Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

A DETAILED STUDY ON THE LIABILITY OF THE EMPLOYER TO COMPENSATE THE EMPLOYEE UNDER THE EMPLOYEES’ COMPENSATION ACT, 1923

AUTHOR – TASNEEM BANU T, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW THE TAMIL NADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – TASNEEM BANU T, A DETAILED STUDY ON THE LIABILITY OF THE EMPLOYER TO COMPENSATE THE EMPLOYEE UNDER THE EMPLOYEES’ COMPENSATION ACT, 1923, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1125-1129, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

The Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923 is one of the foundational social welfare legislations in India, enacted to provide financial protection to employees and their dependents against risks arising from workplace accidents and occupational diseases. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the statutory framework governing the liability of employers to compensate employees under the Act. Rooted in the principle of vicarious liability, the legislation imposes a statutory obligation on employers to compensate employees for personal injuries caused by accidents arising out of and in the course of employment, irrespective of fault.

The study examines the essential conditions for claiming compensation under Section 3, including the requirement of personal injury, causal connection between employment and accident, and disability exceeding three days. It further analyses the computation of compensation under Sections 4 and 5, the procedural safeguards under Sections 4A, 7, 8, 9, and 10, and the role of the Commissioner in adjudication. The paper also explores occupational diseases under Schedule III and doctrines such as added peril, contributory negligence, and self-inflicted injury, which limit employer liability in specific circumstances.

Judicial interpretations have significantly shaped the scope of employer liability. Landmark decisions have clarified that employer liability extends even to injuries caused by natural events, third-party acts, and employment-related stress, provided a nexus with employment is established. The paper highlights how courts have adopted a welfare-oriented approach to ensure social justice while balancing reasonable limitations. The study concludes that the Act plays a vital role in strengthening labour welfare by ensuring timely compensation, protecting dependents, and reinforcing the employer’s statutory duty. Despite evolving labour reforms, the fundamental principles of employer liability under the Act continue to uphold the objectives of social security and financial protection for employees.

Keywords: Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923, Employer’s Liability, Occupational Diseases. Arising out of and in the Course of Employment)

DOCTRINE OF NOTIONAL EXTENSION UNDER LABOUR LAW: A LEGAL ANALYSIS

AUTHOR – SABARI VEERA V, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – SABARI VEERA V, DOCTRINE OF NOTIONAL EXTENSION UNDER LABOUR LAW: A LEGAL ANALYSIS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1121-1124, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The Doctrine of Notional Extension is a significant judicial innovation under Indian labour jurisprudence that expands the scope of employer liability beyond the strict physical and temporal limits of the workplace. Rooted in Section 3(1) of the Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923, the doctrine addresses the interpretative challenge of determining when an accident can be said to have arisen “out of and in the course of employment.” Traditional interpretations confined employment to fixed working hours and designated premises; however, evolving employment conditions necessitated a broader and more realistic approach. The doctrine conceptually extends the employer’s premises and employment conditions to include situations reasonably incidental to employment, such as employer-provided transport, work-related travel, and acts connected with employment duties.

This paper examines the conceptual foundation, statutory basis, and judicial development of the doctrine through landmark decisions of Indian courts. It analyses how courts have balanced the requirement of causal nexus with the principles of social justice to ensure compensation for employment-related risks occurring outside the workplace. The study further explores circumstances where the doctrine has been denied application, thereby identifying its limitations and exceptions, including cases involving willful misconduct, intoxication, or absence of employment nexus.

Additionally, the paper discusses the continuity of this doctrine under the Code on Social Security, 2020, highlighting its relevance in contemporary labour law. By analysing statutory provisions and judicial precedents, the article demonstrates that the Doctrine of Notional Extension plays a vital role in strengthening employee protection and reinforcing the welfare-oriented character of Indian labour legislation. The doctrine thus serves as a bridge between rigid statutory interpretation and the practical realities of modern employment relationships.

(Keywords: Doctrine of Notional Extension, Employees’ Compensation Act, 1923, Arising out of and in the Course of Employment, Employer’s Liability)

THE SILENT CRISIS: REGIONAL DIVERGENCES, ECONOMIC ABUSE, AND THE CASE FOR GENDER-NEUTRAL LAWS IN INDIA

AUTHORS– POOJA CHATURVEDI* & JUHI SAXENA**

* STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

BEST CITATION – POOJA CHATURVEDI & JUHI SAXENA, THE SILENT CRISIS: REGIONAL DIVERGENCES, ECONOMIC ABUSE, AND THE CASE FOR GENDER-NEUTRAL LAWS IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1111-1120, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates the underreported crisis of domestic violence against men in India, highlighting how rigid constructs of hegemonic masculinity and the cultural paradigm of “Mard ko dard nahi hota” systematically silence male victims. The stigma of male victimhood is further compounded by the existential threat of “legal terrorism,” wherein gender-biased laws such as Section 498A are weaponized to create a state of legal paralysis that traps men in abusive marriages. Through a multi-dimensional framework, the study explores regional disparities—from rural agrarian belts and matrilineal societies to the vulnerable Ghar Jamai phenomenon—while exposing the severe but invisible nature of economic abuse, such as salary appropriation and employment sabotage. A primary theoretical contribution of this research is the introduction of the “Cycle of Silence” model, which maps the male victim’s trajectory through four distinct phases: masculine denial, social isolation, legal paralysis, and psychological collapse. Ultimately, the paper connects this unaddressed trauma to severe psychological impacts, including high rates of male suicide, and advocates for gender-neutral legal reforms, male-sensitive counseling protocols, and dedicated state support infrastructure to guarantee protection for all citizens.

Keywords: Domestic Violence Against Men, Hegemonic Masculinity, Legal Terrorism, Cycle of Silence.

PSYCHOLOGICAL MANUPULATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA ADS

AUTHORS – ARAVIND A* & SUGITHKUMAR RG**

* STUDENT AT THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TARAMANI, CHENNAI

** PROFESSOR AT THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TARAMANI, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – ARAVIND A & SUGITHKUMAR RG, PSYCHOLOGICAL MANUPULATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA ADS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1103-1110, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

          While, this has become a practise for businesses to connect with consumers, it also raised alarm bells about the psychological exploitation of end-users on social media. This paper investigates the emotional appeal to providing social media ads with targeted and personalized content to be transferred to consumer behaviour. By using psychological tricks appeal to emotion, human insecurities, the pursuit of pleasure and happiness or the desire to fit into society advertisers manipulate users’ fears to make them buy. The paper starts with a look at advertising psychology and explains that human emotions are fundamentally engaged in the decision-making process. It explains how social media platforms facilitate such manipulation through algorithms and data analytics that allow for ads to be targeted via granular individual-level information using emotional appeals. Here, several emotional vulnerabilities in the form of FOMO, body image issues, low self-esteem, and social validation seeking are researched, each an exploitation point for ad copy to inspire an emotional response or increase purchase. In this respect, the paper reflects quite a list of manipulative strategies advertisement players use to enhance emotional engagement, including: emotional targeting, neuromarketing, scarcity appeals, and storytelling. Although they might be effective in terms of attracting interest on the side of customers, such manipulative strategies contain many ethical issues, specifically concerning implications for already vulnerable target groups: youth and people with mental health issues. Arguing that current law and regulation cannot provide any check on manipulative practices, the paper examines the legal and regulatory framework in place for digital advertising. By stressing the need for greater regulation, increased transparency, and the education of the consumer to protect against emotional exploitation, this paper finally brings forth a balanced approach toward consumers without hindering technological advances in the advertising world.

MENS RIGHTS:  A QUESTION OF BIAS

AUTHOR – SAANJH INUGANTI, STUDENT AT NARSEE MONJEE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NAVI MUMBAI

BEST CITATION – SAANJH INUGANTI, MENS RIGHTS:  A QUESTION OF BIAS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1099-1102, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Both men and women have been subjected to offenses of criminal and civil nature. Most of these cases aren’t reported, not having a documentation of the clear data on the crimes on men v. women. There has been a significant hike on the cases registered against women lately, leading to implementation of multiple stringent legislations for their protection. However, these laws are biased against men in multiple cases. This article attempts to highlight one of those biases in a particular section of a newly amended law of the British origin- IPC, now the BNS.

Keywords: Unique; Introspective; Suggestive; Crisp; Mind-bending.

FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS: DETECTION, ANALYSIS, AND LEGAL ADMISSIBILITY

AUTHOR – BELSY J* & SUGITH KUMAR R G**

* STUDENT AT THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TARAMANI, CHENNAI

** PROFESSOR AT THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TARAMANI, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – BELSY J & SUGITH KUMAR R G, FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS: DETECTION, ANALYSIS, AND LEGAL ADMISSIBILITY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1088-1098, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT:

Questioned document examination, commonly referred to as forensic document examination, is regarded as a highly intricate and vital branch of forensic science. It plays a crucial role in supporting the legal system through the application of sophisticated analytical methods and scientific principles required for verifying the authenticity, origin, and integrity of both physical and digital documents. This discipline is extensively utilized in various contexts, including criminal investigations, civil litigation, financial fraud detection, and historical research.

Documents such as wills, checks, passports, and contracts are essential not only for everyday transactions but also within the legal arena. Many criminal activities frequently involve disputed or questionable documentation. With technological advancements, instances of forgery and crimes such as counterfeit currency and falsified documents have risen significantly. Therefore, forensic expertise is essential for identifying, evaluating, and determining the legal admissibility of these documents.

When there are doubts regarding the authenticity or legitimacy of a document, it is classified as a questioned document; however, it is important to note that not all questioned documents are fraudulent. The analysis process includes comparing handwriting samples, assessing paper and ink quality, examining printing techniques, identifying inconsistencies such as erasures or variations in stroke patterns among others.

Albert S. Osborn established fundamental standards that have been adopted by courts, forming the basis for the scientific investigation of disputed documents. This paper discusses the importance of examining questioned documents along with their classifications; outlines collection and handling procedures; examines tools and techniques used in analysis; describes methods for age determination; addresses issues related to legal admissibility; highlights associated challenges; and emphasizes the need for reforms aimed at enhancing the field of questioned document examination.

Keywords: Questioned Documents, Handwriting, Handwriting Identification, Forgery, Ink Examination.

“RIGHT TO DIGITAL ACCESS AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT UNDER ARTICLE 21 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA”

AUTHOR – DR. RAJEEV KUMAR SINGH* & SWATI PAL**

* ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LAW AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL LUCKNOW, AMITY UNIVERSITY, UTTAR PRADESH, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

** STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL LUCKNOW, AMITY UNIVERSITY, UTTAR PRADESH, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

BEST CITATION – DR. RAJEEV KUMAR SINGH & SWATI PAL, “RIGHT TO DIGITAL ACCESS AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT UNDER ARTICLE 21 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1074-1086, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/BUDF2903

Abstract

The rapid growth of digital technology has transformed the way individuals access education, employment, healthcare, governance, and information. In contemporary India, internet connectivity is no longer a luxury but an essential requirement for meaningful participation in social and economic life. This paper examines whether the Right to Digital Access can be recognized as an integral part of Article 21 of the Constitution of India, which guarantees the Right to Life and Personal Liberty. The background of the study lies in the judicial expansion of Article 21, where courts have interpreted “life” to include dignity, privacy, livelihood, and other essential rights necessary for a meaningful existence. The central research problem addressed in this paper is whether denial or unreasonable restriction of digital access affects the constitutional guarantee of life and liberty. The study also explores the connection between digital access and other fundamental rights, including freedom of speech and expression, equality, education, and privacy. The research adopts a doctrinal and analytical methodology. It relies on constitutional provisions, landmark judicial decisions, scholarly writings, and government policies related to digital infrastructure. Key judgments concerning privacy and internet restrictions have been examined to understand evolving judicial trends. The findings indicate that digital access is closely linked to the realization of multiple fundamental rights. Although it has not yet been expressly declared as an independent fundamental right, judicial reasoning suggests that access to the internet forms an important part of constitutional freedoms in the digital age. The paper concludes that recognizing digital access within the framework of Article 21 would strengthen democratic participation, promote equality, and ensure that technological progress benefits all sections of society.

Keywords-Article 21, Right to Digital Access, Digital Divide, Internet Shutdown, Fundamental Rights

REGULATING CRYPTOCURRENCY IN INDIA: BALANCING INNOVATION AND FINANCIAL SECURITY

AUTHOR – RISHI AJMERA, STUDENT AT CHRIST DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – RISHI AJMERA, REGULATING CRYPTOCURRENCY IN INDIA: BALANCING INNOVATION AND FINANCIAL SECURITY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1065-1073, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/VDCQ9601

Abstract

The advent of digital currencies has brought with it very significant implications for India’s financial regulatory landscape, most notably how to strike a balance between technological innovation and financial security and stability. Indian financial legislation, based on a number of statutes such as the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, Banking Regulation Act, 1949, and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002, does not explicitly define “cryptocurrency” as a valid financial instrument. More recent events, such as taxation measures under the Finance Act, 2022, and RBI advisories, reiterate the policy of regulatory restraint while placing cryptocurrencies in the realm of a legal grey area. This essay argues that Indian financial law needs an integrated framework that understands the dual character of cryptocurrency as a new technology as well as a prospective financial threat. It promotes transparent regulatory frameworks that safeguard consumers and financial stability while supporting technological development and financial inclusion.

Keywords: Cryptocurrency Regulation, Financial Innovation, Digital Assets, CBDC, Financial Security, Regulatory Framework.

ABUSE OF DOMINANCE BY GOOGLE: IMPACT ON COMPETITORS, CONSUMERS, AND LEGAL ACTION

AUTHOR- NANDINI BHILALA & CHETAN ASHKE,

BALLB (HONS.)  4^TH YEAR STUDENTS AT NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, BHOPAL

BEST CITATION – NANDINI BHILALA & CHETAN ASHKE, ABUSE OF DOMINANCE BY GOOGLE: IMPACT ON COMPETITORS, CONSUMERS, AND LEGAL ACTION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1058-1064, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

This paper will look into how Google has exploited its dominance in digital markets through the competition law. Although its innovations are helpful to consumers, tying, bundling, self-preferencing, and control over user data practices pose very serious competition issues as they limit consumer choice and provide small companies with high barriers of entry. The paper analyses the law framework, Article 102 TFEU, Sherman Act and Section 4 of the Competition Act 2002 of India and assesses regulatory measures in the EU, the US and India. It concludes that current legislation can be frequently unable to deal with the issues of the digital market and that the active and technology-sensitive changes should be undertaken to safeguard the competition and consumer interests.

Keywords – Abuse of Dominance, Google, Competition Law, Digital Markets, Antitrust Regulation, Consumer Welfare, Market Power, Regulatory Framework

THE PANOPTIC SORT: RECONSTRUCTING THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN THE AGE OF ALGORITHMIC SURVEILLANCE

AUTHOR – DR PAULINE PRIYA S, PRINCIPAL AT ST JOSEPHS COLLEGE OF LAW, BENGALURU

BEST CITATION – DR PAULINE PRIYA S, THE PANOPTIC SORT: RECONSTRUCTING THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN THE AGE OF ALGORITHMIC SURVEILLANCE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1053-1057, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI  https://doi.org/10.65393/WHPC1647

ABSTRACT

The right to privacy, once conceived as the fundamental right to be let alone, faces an existential crisis in the digital age. The pervasive extraction, analysis, and commodification of personal data by state and corporate actors have transformed privacy from a question of secrecy to one of power and autonomy. This article undertakes a socio-legal analysis of this transformation, examining how jurisprudence is evolving often belatedly to address challenges posed by surveillance capitalism, algorithmic decision-making, and the dissolution of public/private boundaries. It argues that traditional individualistic frameworks are inadequate to protect collective social identities and autonomy. By analyzing landmark case law from 2024 and 2025 across multiple jurisdictions including the Supreme Court of Canada’s rulings, the Supreme People’s Court of China’s data rights cases, and significant American jury verdicts this paper charts the emergence of new legal theories. It explores concepts of privacy as trust, group rights to privacy, and statutory torts as mechanisms to recalibrate the balance of power. The article concludes that safeguarding privacy in the contemporary moment requires a paradigm shift: moving from protecting individual secrets to regulating the technological and commercial infrastructures that enable mass surveillance, thereby preserving the conditions necessary for democratic participation and individual autonomy.

Keywords: Right to Privacy, Digital Age, Surveillance Capitalism, Algorithmic Governance, Data Protection, Socio-Legal Studies, Autonomy