Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

SOCIAL, LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES OF E-COMMERCE

AUTHOR – DR. DEMA MATROUK ALOUN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF COMMERCIAL LAW, FACULTY OF LAW/ ZARQA UNIVERSITY. CONTACT – DALOUN@ZU.EDU.JO

BEST CITATION – DR. DEMA MATROUK ALOUN, SOCIAL, LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES OF E-COMMERCE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (2) OF 2024, PG. 873-880, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

1. Introduction to Social Commerce

With all of these benefits come a number of ethical as well as legal considerations to address. In this chapter, we first define social commerce and then discuss ethical issues. Next, we discuss a variety of legal issues, including those that arise with promotions and advertising, consumer review fairness, intellectual property, the use of social data, and jurisdiction. It is important for merchants, as well as consumers, to be aware of and address these considerations to ensure that social commerce’s full potential can be realized in a responsible way.

In the 21st century, it’s all about being social online. Social media platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, have created virtual spaces where people can interact, share ideas, and collaborate like never before. Social commerce (s-commerce) takes e-commerce to the next level by facilitating and enhancing the online shopping experience through the use of social media. With social commerce, consumers can share, like, comment, and review products as well as make purchases all in one place. Merchants can then take advantage of the social data generated by consumers to provide highly personalized shopping experiences. This data can also be used to target specific consumer groups for marketing and advertising purposes.

Keywords: E-commerce, Legal, Ethical, Issues, Socia, Commerce

A THEORY OF THE BANKING FIRM

AUTHOR – DR. DEMA MATROUK ALOUN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF COMMERCIAL LAW, FACULTY OF LAW/ ZARQA UNIVERSITY. CONTACT – DALOUN@ZU.EDU.JO

BEST CITATION – DR. DEMA MATROUK ALOUN, A THEORY OF THE BANKING FIRM, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (2) OF 2024, PG. 859-872, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The theory of the banking firm proposed in this paper is essentially a version of the “New Theories of the Firm” based on product differentiation rather than price discrimination. The firm is assumed to exist because it has a cost-reducing role in the phases of the productive process which concern consumers’ goods, just as the bank has a clear role in the allocation of productive resources. However, I shall maintain that the special role of the bank is successful only in a particular structure of financial markets. Transaction costs and uncertainty are shown to motivate the existence of the banking firm. The indispensable function of the bank is to supply to depositors non-neutrality of wallpaper, i.e. to supply liquidity. The decisions of bank depositors are analyzed and the cash-in-advance constraint is derived. Some bank behavior, such as the desire for deposits, the desire for collaboration with the State and the determination of financial and policy equality, are also studied. Formal demonstration is carried out of the Keynesian theory that the propensity to create liquidity can be either too high or too low in terms of the performance of the economy.

Keywords: Theory, Banking Firm, Financial, commercial.

AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CRIMES

AUTHOR – DR. DEMA MATROUK ALOUN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF COMMERCIAL LAW, FACULTY OF LAW/ ZARQA UNIVERSITY. CONTACT – DALOUN@ZU.EDU.JO

BEST CITATION – DR. DEMA MATROUK ALOUN, AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CRIMES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (2) OF 2024, PG. 844-858, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

 Introduction to International Commercial Crimes

International commercial crimes are crimes that are intended to protect the virtue of worldwide trading, such as smuggling, fraud, fake documents, trade boycott, policy backing, and economic espionage, bribery, intellectual and movable property, and relationship with some selected states. This essay focuses on bribery, as it is affecting some countries and the process of making some of the Herlang regulation against bribery. There is so much information to assess in the news database. However, some of the essays indeed contain so much imprecise information, such as the use of coercions in bribery transmission, the possible outcome of bribery cases, the purpose of the analysis, development, and approval of the conflict of interests by the Employees’ Self-governance Regulation act, the pursuing of a case by the bribed enterprise or an individual, the required extent by international law, the progression of investigation against bribery, an interpretation of the activity of investigating against the sending of internal information, the conversion of secrecy duty to loyalty, an interpretation of conducting separation of a company by its stockholder, and the beneficial role of a criminal offense provision.

International commerce becomes indispensable in today’s competing international market. On the other hand, international commercial crimes such as smuggling, fraud, fake documents, trade boycott, policy backing, and economic espionage and the favor of the techniques and means of the settlement are becoming unexpected, avant-garde, and hard to detect and resist. The theft of the international commercial sector is estimated to amount to one million in the world every day. The 5% coefficient of the agreement among the international trades can successfully refer to those of the commercial fraud and the commercial espionage. The smooching value estimated at 1 or 2% of the overall trade on a tariff rates is the ground confirmed by one of the current literations. Among the worst strong forces where binaries are rampant, approximately 3 or 5% are involved in the payment of it. Companies must be equipped with the wide knowledge of the trends and the probable styles of the commercial crimes as stated above, without adequate prevention of threats and exposure, in accordance with the provisions of the objectives of the Crimes and Punishment against the provisions of the Judiciary Administrative Process

Keywords: International, Commercial Crimes, Crimes, Administrative Process.

AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS LOANS

AUTHOR – DR.MOHAMMAD MAHMOUD SAID ALDAWOUD, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF COMMERCIAL LAW, FACULTY OF LAW/ ZARQA UNIVERSITY. CONTACT – MALDAWOUD@ZU.EDU.JO

BEST CITATION – DR.MOHAMMAD MAHMOUD SAID ALDAWOUD, AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS LOANS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (2) OF 2024, PG. 831-843, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

1. ABSTRACT

A business loan is a traditional, albeit reliable, source of capital for enterprises. It is a means to operate and get funds in order to grow. It is important to know how a business loan works and also ensure that it helps your company and does not harm it. A business loan is a loan that is given to a business, and not to an individual. It is, however, similar to the conventional personal loan in many ways. Either can be used for taking out funds in order to purchase required items like equipment or expand sales. Similarly to a personal loan, a business loan should be paid back within an agreed term.

The person who runs the corporation or business must be extremely different from the business itself. There is a “veil of liability” that should keep the corporation separate. When corporations are formed, they are usually by their nature limited liability entities. This means that the owners are not held personally responsible for the debts of the corporation. Therefore, when a corporation asks or applies for a loan, the corporation is liable for that. If the corporation is unable to repay it, then the corporation is liable to go bankrupt. However, the assets of the person are safe.

It is necessary for any business, whether it be small or big, to obtain the right kind of business loan.

Keywords: Loans, Business Loans, Business Loan Market, Jordan Law.

THE LEGAL SCOPE OF THE INVENTOR’S RIGHTS

AUTHOR – DR. MOHAMMED MUSLIM AL-ZAWAHREH, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, FACULTY OF LAW/ ZARQA UNIVERSITY. CONTACT – MALZAWAHREH@ZU.EDU.JO

BEST CITATION – DR. MOHAMMED MUSLIM AL-ZAWAHREH, THE LEGAL SCOPE OF THE INVENTOR’S RIGHTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (2) OF 2024, PG. 824-830, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

1. ABSTRACT

This work is prepared in response to the fact that the present era has reflected a climate conducive to invention in virtually every field. International commercial trade is increasing rapidly and presenting innumerable contracts and relationships in technology transfer, collaboration, and joint ventures. Moreover, there is also a significant rise in the number of disputes between foreign business entities, as well as between businesses and states, over investments, contracts, and dealings in intellectual property, technology, and trade secrets. A common feature of these kinds of controversies is that the aggrieved party is likely to seek redress which interferes with the rights and interests of other private persons or enterprises. This can happen through court orders or arbitration awards aimed at seizing or compelling the release of intellectual or industrial property, adjudicating its ownership or validity, or directing the infringer or a third party to stop using or to deliver up the things found to infringe.

AN ANALYSIS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA

AUTHOR – MS. BIJAYA DAS, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, FACULTY OF LAW & FORENSIC SCIENCES, APEX PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY, PASIGHAT, ARUNACHAL PRADESH

BEST CITATION – MS. BIJAYA DAS, AN ANALYSIS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (2) OF 2024, PG. 815-823, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

The term “intellectual property” refers to works of art, literary creations, and inventions as well as trademarked designs, symbols, names, and pictures. They often provide the creator an exclusive, time-limited right to use their invention. The protection of ideas and the advancement of creative research are the main objectives of intellectual property. It is legally protected by patents, copyright, and trademarks, which let people profit financially or gain notoriety from their inventions. When obtaining intellectual property rights in India, there are numerous challenges that one must overcome, including the prevention of patent evergreening, the protection of traditional knowledge, subsidies, and intellectual property difficulties. The outlets for enforcing intellectual property are law enforcement, customs, and the court system. Trademarks and copyright can be enforced through both criminal and civil litigation, unlike patents and designs, which can only be enforced through civil litigation. Lack of awareness of intellectual property protection, judicial backlogs, insufficient legislation, and ineffective application and monitoring of these regulations are the difficulties facing in intellectual property enforcement.

Keywords: Intellectual Property, enforcement, challenges, issues, government initiative.

THE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP OF MUD & CRYSTALS IN INDIAN PROPERTY LAW

AUTHOR – GARRV LODDHA JAIN & SHARAN SAI VENKATA SUBHASH POKURU, STUDENT AT O.P. JINDAL GLOBAL UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – GARRV LODDHA JAIN & SHARAN SAI VENKATA SUBHASH POKURU, THE SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP OF MUD & CRYSTALS IN INDIAN PROPERTY LAW, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (2) OF 2024, PG. 809-814, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The article explores the complexities of property law, which is defined as a collection of rights that belong to an individual, and provides further details on the strict and permissive legal theories that underpin these rights. According to the conventional perspective, property law is a “crystal” structure with precise, rigid regulations that specify certain results, including property loss from delinquent loans or unregistered deeds, or the sale of properties that aren’t really good without disclosure. But by combining both strict “crystal” and flexible “mud” principles, the Indian Transfer of Property Act presents a more balanced picture. The goal of this coexistence is to guarantee the effective administration of property law by striking a balance between the stability of rights and obligations and flexibility in response to changing conditions. With a fresh perspective on how these doctrines work within the legal system, this study seeks to offer a thorough understanding of these ideas. It looks at how these components interact in order to further our knowledge of the dual nature of property law and how it affects jurisprudence and legal practice.

A CRITICAL STUDY ON MINIMUM ALTERNATIVE TAX IN INDIA

AUTHOR – RAGHUNATH, M, LL.M (TAXATION LAW), SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – RAGHUNATH, M, A CRITICAL STUDY ON MINIMUM ALTERNATIVE TAX IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (2) OF 2024, PG. 804-808, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

            Minimum alternate taxation is a measure taken by the legislature to address the issue that companies which declare high profits, but pay low or no taxes (‘zero-tax’ companies). Parliament has experimented with numerous approaches to legislate MAT since 1983 and continues to do so in the proposed Direct Tax Code. This paper shows the various changes made in MAT regime over the years and the interpretational problems that have arisen with provisions of MAT credit, advance payment and calculation of book profits. It then considers the demerits of this taxation regime with reference to the economic effects of the burden of this tax, and the attendant compliance and record-keeping costs. With this in mind, this paper argues that the MAT regime should be modified and puts forth two proposals for reform.

Keywords: Minimum Alternative Tax, Companies, Book profits, Zero tax companies

A CRITICAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IMPLEMENTING THE CHILD LABOUR (PROHIBITION AND REGULATION) ACT, 1986 IN THE FIRE CRACKER INDUSTRIES OF SIVAKASI

AUTHOR – SWETHA.R, STUDENT AT SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF LAW, SAVEETHA INSTITUTION OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCE (SIMATS), SAVEETHA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – SWETHA.R, A CRITICAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IMPLEMENTING THE CHILD LABOUR (PROHIBITION AND REGULATION) ACT, 1986 IN THE FIRE CRACKER INDUSTRIES OF SIVAKASI, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (2) OF 2024, PG. 787-803, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

India has a long history of child labour due to socio-economic disparities. The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, is a crucial piece of legislation that marked a significant turning point in the country’s approach to addressing child labor. The majore objective of this study is to find the effectiveness of implementing the child labour (prohibition and regulation) act, 1986 in the fire crackers industry of sivakasi. The research type followed here is empirical research and the data was collected from 216 respondents through a convenient sampling method. And it was collected in and around chennai. It is found that most of the respondents rated 6 out of 10 for the effectiveness of the act. Also, people stated providing alternative livelihhood fir families are the effective way to reduce child labour in the fire cracker industries of sivakasi. In conclusion, the study on the effectiveness of the Child Labour Act in the fireworks industry of Sivakasi raises important concerns. While there have been significant improvements in curbing child labour in recent years, there is still work to be done. Enforcement of the Act remains a challenge, and socio-economic factors continue to contribute to child labour in the industry.

KEYWORDS : Child labour, Prohibition, Firecracker, Industry, Sivakasi.

A CRITICAL STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF MEDIA EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO, ILLICIT DRUGS AND ALCOHOLS ON YOUTH WITH REFERENCE TO CHENNAI

AUTHOR – GOWTHAM.P, STUDENT AT SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF LAW, SAVEETHA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES.

BEST CITATION – GOWTHAM.P, A CRITICAL STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF MEDIA EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO, ILLICIT DRUGS AND ALCOHOLS ON YOUTH WITH REFERENCE TO CHENNAI, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (2) OF 2024, PG. 774-786, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

Media exposure plays a significant role in shaping the perceptions, attitudes, and behaviours of young individuals. The pervasive presence of tobacco, illicit drugs, and alcohol in various media forms has raised concerns about its potential impact on youth. These substances are often portrayed glamorously in movies, television shows, music videos, and social media, potentially normalising their use and influencing young people’s decision-making processes. This study aims to investigate the types and frequency of media consumption among youth, identifying the primary sources of exposure to tobacco, illicit drugs, and alcohol, and to explore how these media representations influence youth perceptions and attitudes towards these substances. The Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003, prohibits advertising of tobacco products and mandates health warnings, while the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985, bans advertisements of narcotics and regulates their control. Additionally, it seeks to analyse the correlation between media exposure and actual substance use behaviours, determine if there are significant differences in impact among different demographic groups, and provide insights for developing targeted interventions and public health campaigns. This research aims to contribute to the growing body of literature on media influence and youth behaviour, offering evidence-based recommendations for stakeholders, including parents, educators, policymakers, and media creators, to enhance prevention efforts and safeguard the well-being of future generations.

KEY WORDS : Media, Exposure, Young, Substances use, Parents.