Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

VICTIMOLOGY IN GLOBAL AND INDIAN PERSPECTIVES: EVOLUTION, IMPACT, LEGAL FRAMEWORKS, AND CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS

AUTHOR – MR. GANESH SHRIRANG NALE (SATARKAR), M.A. SOCIOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY, CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF HARYANA, MAHENDRAGARH

BEST CITATION – MR. GANESH SHRIRANG NALE (SATARKAR), VICTIMOLOGY IN GLOBAL AND INDIAN PERSPECTIVES: EVOLUTION, IMPACT, LEGAL FRAMEWORKS, AND CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (13) OF 2025, PG. 184-188, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

                              Victimology, the scientific study of victims and their interactions with offenders and the criminal justice system, has evolved significantly from its early marginal status in criminology to a prominent discipline influencing criminal justice reforms worldwide. This paper explores the historical, conceptual, and theoretical development of victimology in both global and Indian contexts. It discusses the emergence of victim rights movements, the 1985 United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, and the growing recognition of victims as central actors in justice systems. The study further examines the victim–offender relationship, psychological and financial impacts of victimization, and distinctions among primary, secondary, and tertiary victimization. The role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in providing victim assistance is analyzed, along with criminological theories such as routine activities, lifestyle exposure, and repeat victimization. The paper also explores legal perspectives on victim rights and compensation under the Indian Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and state schemes. Finally, it evaluates contemporary trends such as mass victimization, clinical and cyber victimology, therapeutic jurisprudence, and positive victimology. The findings emphasize that achieving justice for victims requires integrating international principles with culturally and legally relevant domestic frameworks. The study advocates for a holistic approach to victim support combining psychological recovery, legal protection, and social rehabilitation.

Keywords: Victimology, Victim-Offender Relationship, UN Declaration 1985, PTSD, Victim Compensation, NGOs, India, Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Cyber Victimology, Positive Victimology.

TAXATION IS THE BACKBONE OF THE NATION

AUTHOR – SUBASHREE KAVIYA, STUDENT AT DR. M.G.R. UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – SUBASHREE KAVIYA, TAXATION IS THE BACKBONE OF THE NATION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (13) OF 2025, PG. 182-183, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

India’s Tax System: Building Tomorrow’s Nation Today

Taxation fuels every nation’s growth engine—funding highways, hospitals, schools, and defense. India’s constitutional framework divides tax powers between Central and State governments, creating a robust revenue system that balances equity with economic progress. Over the past decade, sweeping reforms have streamlined tax laws, reduced rates, and improved compliance, transforming how citizens and businesses contribute to national development.

LEGAL CONSIDERATION AND ADMISSIBILITY OF TOOL MARKS EVIDENCE

AUTHOR – MONALISHA R A, LLM STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – MONALISHA R A, LEGAL CONSIDERATION AND ADMISSIBILITY OF TOOL MARKS EVIDENCE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (13) OF 2025, PG. 171-181, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Tool mark evidence refers to the impressions, striations, or cuts produced when a tool makes contact with a surface, leaving behind distinctive marks that can be examined scientifically^[1]. In forensic investigations, such evidence becomes significant in linking a suspect with the crime scene or object involved^[2]. The Indian legal system recognizes tool mark analysis under the category of expert opinion, as provided in Section 39 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam Act, 2023^[3]. However, admissibility depends not only on the expertise of the examiner but also on strict adherence to procedural safeguards such as chain of custody and proper documentation^[4]. Courts generally consider tool mark evidence as corroborative in nature, requiring support from other forms of evidence before it can substantially influence judicial outcomes^[5].

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[1] Saferstein, Richard, Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science, 12th ed. (Pearson, 2017) p. 278.

[2] Inman, Keith & Rudin, Norah, Principles and Practice of Criminalistics: The Profession of Forensic Science (CRC Press, 2001) p. 143.

[3] Section 39 of BSA Act, 2023

[4] Sharma, B.R., Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation and Trials, 6th ed. (Universal Law Publishing, 2017) p. 512.

[5] State of Maharashtra v. Damu, (2000) 6 SCC 269.

LEGAL ADMISSIBILITY OF VOICE RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY IN THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY – ENABLED CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS

AUTHOR – MONALISHA R A, LLM STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU , CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – MONALISHA R A, LEGAL ADMISSIBILITY OF VOICE RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY IN THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY – ENABLED CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (13) OF 2025, PG. 156-170, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

INTRODUCTION

The growth of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has transformed criminal investigations, with voice recognition technology becoming an important forensic tool^[1]. It assists in authenticating recorded conversations, identifying suspects, and securing digital evidence^[2]. However, its admissibility raises questions of reliability, privacy, and constitutional protections.

In India, the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam Act, 2023 and the Information Technology Act, 2000 recognise electronic records^[3], but challenges persist regarding tampering, accuracy, and safeguards against self-incrimination under Article 20(3) of the Constitution. The Supreme Court in Ritesh Sinha v. State of Uttar Pradesh held that compelling a voice sample is not testimonial compulsion^[4], yet the absence of procedural standards leaves uncertainties. Comparative jurisprudence in the United States and United Kingdom underscores the need for scientific validation and transparency^[5]. This article undertakes a doctrinal study of the admissibility of voice recognition evidence in ICT-enabled investigations, highlighting statutory provisions, judicial approaches, and the need for reform.

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[1] R. Togneri & J. Pullella, “An Overview of Speaker Identification: Accuracy and Robustness Issues” (2011) 1 IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine 23.

[2] Lawrence M. Solan & Peter M. Tiersma, Speaking of Crime (University of Chicago Press 2005).

[3] The BSA Act, sec 62 & 63; IT Act, 2000 sec 2&4

[4] Ritesh Sinha v. State of Uttar Pradesh, (2019) 8 SCC 1.

[5] Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 509 U.S. 579 (1993); R v. Robb [1991] 93 Cr App R 161 (CA).

THE NEXUS OF TRADEMARKS AND DOMAIN NAMES: A LEGAL AND STRATEGIC ANALYSIS FOR BRAND OWNERS

AUTHOR – SHWETA ANAND, STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, PATNA

BEST CITATION – SHWETA ANAND, THE NEXUS OF TRADEMARKS AND DOMAIN NAMES: A LEGAL AND STRATEGIC ANALYSIS FOR BRAND OWNERS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (13) OF 2025, PG. 118-129, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

This paper addresses the fundamental conflict inherent at the nexus of trademark law and the Domain Name System (DNS), analyzing how the “first-come, first-served” technical nature of domain registration inherently clashes with intellectual property rights based on source identification and use in commerce. The resultant friction point—largely manifested through cybersquatting and its variations—necessitated the development of specialized enforcement architectures. The investigation provides an expert strategic analysis of the two dominant, yet distinct, dispute resolution avenues available to brand owners: the global, administrative Uniform Domain-Name Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) and the national, judicial Anti cyber squatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA). The study demonstrates that effective brand protection necessitates a coordinated, multi-jurisdictional approach, strategically leveraging the speed of the UDRP for rapid domain recovery and the deterrence power of the ACPA for statutory damages and comprehensive injunctive relief.Finally, the paper assesses emerging strategic threats, particularly the increasing administrative complexity imposed by new generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs) and the critical governance vacuum created by decentralized Blockchain Domain Name Systems (BDNS) , offering crucial foresight for future brand defense strategies.

Background: The Conceptual Dissonance Between Trademarks and Domains

EMBEZZLEMENT AND BUDGET MISUSE IN PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS: CAUSES AND PREVENTION

AUTHOR – MR. SIDDHARTH BANKAL & MR. MRUTYUNJAY SARAMANDAL

STUDENTS AT HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

BEST CITATION – MR. SIDDHARTH BANKAL & MR. MRUTYUNJAY SARAMANDAL, EMBEZZLEMENT AND BUDGET MISUSE IN PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS: CAUSES AND PREVENTION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (13) OF 2025, PG. 130-138, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This study investigate the problems of embezzlement and misuse of funds in private companies, explored by the lenses of company law and corporate governance. The paper discusses the pervasiveness of unethical activities like fraudulent invoicing, ghost employees, and accounting manipulation, which tend to flourish when internal controls are lacking and board-level monitoring is deficient. In addition, the study highlights the deficiencies inherent in the company law of India, including the limited enforcement of fiduciary obligations, the lack of adequate independence of audit panels, and the limited protection for whistleblowers. Through the inclusion of comparative studies from the United States’s Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the UK Corporate Governance Code, and the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance, the study shows that strong compliance systems and liability mechanisms can significantly reduce the likelihood of misconduct.

The research adopts a doctrinal and comparative methodology as it is based on statutes, judicial precedents, academic commentary and international best practices. Findings suggest that while India’s corporate law framework criminalises fraud and mandates financial transparency, it still lacks a lot in terms of enforcement.

SIGNIFICANCE OF MEETINGS IN THE EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE OF THE COMPANIES: WITH SPECIAL REFERNECE. TO AGM & EGM UNDER COMPANIES ACT, 2013

AUTHOR – MR. MRUTYUNJAY SARAMANDAL & MR. SIDDHARTH BANKAL

STUDENTS AT HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

BEST CITATION – MR. MRUTYUNJAY SARAMANDAL & MR. SIDDHARTH BANKAL, SIGNIFICANCE OF MEETINGS IN THE EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE OF THE COMPANIES: WITH SPECIAL REFERNECE. TO AGM & EGM UNDER COMPANIES ACT, 2013, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (13) OF 2025, PG. 138-146, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the role of company meetings—principally Annual General Meetings (AGMs) and Extraordinary General Meetings (EGMs) in strengthening corporate governance under India’s Companies Act, 2013. It analyses statutory provisions, procedural mechanisms, and participatory tools such as proxy voting and electronic voting, and assesses how these institutions shape accountability, transparency, and board-shareholder relations. Drawing on doctrinal analysis of the Act, regulatory circulars, tribunal decisions, and empirical studies on shareholder participation, the study identifies persistent gaps: low retail turnout, procedural non-compliance, and technology-driven inclusion challenges.

The paper argues that meetings function not merely as formalities but as essential governance forums when supported by clear disclosure, robust procedural safeguards, and inclusive e-participation measures. Practical recommendations include standardized proxy disclosures, mandatory accessible e-participation facilities, limits on aggregated proxy authority, and targeted enforcement to ensure substantive deliberation. By situating AGMs and EGMs within a framework of fiduciary oversight and minority protection, the paper contributes to policy debates on aligning statutory meeting architecture with real-world governance outcomes. The findings inform regulators, company secretaries, and scholars seeking to enhance the deliberative quality and democratic legitimacy of corporate meetings. The study further recommends periodic independent reviews of meeting practices and empirical monitoring of reform impacts, consistently over time.

Keywords: Annual General Meeting; Extraordinary General Meeting; corporate governance; Companies Act, 2013; e-voting; proxy voting; shareholder participation.

JOHN DOE ORDER

AUTHOR – PRIYANSHU RAJ, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – PRIYANSHU RAJ, JOHN DOE ORDER, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (13) OF 2025, PG. 153-155, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract:-

This paper is about the john doe order a legal remedy permitting the court to issue temporary injunctive or other orders against unidentified and anonymous persons who indulge in work of piracy.

 In this article we would get to know about the historical background of john doe order and how different countries adopted the john doe order .and what is its function and under what circumstances the john doe order is applicable conditions for john doe order is granted by the court in India. And how it is an important order in intellectual property rights.  Cases in which this order is used in Indian courts.

Keywords:- john doe order, Intellectual property rights, Anton Piller order, Ashok Kumar order, Copyright infringement, enforcement of IP rights, Anonymous defendants, Trademark protection

IP CHALLENGES IN 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

AUTHOR – PALAK RAJ, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY PATNA

BEST CITATION – PALAK RAJ, IP CHALLENGES IN 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (13) OF 2025, PG. 147-1515, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The rapid growth of 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), has transformed industries by enabling on-demand, decentralized, and highly customized production. While this technology democratizes manufacturing and fosters innovation, it simultaneously disrupts existing intellectual property (IP) frameworks. Traditional IP systems were designed for tangible, centralized manufacturing, not for digital file-based, user-driven production. This research paper explores the legal, technological, and ethical challenges 3D printing poses to patent, copyright, design, and trademark law. It also examines the limitations of current legal structures, evaluates international responses, and proposes potential solutions for balancing innovation with IP protection in the digital manufacturing era.

Keywords: 3D Printing, Additive Manufacturing, Intellectual Property, Patent Law, Copyright, Design Rights, Digital Files, Legal Challenges.

CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DEMOCRATIC AND NON-DEMOCRATIC STATES

AUTHOR – AKSHAY MAHAVIRA, STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SHOOL PATNA

BEST CITATION – AKSHAY MAHAVIRA, CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DEMOCRATIC AND NON-DEMOCRATIC STATES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (13) OF 2025, PG. 115-117, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This research paper investigates the fundamental differences in civil and political rights protection between democratic and non-democratic (authoritarian, autocratic) states. By analyzing both structural governance mechanisms and real-world policy outcomes, the study highlights how the rule of law, separation of powers, transparency, and public participation make democracies distinct in safeguarding rights. In contrast, the concentration of power, limited accountability, and systemic repression characterize authoritarian regimes. Comparative case studies from diverse regions augment theoretical perspectives, underscoring how the type of political system affects not only legal guarantees but also daily experiences and development prospects for citizens. The findings illuminate the critical role of democratic institutions in upholding civil and political rights and suggest strategic approaches to strengthening rights worldwide.