Category: Volume 6 and Issue 7 of 2026

CHOICE, CONTROL AND CONFLICT: A CRITICAL STUDY OF WOMEN’S REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS IN INDIA

AUTHOR – ASHMEET KAUR KHANUJA, STUDENT AT UNITEDWORLD SCHOOL OF LAW KARNAVATI UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – ASHMEET KAUR KHANUJA, CHOICE, CONTROL AND CONFLICT: A CRITICAL STUDY OF WOMEN’S REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 171-177, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

INTRODUCTION

Reproductive rights are also a constituent of the human rights of women and are directly connected to the matter of bodily autonomy, dignity, and gender equality. The history of socio-political arguments in India on population control, family planning, and women health in India has influenced these rights. The most notorious in this respect was the mass forced sterilizations of the Emergency period of 1975-77, when state-organized violence of the population control in extreme violation of personal freedom and self-determination was imposed^[1]. Even though India has since shifted to a rights-based approach to reproductive health, there are still problems. Women, especially of the marginalized groups, are still under coercion in sterilization camps, inability to use safe methods of contraceptives and inefficiency in appreciating their consent in making decisions about reproduction^[2]. Not only are these practices a subject of public health concern and even policy concern, but also they pose significant criminal law issues of consent, bodily injury and state responsibility.

This research paper is aimed at critically examining ways in which criminal law in India has dealt with contravention of women reproductive rights as a part of forced sterilization and birth control controversies. The paper will analyze the presence of sufficient protections against coercion and provision of reproductive freedom to women by the current provisions in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (previously IPC), constitutional safeguards in Articles 14, 19, and 21, and judicial interpretations. Additionally, the paper considers the intersection of reproductive rights and workplace rights where women might experience indirect discrimination or coercion regarding pregnancy and contraceptives^[3]. The paper will attempt to establish whether the law offers adequate protection to women against the infringements of bodily autonomy by placing reproductive rights in the wider context of the criminal law

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[1] Preet K. Dhillon et al., Correlates of Female Sterilization Regret in the Southern States of India, 33 J. Biosoc. Sci. 3 (2001).

[2] Mahesh Karra, Unwanted Family Planning Including Sterilization Regret in India: Evidence from NFHS-5 (2019–2021), 55 Stud. Fam. Plann. (2024).

[3] Abhishek Singh, Sterilization Regret Among Married Women in India: Trends, Patterns and Correlates, 45 Int’l Persp. on Sexual & Reprod. Health (2019).

REGULATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN INDIA: CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES TO PRIVACY, EQUALITY, AND DUE PROCESS

AUTHOR – BALAMURUGAN S* & NIKITHA SREE**

* STUDENT AT VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

BEST CITATION – BALAMURUGAN S & NIKITHA SREE, REGULATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN INDIA: CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES TO PRIVACY, EQUALITY, AND DUE PROCESS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 164-170, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I718

ABSTRACT

The rapid proliferation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies across governance, criminal justice, healthcare, and financial services has precipitated a constitutional crisis in India that existing legal frameworks are ill-equipped to resolve. AI systems — through algorithmic decision-making, predictive policing, biometric surveillance, and automated data profiling — directly impinge upon the fundamental rights guaranteed under Part III of the Constitution of India. This article undertakes a systematic doctrinal and comparative legal analysis of the constitutional dimensions of AI regulation, focusing on the right to privacy under Article 21, the right to equality under Articles 14 and 15, and the right to due process under Article 21. The study critically evaluates the Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 (DPDPA) and existing policy instruments against the proportionality framework established in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017), identifies five structural constitutional lacunae in the current regulatory architecture, and proposes a rights-centred Constitutional AI Framework Act for India. The research argues that meaningful AI regulation must satisfy the fourfold test of legality, legitimate aim, necessity, and proportionality as enunciated in Puttaswamy, and must be institutionalised through an independent Artificial Intelligence Regulatory Authority of India (AIRAI).

Keywords: artificial intelligence regulation, constitutional law, right to privacy, algorithmic discrimination, due process, Puttaswamy, DPDPA 2023, facial recognition, India

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF REGULATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: ETHICAL, LEGAL, AND CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES

AUTHOR – MANO B* & Mrs. JISHA J. S**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

BEST CITATION – MANO B & Mrs. JISHA J. S, CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF REGULATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: ETHICAL, LEGAL, AND CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 157-163, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been evolving from being a science fiction phenomenon to becoming one of the key factors in our daily lives. With the help of voice assistants, recommender systems, and many other more complicated applications in healthcare, banking, or legislation, AI became an integral element of the social fabric. Speaking generally, AI can be described as the capability of machinery to execute actions that traditionally are performed by humans: learning, reasoning, problem-solving, etc. The term “Artificial Intelligence” was coined by John McCarthy in 1956. This paper provides an analysis on AI in general and the evolution process of the technology in particular through an elaborate and concise discussion. It begins with an introduction into the concept itself, then analyzes how AI technology developed since its theoretical emergence to become one of the most advanced forms like machine learning and deep learning today. On the other hand, the paper recognizes the obstacles that come with AI, which include ethics, privacy of data, and accountability. The more AI develops, the greater the need for balancing between regulation and innovation. In summary, this paper recognizes that although AI brings a lot of opportunities, there is the need for a human-centered approach to developing it.

Keywords: artificial intelligence, deep learning, AI evolution, legal implications, technology law

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION WITH REFERENCE TO THE LGBTQ+ COMMUNITY

AUTHOR – E. ERAIYANBAN* & M. LAXMI PRIYA**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

BEST CITATION – E. ERAIYANBAN & M. LAXMI PRIYA, CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION WITH REFERENCE TO THE LGBTQ+ COMMUNITY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 149-156, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I716

Abstract

India’s criminal justice system stands at a crossroads where constitutional ideals meet deeply entrenched social biases — and nowhere is this tension more visible than in how the system treats members of the LGBTQ+ community. This paper critically examines the structural and institutional failures that continue to subject LGBTQ+ individuals, particularly transgender persons and hijras, to harassment, arbitrary detention, and systemic exclusion — even after landmark judicial reforms.

Tracing the historical roots of discrimination from colonial-era penal codes to the present day, this study analyses the transformative impact of Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018), the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, and a series of evolving judicial pronouncements that have gradually expanded the constitutional protections available to LGBTQ+ individuals. The paper draws comparative insights from Canada’s progressive rights framework, which offers instructive lessons in translating legal recognition into lived equality.

Through an analysis of policing practices, judicial conduct, prison conditions, and state-level welfare policies, this paper demonstrates that formal legal gains have not yet translated into substantive justice. Widespread moral policing, the misuse of broadly worded statutory provisions, and the near-total absence of hate crime protections leave LGBTQ+ persons vulnerable to violence and institutional indifference. The paper argues that transforming the criminal justice system requires far more than decriminalisation — it demands mandatory sensitivity training for law enforcement, explicit anti-discrimination safeguards, gender-affirming prison protocols, and robust mechanisms to hold institutions accountable. Only through structural reform can India ensure that its constitutional promise of equality becomes a reality for every citizen, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity.

Keywords: LGBTQ+, Criminal Justice Administration, Section 377, Transgender Rights, Navtej Singh Johar, Discrimination, Policing, Human Rights, India, Constitutional Law

‘‘A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ANTIQUITIES AND ART TREASURES ACT, 1972 IN PREVENTING IDOL TRAFFICKING IN INDIA”

AUTHOR – SANDHIYA.M* & MRS. JISHA J S**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

BEST CITATION – SANDHIYA.M & MRS. JISHA J S, ‘‘A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ANTIQUITIES AND ART TREASURES ACT, 1972 IN PREVENTING IDOL TRAFFICKING IN INDIA”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 140-148, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The Antiquities and Art Treasures Act (AATA) of 1972 serves as India’s primary legal shield against the illicit trafficking of its civilizational legacy, yet it remains a subject of intense critical scrutiny due to persistent systemic vulnerabilities.

This research provides an exhaustive analysis of the Act’s effectiveness in preventing idol trafficking, particularly in regions like Tamil Nadu where sacred temple bronzes have become high-value commodities in a multi-billion dollar global black market. Using a doctrinal and analytical research methodology, the study evaluates the legal architecture of the AATA 1972, identifying critical lacunae such as weak deterrent penalties, an ambiguous definition of “antiquities” that often excludes sacred idols, and the absence of a comprehensive national digital database. Further, the study explores the institutional challenges faced by enforcement agencies such as the Archaeological Survey of India, police departments, and customs authorities.

INTRODUCTION

The cultural heritage of India is not merely a collection of historical artifacts but represents the “soul of the nation” and is a testament to thousands of years of diverse traditions, philosophies, and artistic achievements^[1]. Within this vast heritage, temple idols hold a unique position, serving as both artistic masterpieces and consecrated objects of worship. However, this civilizational legacy is increasingly under threat from a sophisticated and globalized network of illicit trafficking.

From Chola bronzes in Tamil Nadu temples to medieval stone idols across the south, these irreplaceable treasures are systematically stolen, smuggled abroad, and auctioned in international markets, often fetching millions while eroding India’s shared identity,multi-billion dollar industry, often cited as the third-largest illicit trade globally, trailing only drugs and arms in terms of volume.

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[1] Neeladri Bhattacharya,The Great Indian History Debate OUP, 2010

PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF WORKING CHILDREN IN INDIA: A STUDY OF EXISTING MECHANISM AND CHALLENGES

AUTHOR – SARTHAK SHUKLA* & DR. ROHIT KUMAR SHUKLA**

* STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL LUCKNOW, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH LUCKNOW CAMPUS

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LAW AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL LUCKNOW, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH LUCKNOW CAMPUS

BEST CITATION – SARTHAK SHUKLA & DR. ROHIT KUMAR SHUKLA, PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF WORKING CHILDREN IN INDIA: A STUDY OF EXISTING MECHANISM AND CHALLENGES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 124-139, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The persistence of child labour in India represents a profound contradiction between the nation’s transformative constitutional ethos and its socio-economic realities. Despite the presence of a robust constitutional framework anchored by fundamental rights guaranteeing free and compulsory education (Article 21A) and protection against hazardous employment (Article 24) millions of children remain entangled in exploitative labour practices across the organized and unorganized sectors. This exhaustive research report provides a critical, expert-level analysis of the legal mechanisms, judicial pronouncements, and institutional frameworks designed to protect the rights of working children in India, juxtaposed against the systemic socio-economic challenges that impede their effective implementation.

A central analytical focus of this study is the critical exegesis of the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016. While the amendment seemingly aligns the minimum age of employment with the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009, its introduction of broad exemptions for “family enterprises” and the drastic reduction in the schedule of hazardous occupations have inadvertently created statutory loopholes that legitimize the exploitation of children in rural and marginalized communities. The research further evaluates the judiciary’s proactive role as the guardian of constitutional morality, analyzing landmark pronouncements such as M.C. Mehta v. State of Tamil Nadu and Bachpan Bachao Andolan v. Union of India. These cases have historically functioned as the vanguard for child rights by mandating rehabilitation funds, comprehensive rescue protocols, and linking child labour directly to human trafficking and bonded labour.

Furthermore, the study rigorously assesses the efficacy of contemporary administrative enforcement mechanisms, notably the Platform for Effective Enforcement for No Child Labour (PENCiL) portal and the integration of the National Child Labour Project (NCLP) into the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan. By examining empirical census data, government audit reports, and successful grassroots intervention models like Kerala’s poverty eradication initiatives and the Bal Mitra Gram (BMG) framework, the report uncovers significant enforcement deficits and a severe lack of institutional convergence. The study concludes with targeted legal, administrative, and policy recommendations, advocating for the alignment of domestic legislation with international conventions, the closure of statutory loopholes, and the realization of constitutional morality to ensure the holistic protection, rescue, and rehabilitation of vulnerable children.

Keywords : Child Labour, Constitutional Morality, CLPRA 2016, PENCiL Portal, Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan

HONOR KILLING FOCUSING ON RELIGION, CASTE AND GENDER

AUTHOR – BALAMURUGAN B* & SREE LEKSHMI B**

* RESEARCH SCHOLAR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

** RESEARCH GUIDE & ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

BEST CITATION – BALAMURUGAN B & SREE LEKSHMI B, HONOR KILLING FOCUSING ON RELIGION, CASTE AND GENDER, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 119-123, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

THIS RESARCH PAPER IS AN COMPHREHENISVE STRUCTURE OF HONOR KILLINGS IN INDIA WITH HIGHLY INTERSECTED FRAMEWORKS WITH THE RELIGION, CASTE AND GENDER.THIS STUDY CONCEPTUALIZED ON HONOR KILLING DUE TO SOME ACT OF HOMICIDE, OR BY AN COMMUNITY, OR BY SOCIAL CONTROL METHOD TO PRESERVE CASTE ENDOGAMY, REGULATION OF FEMALE SEXULAITY, AND SUSTAINING PATRICHARIAL LINEAGE. THIS STUDY IS HIGHLY CONCENTRATED ON CONSITUTIONAL MORALITY AND SOCIAL MORALITY CONFLICT IN CONTEPORARY INDIA.

ARTICLES 14,15,19,21 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA AND OTHER STATUTORY PROVSIOSNS INCLUDING THE INDIAN PENAL CODE ,SPECIAL MARRIAGE ACTS 1954  ARE ALSO PLAYS A CORDINATED ROLE IN THIS STUDY .SOME OF THE LANDMARK CASES WHICH INCLUDES LATA SINGH V STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH ,ARUMUGAM SERVAI V STATE OF TAMILNADU ,SHNATHI VAHINI V UNION OF INDIA ARE NOTABLE LANDMARK CASES IN THIS STUDY.THIS PPAER ALSO FOCUSES LAW COMMISION REPORTS,POLICY FRAMEWORKS,AND NATIONAL CRIME RECORD BUREAU DATA TO IDENTIFY THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGISLATIVE DEFICIENCIES FOR ADDRESSING HONOR CRIMES .

THE CENTRAL FINIDNG OF THIS STUDY IS ON CASTE AS A PRIMARY KEY FOLLOWED BY THE GENDER. THIS HIGHLY FOCUSING ON THE WOMEN WHO TRAGRESS CASTE AND RELIGIUS BOUNDARIES THROUGH EXERCISE OF MARITIAL CHOICE.IN THIS RESEARCH THE VIOLENCE IS NOT DONE BY AN INDIVIDUAL IT IS DONE BY A GROUP OF FAMILY MEMBERS AND ALSO OTHER SOCIAL FACTORS LIKE KHAP PANCHAYTS REFLECTING COMMUNAL SANCTION RATHER THAN ISOLATED CRIMINAL INTENT.

THE JUDICIARY HAS POSITIONED CONSTITUTINAL MORALITY AS A COUNTER MAJORITIAN PRINCIPLE INTENDED ITHROUGH INTNDED TO DISMANTLE OPPRESSIVE CUSTOMS AND AFFIRM THE PRIMACY OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS PVER COMMUNITY NORMS.THIS PAPER HAS MADE A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES SUCH AS PAKISTAN UNITED KINGDOM,TURKEY AND JORDAN WHERE THE PAKISTAN HAS MADE AMENDMENTS TO ELIMINATE THE”FORGIVENESS LOOPHOLE”,AND TURKEY SAID AS AGGRAVATED HOMICIDE AND UNITED KINGDOM EMPHASIZE ON MULTI AGENCY VICTIM PROTECTION FRAMEWORKS.

THIS STUDY ALSO FOCSUED ON CONSTITUIONAL GUARENTESS OF EQUALITY, LIBERITY, AS WELL AS INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGSTIONS UNDER GENDER EQUALITY FRAMEWORKS SUCH AS CEDAW.TO ERADICATE THIS HONOR KILLING WE NEED A STRONG LEGISLATIVE REFORMS, INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY, LEGISLATIVE REFORM, GENDER EMPOWERMENT AND COMMUNITY LEVEL PROTECTION.

ROLE OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN IMPROVING CORPORATE WORK EFFICIENCY

AUTHOR – ASHWINI S, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

BEST CITATION – ASHWINI S, ROLE OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN IMPROVING CORPORATE WORK EFFICIENCY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 113-118, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Digital transformation has emerged as one of the defining strategic imperatives of the twenty-first century, fundamentally reshaping how corporations organise work, deploy resources, and deliver value. This article investigates the role of digital transformation in improving corporate work efficiency across Indian manufacturing, financial services, and information technology sectors. Drawing on a mixed-methods research design — comprising survey data from 385 managerial respondents and qualitative case studies from six organisations — the study constructs and validates a Digital Transformation–Work Efficiency (DTWE) framework. Structural equation modelling results demonstrate that technology adoption breadth and integration depth account for

61.3 per cent of variance in efficiency outcomes, mediated through five principal pathways: process automation, knowledge management, communication infrastructure, data-driven decision-making, and workforce capability development. Findings confirm that strategic alignment and change management quality are the most consequential moderating factors, and that a technology-first, strategy-later approach consistently yields disappointing efficiency returns.

Keywords: Digital Transformation, Corporate Work Efficiency, Process Automation, Artificial Intelligence, Organisational Performance.

MISUSE OF DOWRY PROHOBITON ACT 1961

AUTHOR – PREETHI S* & MRS. SHONA K**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

BEST CITATION – PREETHI S & MRS. SHONA K, MISUSE OF DOWRY PROHOBITON ACT 1961, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 109-112, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Dower, which has its origins in customs and culture, is one of the most persistent social issues in Indian society. The most significant legislation in this field is the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961.A legal system must not only prohibit dictatorship and exploitation but also ensure that all parties receive justice. Dowry regulations, particularly those included in the Indian Penal Code, 1860, such as Section 498A, are abused for a purpose. Social and familial factors may also have an impact on dower law abuse.

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF POLLUTION AND RESOURCE DEPLETION CAUSED BY THE COIR INDUSTRY

AUTHOR – JOTHI SATHYAP PRIYA. V* & DR. A. SUGANTHINI**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

BEST CITATION – JOTHI SATHYAP PRIYA. V & DR. A. SUGANTHINI, AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF POLLUTION AND RESOURCE DEPLETION CAUSED BY THE COIR INDUSTRY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 83-108, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This dissertation investigates the growing environmental conflict between industrial development and ecological preservation within the Indian coir industry, specifically focusing on the Coimbatore-Pollachi belt in Tamil Nadu. The study analyzes the environmental degradation—including water pollution, groundwater depletion, and soil contamination—caused by the shift of the coir industry from a small-scale cottage sector to a semi-industrialized cluster. By applying established environmental doctrines such as the Precautionary Principle, the Polluter Pays Principle, and the Public Trust Doctrine, the research evaluates the efficacy of existing statutory frameworks, including the Water Act (1974), the Air Act (1981), and the Environment (Protection) Act (1986). It concludes that despite robust legislative provisions, systemic regulatory failures persist, and it emphasizes the essential role of judicial intervention in expanding Article 21 of the Constitution to protect the right to a healthy environment.

Keywords – Coir industry, Environmental law, Industrial pollution, Groundwater depletion, Sustainable development, Polluter Pays Principle, India, Regulatory enforcement.