Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

OPERATIONAL PITFALLS IN EXECUTION AND TERMINATION OF E-CONTRACTS: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

AUTHOR – SWARUP CHATTERJEE* & DR. RAJVARDHAN**

* PH.D (LAW) RESEARCH SCHOLAR AT SCHOOL OF LAW & JURISPRUDENCE, SHRI VENKATESHWARA UNIVERSITY, GAJRAULA, U.P.

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW & JURISPRUDENCE, SHRI VENKATESHWARA UNIVERSITY, GAJRAULA, U.P.

BEST CITATION -SWARUP CHATTERJEE & DR. RAJVARDHAN, OPERATIONAL PITFALLS IN EXECUTION AND TERMINATION OF E-CONTRACTS: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 975-985, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract:

In the digital age, electronic contracts (e-contracts) have revolutionized the way individuals and businesses engage in commercial and personal transactions. The widespread adoption of e-contracts is largely due to their convenience, speed, and global reach. However, as the reliance on digital contracts has increased, so have the challenges surrounding their execution and termination. Despite their growing importance, the legal frameworks governing e-contracts, particularly in India, remain fragmented and inadequate to address the complexities introduced by technological advancements such as blockchain, smart contracts, and AI-based tools.

This research delves into the operational and legal challenges encountered during the execution and termination of e-contracts, with a specific focus on issues such as consent, capacity, authentication, enforceability, and dispute resolution mechanisms. Through a thorough examination of Indian and global legal frameworks, including the Information Technology Act, 2000, the Indian Contract Act, 1872, and sectoral regulations, the study identifies significant gaps in existing legislation and judicial interpretation. The study critically analyses case law, secondary literature, and policy documents to pinpoint these gaps and assess their implications on the enforceability of e-contracts.

The dependent variable in this research is the effectiveness of current legal frameworks in ensuring the enforceability of e-contracts, while the independent variable is the existing lacunae in the execution and termination processes. By identifying these gaps, the paper proposes comprehensive legal and policy reforms aimed at creating a more robust and adaptive legal system that can accommodate emerging technologies. The research concludes by offering a roadmap for a rights-based, technology-responsive legal framework that balances innovation with legal certainty, ensuring that e-contracts remain enforceable, transparent, and fair in the rapidly evolving digital landscape.

Keywords: Digital Contracts, Contract Execution, Termination of E-Contracts, Consent Verification, Automated Termination.

LANGUAGE RIGHTS IN EDUCATION: LEGAL PROTECTION OF TRIBAL LANGUAGES IN SCHOOL SYSTEMS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA

AUTHORS: KAJAL RANA* & KHALEEQ AHMAD**

* STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL KAJALRANA0149@GMAIL.COM

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL – KHALEEQAHMAD@UTTARANCHALUNIVERSITY.AC.IN

BEST CITATION -KAJAL RANA & KHALEEQ AHMAD, LANGUAGE RIGHTS IN EDUCATION: LEGAL PROTECTION OF TRIBAL LANGUAGES IN SCHOOL SYSTEMS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 968-975, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

“The purpose of this research study is to investigate the legal preservation of tribal languages in educational institutions, with a particular emphasis on the framework that exists in India. The constitutional and statutory provisions for the protection of tribal languages are analysed in conjunction with international norms and judicial interpretations. Tribal languages in India are confronted with structural obstacles, such as insufficient implementation, resource limits, and pedagogical impediments, despite the fact that progressive legislation has been passed. The purpose of this article is to identify important gaps in the legal protection of tribal language rights and to suggest changes to enhance mother tongue-based multilingual education policy. This is accomplished via a review of pivotal case laws, legislative initiatives, and comparative methods which are presented in this paper. For the purpose of maintaining India’s endangered tribal languages and promoting educational fairness for indigenous groups, the findings imply that positive legal interventions, community engagement, and integrated language planning are crucial components.”

Keywords: Tribal Languages, Language Rights, Education Law, Indigenous Rights, Linguistic Diversity, Mother Tongue Education, Constitutional Protection, Indian law

WOMEN’S RIGHTS UNDER INDIAN CONSTITUTION

AUTHOR- ANURAG SINGH* & DR. PARISHKAR SHRESHTH**

* STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, LUCKNOW

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION -ANURAG SINGH & DR. PARISHKAR SHRESHTH, WOMEN’S RIGHTS UNDER INDIAN CONSTITUTION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 959-967, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

This Exploration Paper plans to give a thorough assessment of ladies’ freedoms under the Indian Constitution, investigating the sacred arrangements, lawful structures, and their pragmatic ramifications. India, a different and socially rich country, has taken critical steps in perceiving and defending ladies’ privileges inside its sacred system. In any case, challenges continue making an interpretation of protected beliefs into significant and fair results for ladies the nation over.

The issue of ladies’ privileges has been a point of convergence of social and lawful talk worldwide, and the Indian Constitution is no exemption. This theoretical gives an outline of the protected structure in India concerning ladies’ freedoms, investigating the development of lawful arrangements and their effect on ladies’ status and strengthening. The Indian Constitution, took on in 1950, sets out the basic standards of equity, equity, and freedom. Notwithstanding, it took a few corrections and legal intercessions to address explicit difficulties looked by ladies. This theoretical digs into key sacred arrangements like Article 14 (Right to Uniformity), Article 15 (Preclusion of Segregation), and Article 21 (Right to Life and Individual Freedom) as they relate to ladies.

The concentrate additionally looks at milestone legal choices that have formed ladies’ freedoms law in India. From guaranteeing equivalent compensation for equivalent work to perceiving the option to live with respect, the legal executive plays had a critical impact in growing and defending ladies’ freedoms. Furthermore, the theoretical investigates the multifacetedness of ladies’ privileges with other protected standards, including governmental policy regarding minorities in society, right to training, and opportunity of articulation. The point is to dissect the way in which these protected arrangements add to destroying orientation based separation and advancing orientation uniformity in different circles of life.

Moreover, the theoretical talks about the difficulties and holes in the execution of ladies’ freedoms under the Indian Constitution. Issues, for example, savagery against ladies, orientation based generalizations, and financial abberations are analyzed, revealing insight into regions that require further consideration and change.

All in all, this theoretical gives a thorough outline of the sacred scene in regards to ladies’ privileges in India. It underlines the headway made, features the difficulties that persevere, and proposes roads for future lawful and cultural mediations to upgrade the status and strengthening of ladies in the country

“LEGAL PROTECTION OF WOMEN IN INDIA: A CRITICAL STUDY IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS”

AUTHOR- PRAKARSHAN BANKATA* & DR. TARU MISHRA**

* LLM, AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

** ASS. PROF. OF AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION -PRAKARSHAN BANKATA & DR. TARU MISHRA, “LEGAL PROTECTION OF WOMEN IN INDIA: A CRITICAL STUDY IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 945-958, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The legal protection of women in India has evolved significantly over time, reflecting the changing social, political, and economic dynamics of the country. This study critically examines the contemporary framework of women’s legal rights and protections in light of recent legislative, judicial, and policy developments. With the Constitution of India as its foundation, various statutes such as the Dowry Prohibition Act, Domestic Violence Act, Sexual Harassment Act, and amendments to the Indian Penal Code have contributed to safeguarding women against gender-based violence and discrimination. The research also explores emerging concerns such as cybercrime, digital safety, reproductive rights, and workplace harassment. Judicial activism, international conventions, and the roles played by civil society, media, and NGOs have further advanced the cause of gender justice. However, despite progressive legal measures, the implementation gap, societal patriarchy, and lack of awareness continue to hinder effective protection. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the legal mechanisms and their effectiveness in ensuring justice, equality, and dignity for women in modern India.

KEYWORDS:-
Women’s rights, gender justice, legal protection, India, recent developments, cybercrime, domestic violence, judicial activism, sexual harassment, digital safety

GENDER NEUTRALITY IN SEXUAL OFFENCES LAW IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

AUTHOR – DAMINI* & PROF. (DR.) SIMRANJEET KAUR GILL**

* RESEARCH SCHOLAR, CT UNIVERSITY, LUDHIANA, PUNJAB.

** PRINCIPAL, SCHOOL OF LAW, CT UNIVERSITY, LUDHIANA, PUNJAB.

BEST CITATION -DAMINI & PROF. (DR.) SIMRANJEET KAUR GILL, GENDER NEUTRALITY IN SEXUAL OFFENCES LAW IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 936-944, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Sexual offences laws in India have traditionally been gender-specific, recognizing women as victims and men as perpetrators. However, evolving social structures, international legal standards, and constitutional mandates emphasize the need for a gender-neutral approach. This thesis critically examines the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, particularly Sections 63 (Rape), 75 (Sexual Harassment), and 82 (Unnatural Sex), in light of their gendered application. It also explores judicial interpretations, constitutional provisions, and international human rights frameworks such as CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women) and the Yogyakarta Principles. A comparative analysis of legal frameworks in the UK, USA, and Canada provides insights into best practices that India could adopt. The study argues for an inclusive legal structure that ensures justice for all victims of sexual crimes, irrespective of gender, while addressing concerns regarding misuse and evidentiary challenges. The research is based on legal analysis, case studies, and empirical data, advocating for balanced legislative reforms that align with India’s constitutional values and international obligations.

Keywords: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita,  constitutional rights, Gender neutrality, international law, legal reforms, sexual offences.

A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF CHALLENGES IN INDIAN LABOR LAW

AUTHOR – JOEL TIMOTHY, THE TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY – SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW

BEST CITATION -JOEL TIMOTHY, A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF CHALLENGES IN INDIAN LABOR LAW, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 931-935, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

India possesses the world’s second-largest working-age population, making its labor force a critical driver of the nation’s economic activities—ranging from investment and production to savings and capital formation. Workers are key contributors to achieving socio-economic development. However, modern industrial practices, often marked by strained employer-employee relations, have led to numerous labor-related issues. To address these, the Indian government has enacted various labor laws aimed at safeguarding worker rights and preventing exploitation. Despite these efforts, gaps remain in the implementation and enforcement of these laws. This paper explores the challenges faced by labor law in India and offers actionable solutions for improvement.

Keywords: Challenges, Employers, India, Labor, Labor Laws

ROLE OF IBC IN RESOLUTION OF NPAS

AUTHOR: TEJAN SINGH , STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, NOIDA

BEST CITATION -TEJAN SINGH, ROLE OF IBC IN RESOLUTION OF NPAS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 922-929, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

SHIFT FROM RECOVERY TO RESOLUTION

The introduction of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016, marked a fundamental shift in how non-performing assets (NPAs) are managed in India. Prior to the implementation of the IBC, the focus was largely on the recovery of dues, primarily through legal remedies such as the SARFAESI Act, 2002, and the Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs). These frameworks aimed at asset recovery but faced challenges due to slow processes, fragmented legal remedies, and insufficient mechanisms to deal with the complex financial distress faced by businesses.

The shift from recovery to resolution under the IBC represents a more comprehensive approach to tackling NPAs. The key difference lies in the focus on resolving the financial distress of businesses, rather than simply recovering the dues of creditors.^[1]

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[1] S. D. Singhania, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016: A Comprehensive Guide (3rd edn, LexisNexis 2021).

WHITE COLLAR CRIME AND ITS EVOLVING JURISPRUDENCE IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

AUTHOR – ADITYA DEV SHARMA* & HIMANSHU VARSHNEY**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY NOIDA

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY NOIDA

BEST CITATION –ADITYA DEV SHARMA & HIMANSHU VARSHNEY, WHITE COLLAR CRIME AND ITS EVOLVING JURISPRUDENCE IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 918-921, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

White collar crimes in India have surged in frequency and complexity, exposing significant gaps in the nation’s regulatory and enforcement frameworks. This paper explores the evolution of white collar crime jurisprudence in India, the legal and institutional challenges in addressing these crimes, and the role of technology and whistleblowers in both perpetuating and combating corporate and bureaucratic misconduct. Drawing on legislative developments and landmark cases, the study proposes recommendations to strengthen accountability and the rule of law in the white collar crime domain.

Keywords: 

White collar crime, corporate fraud, legal framework, jurisprudence, whistleblowers, India.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE NEW AND OLD CRIMINAL LAWS IN INDIA

AUTHOR – SUKRITI GUPTA* & AYUSH SARAN**

* STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

** FACULTY AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

BEST CITATION -SUKRITI GUPTA & AYUSH SARAN, A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE NEW AND OLD CRIMINAL LAWS IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 900-917, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

The Indian criminal justice system has witnessed a historical transformation with the enactment of three new legal frameworks in 2023: the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and the BharatiyaSakshyaAdhiniyam (BSA), replacing the colonial-era Indian Penal Code (IPC), Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), and Indian Evidence Act, respectively. These reforms signify a decisive step toward decolonizing and modernizing India’s legal structure to address contemporary societal issues, improve procedural efficiency, and enhance justice delivery mechanisms. This research paper explores the comparative dimensions of these laws, highlighting key changes, including the introduction of community service, digital evidence handling, and gender-neutral provisions. It critically examines the effectiveness of these innovations and evaluates the challenges posed by vague definitions, potential overlaps with existing legislation, and implementation readiness. Through a detailed comparison, the paper aims to provide a holistic understanding of the new criminal law regime, its progressive strides and the reforms that remain to ensure a robust and inclusive legal system for modern India.

Keywords- BNS, BNSS, BSA, IPC, CrPC, IEA

WHITE-COLLAR CRIMES IN INDIA LEGAL CHALLENGES AND RIGHTS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

AUTHOR – MD. ASHIF KHAN* & DR.AXITA SRIVASTAVA**

* LL.M (CRIMINAL.LAW) SCHOLAR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH LUCKNOW CAMPUS

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH LUCKNOW CAMPUS

BEST CITATION -MD. ASHIF KHAN & DR.AXITA SRIVASTAVA, WHITE-COLLAR CRIMES IN INDIA LEGAL CHALLENGES AND RIGHTS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 892-900, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

White-collar crimes, while lacking physical violence, exert a profound and often underestimated impact on a nation’s socio-economic fabric. In India, the rise in such crimes—ranging from corporate fraud and embezzlement to money laundering and insider trading—has exposed systemic vulnerabilities in the legal and regulatory framework. These crimes are typically committed by individuals in positions of trust and authority, exploiting legal ambiguities and procedural loopholes to evade accountability. The present paper critically examines the conceptual evolution and classification of white-collar crimes in the Indian context. It also evaluates the legislative instruments, institutional mechanisms, and judicial responses in addressing these offenses. Special focus is placed on the procedural hurdles faced during investigation and prosecution, as well as the legal rights and protections available to both the accused and the victims. Through the analysis of landmark cases and a comparative perspective with global practices, the paper offers concrete policy recommendations aimed at enhancing the deterrence and efficacy of the Indian criminal justice system in combating white-collar crimes.

Keywords – White-collar crime, Economic offenses, Corporate fraud, Money laundering, Legal framework, Criminal justice system, Procedural challenges, Victim rights, Accused rights, Judicial response, Financial crimes, India, Regulatory reform, Anti-corruption laws, Enforcement agencies.