Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK: LEGAL CHALLENGES IN CLOSING THE GENDER PAY GAP IN INDIA

AUTHOR – BRINDHA J, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU

BEST CITATION – BRINDHA J, EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK: LEGAL CHALLENGES IN CLOSING THE GENDER PAY GAP IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 965-970, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract:

This article critically examines the persistent gender pay gap in India, analyzing the effectiveness of existing legal frameworks and identifying systemic barriers to wage equality. It explores constitutional mandates, legislative measures, enforcement challenges, and judicial precedents. Comparative analysis with international practices and a set of policy recommendations are also included to guide future reforms. Bridging the pay gap is essential for inclusive development and economic justice.

Keywords: Equal Pay, Gender Wage Gap, Indian Labour Law, Legal Reform, Gender Equality, Wage Discrimination

A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF MARITAL RAPE WITHIN LEGAL AND SOCIETAL CONTEXT

AUTHOR – AMAN SHARMA, RESEARCH SCHOLAR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY NOIDA

BEST CITATION – AMAN SHARMA, A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF MARITAL RAPE WITHIN LEGAL AND SOCIETAL CONTEXT, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 940-953, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Marital rape has traditionally been linked with the female experience of victimization, eclipsing the significant psychological and emotional damage to male victims. Because of the influence of rigid gender roles that emphasize men as strong, invincible, and emotionally stoic, the psychological experience of male victims of marital rape is repressed and largely ignored. Male victims of marital rape experience social isolation and stigma for not being able to express their suffering based on societal beliefs that men cannot be vulnerable or distressed. This denial of emotional suffering perpetuates the psychological trauma, significantly leading to poorer mental health outcomes including depression and anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and, at the extreme end, potentially suicidal ideation. Male victims of marital rape may be further traumatized by the lack of a legal framework to protect them from ongoing victimization, violent crime, and more severe forms of trauma. The law rarely recognizes male victims of marital rape as needing protection or access to help and justice, assuming that men are less susceptible to publicly engaging in victimization. This research investigates how social stereotypes of masculinity and the legal context of male victims contribute to the underreporting of marital rape against men and to not recognizing their mental health needs, all through a close examination of real-world examples, personal accounts, and existing research. The paper investigates the emotional burden that men endure as a result of these stigmas, which compound their suffering in silence and increase their emotional pain. It also investigates the lack of services for male survivors, and advocates for systemic changes in the legal and societal context. The paper brings awareness about an issue that has been largely ignored, and advocates for an urgent shift away from societal structures that diminish or deny male victimhood in marital rape. The paper also urges systemic changes in laws, social perspective and mental health supports so that male victims obtain the same compassion, understanding, and legal protection as female victims. This issue is particularly timely due to the increasing number of male survivors that – because of the trauma they have faced – are denied recognition and an opportunity to heal. The purpose of this research is to further understanding of the complexities of male victimization while providing recommendations regarding legal reform, social education, and mental health treatments that are inclusive and compassionate.

KEYWORDS

Marital Rape, Male Victims, Mental Trauma, Gender Norms, Masculinity, Societal Perception, Psychological Impact, Legal Framework, Stigma, Mental Health Support

MEDICAL EXPERT WITNESS FRAUD: ETHICS IN THE COURTROOM – INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

AUTHOR-SUSMITA KUMARI* & NIKUNJ SINGH YADAV**

* STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL – SUSHMITA22KUMARI@GMAIL.COM

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL – NIKUNJYADAV83@GMAIL.COM

BEST CITATION – SUSMITA KUMARI & NIKUNJ SINGH YADAV, MEDICAL EXPERT WITNESS FRAUD: ETHICS IN THE COURTROOM – INDIAN PERSPECTIVE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 954-964, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

“The purpose of this research study is to investigate the complicated problem of medical expert witness fraud in the Indian judicial system. It does so by investigating the ethical conundrums and difficulties that occur when medical practitioners serve as expert witnesses in court proceedings. When it comes to situations ranging from medical negligence to criminal investigations, the Indian court system places a significant amount of weight on the evidence of physicians and medical experts. On the other hand, this dependency produces vulnerabilities that might lead to instances of fraud, prejudice, and ethical violations. In this paper, the current regulatory framework that governs medical expert testimony in India is analysed, common forms of expert witness fraud are identified, the motivations behind such misconduct are investigated, and comprehensive reforms are proposed in order to improve the integrity of expert medical testimony in Indian courts. By conducting a study of case studies, pertinent laws, and comparable foreign practices, this research offers insights into ways in which the junction of medicine and law might be strengthened within the setting of India.”

Keywords: Medical expert witness, forensic testimony, professional ethics, medical jurisprudence, Indian legal system, perjury, judicial reform

ANALYZING THE ROLE OF LABOR UNIONS IN PROTECTING WORKERS RIGHTS

AUTHOR- KAVYA.C, SCHOLAR AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMIL NADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-600113, MAIL:Kavyachandrasekaran24@gmail.com

BEST CITATION – KAVYA.C, ANALYZING THE ROLE OF LABOR UNIONS IN PROTECTING WORKERS RIGHTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 935-939, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

Labour union create higher wage and benefit standards, working hours limits, workplace hazards protections, and other factors. Union also promote well being by encouraging democratic participation and a sense of community among workers. Labour union would benefit by partnering to create sophisticated contracts to address social determines of health.  Union plays a crucial role in safeguarding workers rights, including protection against unfair dismissal, discrimination, and exploitation. They offer legal support and representation in disputes and ensure that workers grievances are addressed Labour unions improve conditions for worker in way that promote individual family, and community well-being, yet the relationship between public health and organized labor is not fully developed. Despite historic and current efforts by labor unions to improve conditions for workers, public health institutions have rarely sought out labor as a partner. Income is primary social determinant of health, associated with the living environment and over all wellbeing of individuals or families. Income is higher in union jobs than in nonunion jobs, especially for lower skilled workers. Retirement or pension plans create the financial stability to promote health into old age. Union employees are more likely to have retirement or pension plan and are more likely to participate in a retirement plan sponsored by their employer than employees who are not members of a union.

Keywords: fair wages, safe working conditions, job security, collective bargaining, legal support, Dispute Resolution.

A CRITICAL STUDY OF RISE OF READY-TO-EAT FOOD CULTURE, IMPACT ON HEALTH AND REGULATIONS IN INDIA

AUTHOR – HARSHITA SALUJA, STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, NOIDA

BEST CITATION – HARSHITA SALUJA, A CRITICAL STUDY OF RISE OF READY-TO-EAT FOOD CULTURE, IMPACT ON HEALTH AND REGULATIONS IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 927-934, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Dr. Tarun Mittal, an obesity surgeon from New Delhi says that when he joined his practice he saw only two to three patients a month who had issue of obesity. But in the recent times those numbers have increased and now he sees such patients on a regular basis, fifteen to twenty patients a month to be more precise.

The terms like ultra-processed, ready-to-eat, junk food, instant food, fast food are quite in use in today’s world. Ready-to-eat food items were developed by the companies for the people of army which is now being consumed by civilians on a daily basis. Researches have found the high consumption of such food is directly linked to various non-communicable diseases. But still its consumption is rising day by day all over the globe. As per recent study, its sale in India increased from $6.2 billion in 2009 to $32 billion in 2022.

In this writeup, I would take you all on the journey from where the story of food processing starts, what all circumstances encouraged the need to create ready-to-eat food items, how it entered into households, why its consumption is harmful, what are the laws prevalent in India for selling and purchasing of such food items and how the laws can be strengthened.

Keywords: Ready-to-eat, Ultra processed, junk food, non-communicable diseases, obesity

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY: EXAMINING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN GLOBAL BUSINESS ACROSS JURISDICTIONS

AUTHOR – HIMANI, STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, NOIDA, UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION – HIMANI, A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY: EXAMINING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN GLOBAL BUSINESS ACROSS JURISDICTIONS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 913-926, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Businesses throughout the world are being held more accountable for their environmental effect in response to growing environmental concerns and the urgent demand for sustainability. Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER) has arisen as an ideal model for incorporating environmental care into business operations. Countries such as India, the United States, Germany, South Korea, Japan, Brazil, and China use different ways to integrating International Environmental Law (IEL), influenced by local rules, economic objectives, and cultural views.

The global community has seen substantial progress in environmental regulation, ranging from the United States’ Clean Air Act to Germany’s circular economy efforts. Emerging economies such as India and Brazil have taken creative steps under difficult conditions, encouraged by international frameworks. These variances in environmental responsibility reflect the intricate interplay of international treaties, national legislation, and company behavior.

The comparative research investigates how corporate governance, stakeholder involvement, and globalization interact with environmental accountability across jurisdictions. The research aims to better understand the routes for aligning corporate responsibility with global sustainability goals by finding gaps and synergies in CER practices.

Keywords: Corporate Environmental Responsibility, International Environmental Law, Sustainability, Global Governance, Environmental Accountability.

LABOUR LAWS ENFORCEMENT AND ITS PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT ON WORKERS: PROTECTION VS. PRESSURE

AUTHOR – FARHEEN.A, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW

BEST CITATION – FARHEEN.A, LABOUR LAWS ENFORCEMENT AND ITS PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT ON WORKERS: PROTECTION VS. PRESSURE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 907-913, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

The enforcement of labor laws plays a pivotal role in shaping the quality of work life and safeguarding workers’ rights. While the primary objective of these laws is to ensure fair treatment, decent wages, and safe working conditions, the degree and manner of enforcement significantly influence their real-world impact. This paper explores the complex relationship between labor law enforcement and its effects on workers, examining both the benefits and the unintended consequences. On one hand, effective enforcement mechanisms can lead to improved worker welfare, reduced exploitation, and enhanced job security. On the other hand, overly rigid or inconsistently applied enforcement may contribute to reduced employment opportunities, the growth of informal labor markets, or employer resistance. Through a combination of legal analysis, case studies, and empirical data, this study evaluates how enforcement practices shape worker experiences across different sectors and regions. It concludes by highlighting the need for balanced enforcement strategies that protect worker rights while fostering sustainable employment and inclusive economic growth.

There are certain conceptual additions which make the paper even more an analytical one, and they are as follows:

Human rights perspective: Emphasize labor law as part of broader human rights protection.

Decent work agenda: Align with ILO’s vision for inclusive and dignified employment.

Social dialogue: Mention the role of negotiation and cooperation between employers, workers, and the state.

Access to justice: Refer to the mechanisms available for workers to claim their rights.

Labor market dynamics: Add a macroeconomic dimension to enforcement effects.

Regulatory effectiveness: Discuss how well regulations function in practice.

Capacity-building: Suggest the importance of training inspectors and institutions.

Worker voice and agency: Include workers’ ability to assert and advocate for their rights.

It concludes by highlighting the need for balanced enforcement strategies that protect worker rights while fostering sustainable employment and inclusive economic growth.

KEY WORDS:  Labour laws enforcement, impact on psychological health, balanced enforcement strategies etc.

MARITAL RAPE IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

AUTHOR – VRINDA SUBHASH GAIKWAD, STUDENT AT KES’ SHRI JAYANTILAL H PATEL LAW COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI.

BEST CITATION – VRINDA SUBHASH GAIKWAD, MARITAL RAPE IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 898-906, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

I. Abstract:

This paper explores the problem of why marital rape continues to remain outside the realm of criminal offenses in India, scrutinizing its multifaceted historical, cultural and legal origins. The Indian legal system, through Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code, does not shun the dominates patriarchal society where husbands are allowed free sexual access to their wives if they are overage. This framework is built on colonial black laws. The paper analyzes India’s contemporary position within this framework alongside the attempts towards more progressive reforms in UK, USA and South Africa. Through multiple illustrative judicial case studies, the paper highlights systemic gaps in the judicial system and the sociocultural acceptance of rape in marriage which perpetuate oppression and discrimination against women on grounds of gender violence, bodily autonomy, equality, privacy, and equality. In addition, the paper also examines other “weaker” opposing arguments which emphasize the need to protect marriage from destabilization. The conclusion argues in favor of significant changes to the law, strong action at the societal level, and educational campaigns which redefine consent and dismantle patriarchal privilege in marriage.

INTERNET FREEDOM IN INDIA: A STUDY OF CENSORSHIP AND REGULATION

AUTHOR – SAMVARDHAN* & MS ASTHA SRIVASTAVA**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – SAMVARDHAN & MS ASTHA SRIVASTAVA, INTERNET FREEDOM IN INDIA: A STUDY OF CENSORSHIP AND REGULATION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 891-897, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

This piece looks at how India’s laws, censorship, and basic rights affect freedom of the internet. For free speech, access to knowledge, and social interaction, democracies need internet freedom. But in the past few years, the government’s tightening control over online material has made people in India worry about their civil liberties. The first part of the paper talks about the past of internet laws in India, focussing on the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the changes that were made to it. The article talks about several topics, including Section 69A of the IT Act, which lets online material be limited, and others. It also looks at how filtering affects basic rights like freedom of speech, privacy, and access to information. The paper also talks about how arbitrary control could happen because of government overreach, lack of clarity, and unclear legal provisions. This piece talks about how China’s internet rules are different from those in the US, EU, and other democracies. The results make it clear that we need a balanced system of rules that protects individual freedoms and takes into account the government’s valid worries. To protect internet freedom in India, the study suggests making the internet more open, having courts keep an eye on it, and using foreign best practices.

Keywords: Internet Freedom, Censorship, Regulation, Fundamental Rights, Information Technology Act, Freedom of Speech, Privacy, Comparative Analysis, Judicial Oversight, Digital Rights

“BEYOND THE QUOTA: RETHINKING INDIA’S RESERVATION SYSTEM IN THE 21ST CENTURY”

AUTHOR – PURVA MAKARAND RAJENIMBALKAR, STUDENT AT SYMBIOSIS LAW COLLEGE, PUNE

BEST CITATION – PURVA MAKARAND RAJENIMBALKAR, “BEYOND THE QUOTA: RETHINKING INDIA’S RESERVATION SYSTEM IN THE 21ST CENTURY”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 881-890, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This paper critically analyzes the reservation policy in India, tracing its historical evolution and examining its contemporary relevance. Initially introduced as a measure to help lift  the deep-seated caste-based inequities, it has dramatically expanded educational, employment, and political opportunities for at-risk communities. First, the system has been criticized for holding on to divisions and not sufficiently adapting to evolving socioeconomic realities. This study advocates a dynamic approach to push affirmative action in India using the framework of constitutional provisions, landmark judicial decisions, and socio-political debates. It calls for policy impact assessment at regular intervals, a phased transition to meritocracy in certain areas, and sunset clauses to not create dependence. The authors ultimately conclude that reservation is a crucial mechanism for achieving social justice, but its infrastructure needs careful reform to remain relevant in a contemporary, fair society. ​

Keywords – Reservation Policy, Caste-based Reservation, Affirmative Action, Social Justice, Economic Criteria, Mandal Commission.