Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

AGENT AND PRINCIPAL: RIGHTS, DUTIES AND LIABILITIES OF PRINCIPAL AND AGENT: SCOPE AND LIMITATION, RATIFICATION AND REVOCATION OF AUTHORITY

AUTHORS – AARYAN RAJ KAUSHIK, STUDENT AT NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY ODISHA, CUTTACK

BEST CITATION – AARYAN RAJ KAUSHIK, AGENT AND PRINCIPAL: RIGHTS, DUTIES AND LIABILITIES OF PRINCIPAL AND AGENT: SCOPE AND LIMITATION, RATIFICATION AND REVOCATION OF AUTHORITY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 289-295, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the legal framework governing agency under the Indian Contract Act, 1872 is investigated to find out its relevance in modern commerce. It discusses the creation of the principal agent relationship, the jurisdiction in which it occurs, the powers and duties of the parties and the responsibilities of the parties. The sections 182 to 238 of the Act constitute a sound base for appreciating the principal and agents’ relationship, taking into consideration the details of key case laws.

The discussion also brings out the obligations and rights of both parties, the principal’s right to indemnity as held in Lloyd v Grace, Smith & Co. Retrospective validation of unauthorized acts through ratification is investigated as a means to enable trade based on transactional efficiency. Panorama Developments v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Ltd goes on to set out the scope of an agent’s authority is, i.e., express, implied, apparent.

There is also analysis of the limitations of authority and revocation in particular in irrevocable agencies. Globalization and Digital Commerce present a critical challenge in agency law, where traditional principles of agency law are increasingly limited.

The paper finally calls for several and much needed reforms in the Indian Agency Law. The Law should be adequately updated to address digital age complications and to step up safeguard against abuse of the power. The paper finishes with a call for striking this balance of rights, duties and liabilities so as to preserve the efficiency and adaptability of agency relationships in a haphazardly evolving commercial landscape.

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON LABOUR WELFARE LEGISLATIONS AND THE ISSUES AROUSED ALONG WITH THE DISPUTE RESOLUTIONS: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TAMIL NADU

(WITH SECONDARY DATA OF 2020, 2021, 2022)

AUTHOR – DHARUN.P.P, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – DHARUN.P.P, AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON LABOUR WELFARE LEGISLATIONS AND THE ISSUES AROUSED ALONG WITH THE DISPUTE RESOLUTIONS: SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TAMIL NADU (WITH SECONDARY DATA OF 2020, 2021, 2022), INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 275-288, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Labour welfare in India is a dynamic concept that encompasses a broad spectrum of services and programs aimed at improving the working and living conditions of labourers. This research paper examines the statutory framework governing labour welfare with a focus on the role of the Labour Welfare Board and the various social welfare schemes instituted for the benefit of unorganized and organized sector workers. The study outlines the intersection between legal mandates and social responsibility, aiming to evaluate the efficacy and outreach of government-initiated welfare schemes. This is a non – doctrinal research paper conducted using secondary data with references from statutes of labour reforms and regulations. It explores the impact, reach, and effectiveness of these schemes, especially among unorganized workers, and identifies the challenges in implementation. The study also offers suggestions for better coverage, awareness, and policy interventions. This study analyses the actions taken by the Tamil Nadu government on labour reforms and their skill development.

Key words: Tamil Nadu Government, unorganised workers, social welfare schemes.

ANALYSING THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL SECURITY IN INDIA AND UK

AUTHOR – P. PAVITHRA, STUDENT AT THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – P. PAVITHRA, ANALYSING THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL SECURITY IN INDIA AND UK, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 270-274, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Social security is a crucial element of a country’s welfare system, intended to offer financial protection and assistance to individuals in need. The idea differs from one nation to another, with the United Kingdom and India implementing unique methods based on their socio-economic contexts. In the UK, social security is mainly funded by the state and functions through a comprehensive welfare system that encompasses universal healthcare (NHS), unemployment benefits, state pensions, disability allowances, and child support. The system is sustained through taxes and National Insurance contributions, providing a thorough safety net for citizens and residents. Conversely, India employs a mixed strategy, integrating both state-funded initiatives and employer-based contributions. Social security in India consists of schemes such as the Employees’ Provident Fund (EPF), Employee State Insurance (ESI), Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, and various pension and healthcare programs aimed at unorganized sector workers. Given India’s large population and economic inequalities, the government emphasizes social assistance programs to support marginalized communities. Although both countries strive to deliver financial security and social welfare, the UK’s system is more organized and universal, while India’s approach is developing with a stronger focus on enhancing coverage and accessibility. Analyzing these systems reveals the influence of government policies, economic conditions, and social structures in shaping social security systems. In this article we are going to cover about the concept of social security in India and UK. It fully covers about the social security benefits of both the countries.

KEY WORDS: Social security, Universal credit, Maternity benefits, Medical benefits, Pension credit.

THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION: ADVANCING EFFICIENCY, FAIRNESS, AND ACCESSIBILITY IN MODERN DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS

AUTHORS – SHAKCHI VERMA* & DR. TARU MISHRA**

* LLM SCHOLAR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

** FACULTY AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – SHAKCHI VERMA& DR. TARU MISHRA, THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION: ADVANCING EFFICIENCY, FAIRNESS, AND ACCESSIBILITY IN MODERN DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 261-269, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) by improving efficiency, fairness, and accessibility in legal proceedings. This research explores the role of AI in ADR mechanisms, including mediation, arbitration, and online dispute resolution (ODR). AI-powered tools such as chatbots, predictive analytics, and automated decision-making systems are increasingly being integrated into dispute resolution processes to enhance neutrality, reduce costs, and expedite settlements. However, the implementation of AI in ADR also raises significant ethical and legal challenges, including algorithmic bias, transparency, accountability, and data security concerns. This paper provides a comparative analysis of AI-driven ADR models, examining their benefits and limitations while considering regulatory frameworks governing their use. By assessing the current landscape and potential future advancements, this study highlights how AI can contribute to a more efficient and accessible dispute resolution system while emphasizing the importance of human oversight. The findings suggest that while AI has the potential to enhance ADR significantly, a balanced approach integrating AI and human judgment is crucial for ensuring fairness and justice in dispute resolution.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Alternative Dispute Resolution, Mediation, Arbitration, Online Dispute Resolution, Legal Technology.

“AI AND HUMAN RIGHTS EMERGING ISSUES”

AUTHOR – RIDHIMA SINGH* & DR. JYOTSNA SINGH**

* LL.M. SCHOLAR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – RIDHIMA SINGH & DR. JYOTSNA SINGH, “AI AND HUMAN RIGHTS EMERGING ISSUES”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 250-260, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The rapid development and adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) have brought about numerous benefits, transforming industries such as healthcare, education, security, and finance. However, this technological revolution also raises pressing human rights concerns that require immediate and thoughtful attention. Emerging issues in the intersection of AI and human rights include data privacy, algorithmic discrimination, surveillance, freedom of expression, and labor market disruptions. Addressing these challenges necessitates a robust governance framework that prioritizes human dignity and ethical AI deployment.

Data privacy is one of the most critical challenges posed by AI technologies. AI systems often rely on large datasets, which may lead to unauthorized data collection, profiling, and breaches of personal information. Ensuring user consent and establishing stringent data protection measures is essential to safeguard privacy rights. Moreover, algorithmic discrimination, which occurs when AI systems produce biased outcomes, can exacerbate societal inequalities, particularly in areas such as hiring, healthcare, and criminal justice. Mitigating these biases requires transparency in algorithm design and the inclusion of diverse datasets.

The rise of AI-powered surveillance technologies threatens the right to privacy and freedom of assembly. Governments and corporations are increasingly adopting facial recognition and predictive analytics for monitoring purposes, which may lead to unjustified surveillance and authoritarian practices. Regulatory mechanisms must be implemented to ensure AI applications respect civil liberties and promote democratic values. AI’s role in generating misinformation and deepfakes further jeopardizes the right to information and democratic discourse, calling for ethical AI use and media literacy initiatives.

Furthermore, AI’s impact on the job market presents significant human rights challenges. The automation of routine tasks may displace millions of workers, exacerbating social inequalities and economic instability. Governments and industries must collaborate to develop reskilling programs and social safety nets to protect affected workers’ rights. Ethical considerations are also paramount in AI-driven healthcare and decision-making processes, where transparency and accountability are essential to ensure informed consent and patient autonomy.

To address these emerging issues, a human-rights-centric approach to AI development is necessary. International collaboration, multi-stakeholder engagement, and the establishment of ethical AI guidelines can help ensure that technological advancements do not come at the cost of human rights. Policymakers must develop legal frameworks that promote the responsible and transparent use of AI, prioritizing the rights and freedoms of individuals.

In conclusion, while AI has the potential to revolutionize society, it also presents complex human rights challenges that must be proactively addressed. By fostering ethical AI development and creating inclusive regulatory frameworks, we can ensure that technological advancements align with human rights principles, fostering a more equitable and just future.

KEYWORDS – Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Algorithmic Discrimination, Privacy, Surveillance, Ethical AI

THE PARDONING POWER UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

AUTHOR – YUKTA* & SACHIN KUMAR**,

* STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL –YUKTASINDHI89@GMAIL.COM

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL – SACHINKUMAR@UTTARANCHALUNIVERSITY.AC.IN

BEST CITATION – YUKTA & SACHIN KUMAR, THE PARDONING POWER UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 237-249, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

“In spite of the fact that it is a significant power, the exercise of pardoning power in India has been met with a wide range of difficulties and debates.   The study into the breadth of judicial review that pertains to clemency judgements involves a number of different dimensions, such as the extent of such review, the delays that are involved with the processing of mercy petitions, and the consequences that political considerations have on these findings.  These variables, when taken together, amount to a body of jurisprudence that is both complicated and constantly developing.   Through a series of landmark decisions that have shaped the way in which this authority is exercised in contemporary settings, the Supreme Court of India has exerted a substantial amount of impact on the separation of this power.

This research conducts an investigation into the constitutional, legal, and practical aspects of the pardoning authority in India. It examines the historical development of the authority, as well as its constitutional structure, extent, judicial interpretation, and the issues that it faces today.   The purpose of this analysis of a significant constitutional provision is to improve one’s understanding of the operational dynamics of the pardoning authority within the context of India’s democratic administration.  In addition to this, it investigates the continuous importance of this power in relation to the values of justice and humanitarianism.”

Keywords – Pardon, Clemency Powers, President, Governor, Humanitarian

DATA PRIVACY AND PROTECTION IN BANKING AND INSURANCE

AUTHOR –  DIVYANSHU BHARTI* & DR. AMIT DHALL**

*STUDENT OF LAW, AMITY LAW SCHOOL, NOIDA, UTTAR PRADESH

** FACULTY OF LAW, AMITY LAW SCHOOL, NOIDA, UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION – DIVYANSHU BHARTI & DR. AMIT DHALL, DATA PRIVACY AND PROTECTION IN BANKING AND INSURANCE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 226-236, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The increasing digitization of banking and insurance products and services has made data privacy and protection a high-priority topic. The Financial Institutions storages millions of tons of sensitive customer-related data, such as account information, personal details, and transaction history. This data can be easily manipulated with cyber-attacks, unauthorized access, and data breach; hence strengthened security is needed to safeguard it. Internationally, there exist certain regulations such as General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), and Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), which define international data protection standards. In the Indian context, financial institutions are subjected to data privacy practices by Information Technology Act, 2000; the proposed Personal Data Protection Bill (PDPB); and guidelines issued by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI).

Although strict laws and regulations exist, the challenges faced by financial institutions still remain. Some of these challenges include cyber threats, compliance with changing laws and regulations, risks pertaining to third parties, and a balancing act between security and customer convenience. Cyber threats such as phishing, ransomware attacks, and data breaches pose floodgates to secure banking and insurance data. Hence, the institutions should be installing strong cybersecurity standards, which may include encryption tools, two-factor authentication, and regular audits. Secure data storage, being compliant with regulations, customer awareness programs, and strong third-party risk management are some of the other strategies that need to be added. Informing consumers about phishing scams and frauds will help in creating an additional layer of defense towards securing data.

GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTS

AUTHOR – ARTH* & DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

** PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION – ARTH & DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH, GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 222-225, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract–

Gender discrimination in sports has been a long-standing issue, affecting athletes worldwide. Despite the progress made toward equality, disparities persist in areas such as pay, media representation, sponsorships, leadership roles, and access to resources. This research paper explores the historical context of gender discrimination in sports, examines current challenges, and discusses efforts to bridge the gap. By analyzing case studies, policies, and advocacy efforts, this paper aims to highlight the progress made and the work that remains to be done in achieving gender equity in sport

LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST FALSE ACCUSATION IN MEN

AUTHOR– KAMLAKSHI CHAUHAN* & DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

** PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION – KAMLAKSHI CHAUHAN & DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH, LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST FALSE ACCUSATION IN MEN, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 215-221, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Introduction

False accusations are a grave concern in any legal system, not only because they cause harm to the wrongly accused, but also because they undermine the credibility of real victims. In India, numerous laws exist to protect vulnerable individuals, especially women, from domestic violence, dowry harassment, sexual abuse, and workplace misconduct. While these laws serve a critical purpose in addressing systemic gender-based violence, their misuse has sparked a parallel issue — the victimization of innocent men through false accusations.

THE ROLE OF THE ENFORCEMENT DIRECTORATE IN THE INDIAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

AUTHOR – UJJWAL SHAHI * & AMBAR SRIVASTAVA**,

* STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL – SHAHIUJJWAL56@GMAIL.COM.

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL – AMBARSRI76@GMAIL.COM,

BEST CITATION – UJJWAL SHAHI & AMBAR SRIVASTAVA, THE ROLE OF THE ENFORCEMENT DIRECTORATE IN THE INDIAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 204-214, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

“This paper examines the evolving role of the Enforcement Directorate (ED) within India’s criminal justice system, focusing on its development as a specialized financial intelligence agency under the Ministry of Finance. Established in 1956 as the “Enforcement Unit,” the ED has transformed from enforcing foreign exchange regulations to combating sophisticated financial crimes. The research analyzes the ED’s legal foundation through three primary legislative frameworks: the Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999 (FEMA), the Prevention of Money Laundering Act 2002 (PMLA), and the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act 2018 (FEOA). These laws collectively empower the ED with extensive quasi-judicial and investigative powers, including abilities to summon individuals, conduct searches, seize assets, and arrest suspects. The study highlights the ED’s impact through high-profile case studies such as the Punjab National Bank scam, INX Media case, and 2G Spectrum allocation controversy, demonstrating its effectiveness in tackling complex economic offenses. However, the research also addresses significant criticisms facing the organization, including allegations of political bias, low conviction rates under PMLA, and concerns about operational overreach. Through comparative analysis with similar international agencies, the paper evaluates the ED’s independence, accountability mechanisms, and operational efficiency. Recent legal developments, including Supreme Court judgments and legislative amendments expanding the scope of economic offenses, are examined to understand the ED’s evolving jurisdiction. The research concludes by proposing recommendations for strengthening the ED’s investigative capabilities while ensuring fairness, transparency, and adherence to constitutional frameworks.”

Keywords:- Enforcement Directorate, FERA , FEMA, Agency,