Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

CROSS‑PLATFORM FORENSIC ANALYSIS: FROM AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS TO PERSONAL DEVICES

AUTHOR – UPASANA GHOSH, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF LEGAL SCIENCE, TECHNO INDIA UNIVERSITY.

BEST CITATION – UPASANA GHOSH,CROSS PLATFORM FORENSIC ANALYSIS: FROM AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS TO PERSONAL DEVICES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 288-295, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Artificial intelligence is rapidly becoming the most important applied science in all sectors of life.  In the same way, the forensic department is also taking benefit from it in various ways. More individuals are realising the importance of AI in everyone’s lives and working hard to comprehend it through digital science, which is now very convenient and available to anyone. Technology can make people’s job easier, but it will never be able to replace humans. Forensic science is an area of forensic experts, and Artificial Intelligence will never be able to reach that level. It will only serve as a supplementary tool to human experts. It implements automation, which saves substantial time and money while allowing investigators to focus more on areas where fraud may occur.  It assists forensics experts with detecting behaviour from massive volumes of unstructured data, such as videos, pictures, emails, and text files. It’s a more dynamic method than rule-based testing, which can only assess fraud risk across a single data set. It eliminates information that might hamper an analytics-aided investigation. AI technology can assist in pattern recognition, such as identifying different components of a single image, detecting patterns in emails and messages, and matching new information with various forms of existing data in system databases. It can also assist detectives in connecting suspect information with existing criminal records and informing them of any past criminal conduct that the suspect in question may have been involved in. With the exponential rate of growth of storage capacity, such as USB, hard drives, optical media, and flash drives, it is getting more difficult for forensic science investigators to store and evaluate

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARBITRATION: OPPORTUNITIES AND LEGAL CHALLENGES

AUTHOR – VEDANG KAPOOR* & PROF (DR.) MANISH SINGH**

* RESEARCH SCHOLAR AT DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

** HEAD OF DEPARTMENT LAW AT DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – VEDANG KAPOOR & PROF (DR.) MANISH SINGH, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ARBITRATION: OPPORTUNITIES AND LEGAL CHALLENGES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 277-287, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Artificial Intelligence has emerged to be a transformative tool in the field of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), if we talk about particularly arbitrations, then by enhancing procedural efficiency, reducing cost, and giving faster results in resolution of disputes. The integration of AI-driven technologies like predictive analytics, natural language processing, automatic document review, and intelligent case management system has significantly changed the traditional framework of arbitral proceedings. AI has the capability to streamline the procedural activities, assist arbitrators in legal research, improve evidence analysis, and support online dispute resolution mechanisms in cross border dispute resolutions. Therefore, the arbitrators and advocates are adopting the use of AI based tools increasingly to address the growing complexity and numbers of commercial disputes.

Even after having such advantages, the use of AI in arbitrations raises certain legal, ethical and jurisprudential concerns. It raises questions regarding algorithmic biasness, transparency, accountability, confidentiality, cybersecurity, procedural fairness, and the preservation of natural justice principles. The absence of a strict regulatory framework governing AI in arbitration further complicates the issues related to liability and enforceability of arbitral awards which are likely to be influenced by the automated decision-making systems. Secondly, excessive reliability upon AI could become a threat to the human centric arbitration, where judicial reasoning, discretion and contextual interpretation remain essential components of dispute resolution.

This research paper critically examines the opportunities and legal challenges linked with the application of AI in arbitration. The paper analyzes the role of AI within domestic and international arbitration framework, with reference to India and other technologically advanced jurisdiction. The study would further explore that whether the existing arbitration laws, including the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 and internation arbitration principles, have adequate resources regarding the use of AI-assisted arbitral processes. By studying the benefits and uses with its risk of AI integration, the paper seeks to propose a balanced legal approach that promotes technological innovation while safeguarding fairness, transparency, and procedural integrity in arbitration proceedings.

KEYWORDS: Artificial intelligence (AI), Arbitration, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), Online Dispute Resolution (ODR), Procedural integrity, Legal and Ethical implications, AI-driven technologies, Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996.

EUTHANASIA IN INDIA: A CONSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE RIGHT TO DIE WITH DIGNITY

AUTHOR – DR.RASHA KUMARI PANDA, PH.D LAW, BERHAMPUR UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – DR.RASHA KUMARI PANDA, EUTHANASIA IN INDIA: A CONSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE RIGHT TO DIE WITH DIGNITY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 269-276, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

This paper explores the legal, constitutional, and ethical dimensions of euthanasia in India, examining how the Indian judiciary has interpreted the right to die within the framework of Article 21 of the Constitution, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty and ethical considerations, and emerging legal challenges. Euthanasia, commonly referred to as “mercy killing,” is one of the most debated medico-legal and ethical issues worldwide. It concerns intentionally ending the life of a person suffering from an incurable or terminal illness to relieve unbearable pain. In India, euthanasia remains a sensitive subject due to legal restrictions, ethical concerns, religious beliefs, and constitutional principles. The Indian judiciary has gradually recognized the concept of the “right to die with dignity,” particularly through landmark Supreme Court judgments that legalized passive euthanasia under strict safeguards. Euthanasia remains one of the most debated legal and ethical issues globally. It involves intentionally ending or permitting the ending of a person’s life to alleviate suffering caused by terminal illness or irreversible medical conditions. India has historically maintained a restrictive approach toward euthanasia because of constitutional values, criminal law provisions, medical ethics, and religious concerns.

Keywords: Euthanasia, Passive Euthanasia, Article 21, Right to Die, Living Will, Constitutional Law.

CYBER FRAUD LAWS IN INDIA AND THE UNITED STATES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

AUTHOR – MR. KANAV BHARDWAJ, LLM STUDENT AT GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – MR. KANAV BHARDWAJ, CYBER FRAUD LAWS IN INDIA AND THE UNITED STATES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 261-268, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I931

Abstract

The compounding growth of online transactions and reliance on network technologies has greatly raised cyber fraud in jurisdictions. India and the United States are two of the largest digital economies globally that have common yet distinct challenges in controlling cybercrimes. In this paper, a comparative study was made on the statutory systems, enforcement strategies, institutional frameworks, and adjudicatory systems of cyber fraud in both countries. Although India mostly employs the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Indian Penal Code (recovery to the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023), in the United States the combination of the federal statutes (like Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, Wire Fraud Statute, state-based laws) are employed. The convergences noted in the study include criminalisation of unauthorised access, identity theft and financial fraud, whereas divergences occur following different constitutional cultures, enforcement ability and regulatory ideologies. The paper ends with a policy recommendation that will synchronize legal remedies, augment cross-border collaboration or coordination, and perpetuate victim-focused remedies.

A STUDY ON THE LIVING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF EXCESSIVE USAGE OF MOBILE PHONES IN INDIA AN ANALYSIS

AUTHOR – I. MURALITHARAN, B.SC. M.S.W. M.L., PH.D., IN LAW (PURSUING), ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LAW, GOVERNMENT LAW COLLEGE, VILLUPURAM-605 602, TAMIL NADU

BEST CITATION – I. MURALITHARAN,A STUDY ON THE LIVING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF EXCESSIVE USAGE OF MOBILE PHONES IN INDIA AN ANALYSIS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 252-260, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I930

ABSTRACT

            In the digital world of the LPG era, it is an undeniable reality that no one can exist without a mobile phone yet that very mobile phone has come to dominate our lives mothers are raising their children by using mobile phones even resorting to showing them the screen merely to facilitate breastfeeding immediately after birth.  Furthermore, parents’ hand over mobiles to their children so that they can attend their domestic chores freely and without interruption.  We have become so addicted to mobile phones that we suffer from a psychological dependency so severe that we feel we cannot survive without them.  This phenomenon is spreading among the public like a virus and has emerged as a global crisis, giving rise to what is known as mobile phone pollution” to break free from this situation it is imperative that we establish a strict daily limit for mobile phone usage and adhere to it in India 1.2 billons^[1] mobile phones Users and 600 million smartphones users are using mobile phones. Environmental degradation is occurring through excessive mobile phones & smart phone usages are affecting the family system, study, transportation, working places, residential area, and public places environments.  8 of 10 women in the family are using mobile & smart phones due to this woman are getting into inappropriate relationships with others and women through the mobile smart phones and the family structure is being disrupted and many people are losing their lives.

Similarly, Students are using mobiles improperly in school, college campuses and classrooms which is disrupting the study of environment of educational institutions and causing them to mis out on their studies.  Drivers who do not follow the traffic rules and talk on their cell phones which driving two, four wheelers heavy vehicles continue to cause road accidents resulting in injuries and fatalities During long journey on buses and trains the mobile smart phones, accompanied by loud noise, disturbing other passengers preventing them from sleeping peacefully at nights, thus deteriorating the travel environments.  In private and public organisations employees leave their work for non-work-related matters and use mobile smarts phones loudly in the office.  Thus, deteriorating the office environment.  In public places like road, teashop, bus stop, theatres, court, library, hospitals and educational institutions.  They talk on the mobile smart phones loudly for long hours causing noise pollution in the silence zone and disturbing public places.

I am publishing this research article to create awareness among the student’s youth, women and the general public regarding the determination of limits on how long one should use a mobile phone as well as the specific areas where mobile phones usage is strictly prohibited.  This addresses the impact of excessive mobile phone usage on various aspects of human life including family dynamics, workplace environments educational settings, public spaces and travel environments as well as the environment hazard posed by mobile phone towers located in residential areas further it examines the legal remedies available for crimes that may arise from excessive use of mobile phones in public places.

Keywords:  Mobile phones pollutions, cell phone addiction, excessive usage of cell phones, prohibited or restricted areas of usage of cell phones, noise pollution, mobile phone towers, public spaces, travel environment, workplace environment, grave misconduct, clock room, cell phone booths.

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[1] Pib.gov.in/press Released Secretly, Ministry of information, Broad casting shriapurvachandra addresses first world media Congress on 16 November 2022.

THE LEGAL STUDY OF WAR CRIMES AND SELF-DEFENCE IN MODERN CONFLICTS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW

AUTHOR – KAMRAN ASHRAF* & ANUJ SETHI**

* LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

** PROFESSOR, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

BEST CITATION – KAMRAN ASHRAF & ANUJ SETHI, THE LEGAL STUDY OF WAR CRIMES AND SELF-DEFENCE IN MODERN CONFLICTS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 246-251, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The self-defence doctrine in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter was initially established when majority of conflicts were physical, state inspired and limited to definite territories. However, with hybrid war (cyber attacks, manipulation of information, proxy militias and coercion with the economy, etc.), the nature of hostilities has completely changed. This paper will claim that hybrid warfare is challenging the traditional means of self-defence in international law.

What passes as an armed attack, the study postulates, is very grey when states take part in non-kinetic or non-intensive operations that fail to apply conventional force but still cause strategic harm. The attribution is also a pain; when a nation is using a non-state actor or an unidentified group of hackers, it is hard to pin down who to attack and this simply makes legal self-defence more difficult. Hybrid tactics electrically blur the perspective of peacetime aggression and actual war and therefore the dilemmas of proportionality and necessity emerge when a state is contemplating defensive actions along the various platforms.

The article indicates that existing legal norms, such as the case law of the ICJ, and the UN Charter, are slowly losing touch with the present-day reality of conflicts. It recommends that in order close these gaps, there should be clear definition of cyber attacks under international norms, that attribution standards should be tightened as well as new mechanisms put in place to hold states accountable in relation to hybrid operations operated by proxies. Simply put, the paper emphasizes that flexible, logically interrelated, interpretation of self-defence is necessary that maintains international law as regulatory, balanced and is able to address the changing face of modern warfare.

CLIMATE-INDUCED DISPLACEMENT AND THE LIMITS OF THE 1951 REFUGEE CONVENTION: NEED FOR A NEW INTERNATIONAL LEGAL CATEGORY

AUTHOR – SHASHWAT* & VATSAL CHAUDHARY**

* LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

** PROFESSOR, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

BEST CITATION – SHASHWAT & VATSAL CHAUDHARY, CLIMATE-INDUCED DISPLACEMENT AND THE LIMITS OF THE 1951 REFUGEE CONVENTION: NEED FOR A NEW INTERNATIONAL LEGAL CATEGORY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 240-245, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The issue of climate change is causing the migration of many individuals around the globe seriously. The rise of the sea level increases storm, drought, and bad weather, and this causes millions of people to relocate in case they need to be safe. Although it is a large matter, the existing international refugee policies particularly the 1951 Refugee Convention do not particularly consider individuals who are displaced due to the surrounding environment. The Convention primarily targets individuals who have escaped persecution due to race, religion, nationality, politics, or even a social group; hence climate refugees do not enjoy the protection under this Convention. This loophole in the law poses a genuine difficulty in providing climate-displaced individuals with their rights and assistance. In this paper I take a closer look at the inefficiencies of the 1951 Convention and will urge that we require a new category or framework of legal framework that actually acknowledges and safeguards climate migrants under the current international law.

RECONCILING DEVELOPMENT AND INDIGENOUS AUTONOMY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FOREST RIGHTS ACT, 2006

AUTHOR – RITIKA GUPTA* & PROF. UJJWAL KUMAR**

* LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

** PROFESSOR, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

BEST CITATION – RITIKA GUPTA & PROF. UJJWAL KUMAR, RECONCILING DEVELOPMENT AND INDIGENOUS AUTONOMY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FOREST RIGHTS ACT, 2006, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 234-239, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

One such revolutionary legislation is Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (Forest Rights Act, 2006), which is intended to right historic injustices against forest-living Scheduled Tribes, and other traditional forest communities, in India. This paper addresses the conflict between the development and the autonomous choice of indigenous people in the context of the Act critically. Although, the law acknowledges the existence of community and individual rights on forest land and resources, its enforcement has indicated a lot of challenges, which include obstacles in the bureaucracy, clashes with the community conservation policies, and the conflicting development agendas like the mining industry and the development of infrastructure. The article assesses the effectiveness of the Act in empowering indigenous communities or is it a form of limitation by its structure and institutions. Through interpretation of judgment cases, policy trends, and realities on the ground, the paper asserts that to balance development and self-sufficiency of indigenous people, a more participatory, rightful approach must be adopted that places greater emphasis on community approval and sustainable methods of governance.

“EVOLVING JURISPRUDENCE UNDER THE PMLA: AN ANALYSIS OF JUDICIAL EXPANSION OF ENFORCEMENT POWERS IN INDIA”

AUTHOR- ANUBHAV KUMAR PRAJAPATI* & AMBAR SRIVASTAVA**

* LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

** PROFESSOR, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

BEST CITATION – ANUBHAV KUMAR PRAJAPATI & AMBAR SRIVASTAVA,“EVOLVING JURISPRUDENCE UNDER THE PMLA: AN ANALYSIS OF JUDICIAL EXPANSION OF ENFORCEMENT POWERS IN INDIA”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 224-233, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The PMLA, 2002 (PMLA) was basically an anti, money, laundering legislation that after the intervention of the judiciary, by way of interpretation, expanded the scope and powers of the ED drastically and thus, has become one of the most stringent frameworks for enforcement in India. The courts, by way of judicial pronouncements and most importantly by the judgment in the matter of Vijay Madanlal Choudhary v. Union of India, have sustained the broad powers of the ED which included the secrecy of the ECIR, the bail being granted under strict conditions as per Sec 45, the statements recorded under Section 50 being judicially recorded and a vast network for attachment and confiscation being envisaged by the ED. These verdicts are meant to improve India’s adherence to the worldwide AML standards. However, they provoke a significant number of questions about due process, presumption of innocence, proportionality, as well as the risk of misuse of the authority side, to be raised under constitutional law. Opponents maintain that the court’s decisions in favour of the ED have allowed the creation of a system that is heavy on enforcement but has very few procedural safeguards. This article reflects on how the case law has led to the increased powers of the ED, whereby the ED can act without many restrictions. It also points out the constitutional issues that arise with this expansion of ED powers and further evaluates if the current interpretive trajectory is able to strike a balance between national security objectives and fundamental rights satisfactorily. The article ends with a proposal for the PMLA to be reformed so as to ensure a more transparent, accountable, and rights, centric enforcement regime.

“SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIAL SECURITY FOR UNORGANISED WORKERS: A LEGAL STUDY OF THE UNORGANISED WORKERS’ SOCIAL SECURITY ACT, 2008 AND THE CODE ON SOCIAL SECURITY, 2020”

AUTHOR – RUDRANSH MONDAL* & DR. KHALEEQ AHMAD**

* LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

** PROFESSOR, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

BEST CITATION – RUDRANSH MONDAL & DR. KHALEEQ AHMAD A, “SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIAL SECURITY FOR UNORGANISED WORKERS: A LEGAL STUDY OF THE UNORGANISED WORKERS’ SOCIAL SECURITY ACT, 2008 AND THE CODE ON SOCIAL SECURITY, 2020”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 214-223, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌ unorganised sector makes up almost 90 percent of the Indian workforce but its access to social security is still fragmented, insufficient, and mostly non-enforceable. Social justice for such a huge number of workers requires a strong legal framework that goes beyond welfare schemes and towards rights-based entitlements. This paper closely looks at the Unorganised Workers’ Social Security Act, 2008 (UWSSA), and the Code on Social Security, 2020 (SS Code) to see whether these legal provisions align with the constitutional mandate under Articles 14, 21, 38, 39, 41 and 43.

The 2008 Act was a landmark in recognising unorganised workers but had weak institutional design, ineffective registration mechanisms, and lacked a mandatory employer liability provision, hence it had limited real-world impact. The Social Security Code, 2020 tries to fill these holes by consolidating labour laws, increasing coverage, launching digital registration, and formally recognising gig and platform workers for the first time. Nevertheless, there remain issues such as ambiguous definitions, voluntary nature of most benefits, lack of financing, and enforcement mechanisms.

By doctrinal analysis, case law review, and policy comparison, this article contends that the 2020 Code is a step forward, but still not enough to fully realize the constitutional vision of social justice. The paper suggests reforms that aim at strengthening rights-based entitlements, ensuring portability of benefits, specifying employer responsibilities, and facilitating access of migrant and gig workers to create a socially secure India that is fair and ​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌inclusive.