MANDATORY JUDICIAL PRACTICE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 404-407, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

This article critically examines the recent judicial mandate requiring a minimum of three years of legal practice for entry-level judges in India, highlighting the growing emphasis on bridging the gap between legal theory and practical experience. Tracing the evolution of this debate through landmark judgments and reports such as the All India Judges Association cases, the Law Commission’s 117th Report, and the Shetty Commission recommendations, the paper underscores the judicial rationale for reinstating mandatory bar practice. It evaluates the implications of this policy on aspiring judicial candidates, particularly those from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, corporate legal sectors, and women balancing career breaks. While acknowledging the drawbacks, the article also explores the significant advantages of experiential learning in developing judicial competence, ethical conduct, and courtroom confidence. The analysis concludes that despite its challenges, the new mandate is a prudent move toward enhancing the quality, sensitivity, and preparedness of the Indian judiciary.

A SOCIO LEGAL ANALYSIS ON THE PERCEPTION/ ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN INDIA

AUTHOR – JEEVA, STUDENT AT SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF LAW, SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES (SIMATS), SAVEETHA UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – JEEVA. J, A SOCIO LEGAL ANALYSIS ON THE PERCEPTION/ ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE SAME SEX MARRIAGE IN INDI, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 380-403, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Each individual’s journey through life is unique some will make this journey alone,others in loving relations may be in marriage or other forms of commitment. The term Gay marriage is a marriage marriage between tha partner of same sex. Same-sex marriage alludes to the lawful acknowledgment of the relationship between two man of a similar sex by which freedoms, obligations, and honors concurred to wedded hetero couples are reached out to their equivalent sex partners. As of same-sex marriage can be tracked down in 35 states and DC, and is sanctioned in 17 nations across the world. Equality marriage is marriage between individuals who are of the same legal or biological sex.Same sex marriage as well as marriages were quite prevalent in early medieval times.In Asia same sex attraction has been recorded from ancient times in east, usually between “MEN”. In India,the lopsided speed of legitimizing same-sex marriage has pessimistic outcomes on same-sex families with small kids, exposing them to unjustifiable monetary and profound weigh. Gay marriage is the threat to the institution of marriage. It is believed that same sex marriage undermines the sanctity of marriage.it is an untried social experiment. The main objective of this research is to find out what are all the pros and cons if the sex marriage was legalized in India. There are 200 samples were collected through simple random sampling method. The findings is that the recognition of gay marriage as a human right is gaining increasing support among the activist and the Indian government has not taken any steps to legalise them at the national level.

KEY WORDS: emotional burden, same-sex, negative consequences, equality, families.

A STUDY ON COPYRIGHT OWNERSHIP BY SMALL ENTITIES IN CHENNAI

AUTHOR – JEEVA. J, STUDENT AT SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF LAW, SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES (SIMATS), SAVEETHA UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – JEEVA. J, A STUDY ON COPYRIGHT OWNERSHIP BY SMALL ENTITIES IN CHENNAI, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 355-379, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT:

Copyright is generally owned by the creator of the work in the first instance. However, copyright ownership depends on a number of different things such as the type of work created or how the work was created, for example by an employee as part of their job. Determining who owns copyright in a work can be complex.Copyright ownership is separate from owning the physical object/work. Just because you physically own an item does not mean that you will own the copyright in the item. An author or creator may sell you their work, but they will retain ownership of copyright. Unless you made an agreement with the author/creator to transfer copyright, you will not own copyright. The creator will still have the right to reproduce, publish or communicate the work (as well as grant those rights to other people) that you own. If you do not own copyright in the work, you will not be allowed to use it without permission from the author or creator. The study deals with empirical research i.e., non-doctrinal study. It deals with both primary as well as secondary sources of data and various secondary sources like books, articles, research papers etc. were used as reference. The method of collecting is through a direct survey method by people’s opinion and answers to the questionnaires.Convenient sampling method was used for the purpose of this study. There are a total of 200 samples collected with regard to this study.The independent variables are Age, Gender and Education qualification. The statistical tool used is SPSS.

KEYWORDS: Copyright, publication, registration, ownership, infringement, small entity.

PROCEDURAL INEFFICIENCIES THAT BURDEN THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE IN INDIA

AUTHOR – ABHISHEK.R.TIWARI, STUDENT AT ILS LAW COLLEGE

BEST CITATION – ABHISHEK.R.TIWARI, PROCEDURAL INEFFICIENCIES THAT BURDEN THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (11) OF 2025, PG. 349-354, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

INTRODUCTION

The history of Judiciary in India dates long back the period of civilization which was governed by Natural laws or the self proclaimed divine rules. According to these laws and theories, the sovereign had the most legitimate authority to rule a particular territory and they were considered the sole minister of justice, as was believed by the scholars of that era that God himself has granted them the divine right to rule. This was assumed because the Indian society in its budding age was classified on the basis of the occupation (Varna). It was derived from the Ancient Vedic Texts; this was very flexible noble form of division of the society, allowing people to change their social stratum in relation to their proclivity toward a particular line of occupation permitting mobility in their social conditions. This comprehensive system of division of labor and social status promoted harmony and order in the society. This form societal structure also laid down certain moral and theological procedures provisions to resolve conflict in the society if any which were called the rules according to the Dharma or the way life.