JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN ADVANCING LABOUR WELFARE: A STUDY OF BENEFICIAL INTERPRETATION IN INDIAN LABOUR LAWS

AUTHOR – SUGHESH S,SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSIY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – SUGHESH S, JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN ADVANCING LABOUR WELFARE: A STUDY OF BENEFICIAL INTERPRETATION IN INDIAN LABOUR LAWS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 62-67, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract:

This study examines the role of judicial activism in advancing labour welfare in India through the doctrine of beneficial interpretation. Rooted in the constitutional vision of a welfare state, Indian labour laws are designed to protect workers from exploitation and ensure dignity, equality, and social justice. The paper highlights how the judiciary has played a transformative role by interpreting welfare legislation liberally, ensuring that the objectives of such laws are effectively realized. It explores the doctrinal foundations of beneficial interpretation and demonstrates how courts have expanded the scope of Fundamental Rights by harmonizing them with the Directive Principles of State Policy. Through landmark judicial decisions, the study illustrates how labour rights have evolved from mere statutory protections into enforceable constitutional guarantees. While acknowledging concerns of judicial overreach, the paper concludes that judicial activism has largely acted as a progressive force in addressing legislative gaps and socio-economic inequalities, thereby strengthening labour jurisprudence in India.

Keywords: Judicial Activism, Labour Welfare , Beneficial Interpretation, Welfare Legislation, Indian Labour Laws, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), Social Justice, Constitutional Interpretation

CALL CENTER-BASED SCAM OPERATIONS: INVESTIGATING CYBER FRAUD NETWORKS

AUTHOR – MUKUL TARE & PRATHMESH NAIK,

2^ND YEAR BALLB STUDENTS AT KES SHRI JAYANTILAL H. PATEL LAW COLLEGE

BEST CITATION – MUKUL TARE & PRATHMESH NAIK, CALL CENTER-BASED SCAM OPERATIONS: INVESTIGATING CYBER FRAUD NETWORKS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 54-61, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The rapid growth of digital communication and global connectivity has significantly changed the nature of crime, leading to the rise of complex cyber frauds. Among these, call-centre-based scams have emerged as a major and highly organized threat, often operating across national borders. These scams typically involve fake call centres that impersonate trusted entities such as banks, government agencies, or technical support services to trick individuals into sharing sensitive information or transferring money. This paper examines the structure and functioning of such scam operations in India, highlighting how they have evolved into large-scale, organized networks supported by advanced technologies like VoIP, caller ID spoofing, and cloud-based systems. It also analyses the step-by-step modus operandi of these scams, including victim targeting, psychological manipulation, and money laundering techniques. Further, the study explores the legal framework in India, focusing on the role of the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002, along with telecom regulations and enforcement mechanisms. It also discusses the practical challenges faced by authorities, such as cross-border jurisdiction issues, technological anonymity, and gaps in enforcement. Through recent case studies and comparative analysis, the paper demonstrates that call-centre scams are not isolated incidents but part of a broader, organized cybercrime ecosystem. It concludes by emphasizing the need for a coordinated approach involving stronger regulation, improved enforcement, international cooperation, and increased public awareness to effectively tackle this growing threat.

REGULATION OF NON-PERSONAL DATA IN INDIA: PRIVACY IMPLICATIONS AND GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES

AUTHOR – SNEHA TRIPATHI* & PURNIMA TYAGI**

* STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, INDIA

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, INDIA

BEST CITATION – SNEHA TRIPATHI & PURNIMA TYAGI, REGULATION OF NON-PERSONAL DATA IN INDIA: PRIVACY IMPLICATIONS AND GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 49-53, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Non-personal data (NPD) regulation has turned out to be a burning topic in the developing digital India. Although a conventional system of data protection has an emphasis on personal information, the growing economic importance of anonymized and aggregated data requires a different form of control. This paper discusses the conceptual underpinnings of non-personal data, classification, and why there is the necessity of governance processes in India. It also discusses the privacy concerns of the possible re-identification of anonymized information and the danger of abuse. The paper is a critical analysis of the recommendations of the Non-Personal Data Governance Committee and how they overlap with current legal frameworks, such as the Digital Personal Data Protection regime. Also, it illustrates issues of data sharing, ownership, economic exploitation and institutional controls. A summary of the paper also reiterates that a solution to this is the development of a balanced regulatory structure that ensures enhancement of innovation whilst ensuring privacy and the interest of the people.

GST REGIME AND ITS IMPACT ON FISCAL AUTONOMY OF STATES IN INDIA

AUTHOR –SAMARTH GUPTA, STUDENT OF AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – SAMARTH GUPTA, GST REGIME AND ITS IMPACT ON FISCAL AUTONOMY OF STATES IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 34-48, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India on 1 July 2017 marked a significant transformation in the country’s indirect taxation framework. The reform was intended to unify the fragmented tax system by subsuming several central and state taxes into a single, comprehensive tax structure. GST was introduced through the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, which aimed to simplify taxation, reduce cascading effects, and promote economic integration across the country. However, while GST has improved tax compliance and created a unified market, it has also generated debates regarding its impact on the fiscal autonomy of states within India’s federal structure.

Before the implementation of GST, state governments possessed significant powers to impose various indirect taxes such as Value Added Tax (VAT), entry tax, entertainment tax, and luxury tax. These taxes constituted a substantial share of state revenue and enabled states to exercise financial independence according to their economic priorities. With the implementation of GST, many of these powers were consolidated under a unified tax regime administered jointly by the central and state governments through the GST Council. This institutional arrangement has raised questions regarding the extent to which states retain their fiscal decision-making authority.

The GST Council plays a central role in determining tax rates, exemptions, and policy changes under the GST framework. Although the Council includes representation from both the Union and state governments, concerns have been raised about the potential centralisation of fiscal power and the reduced flexibility of states in designing their own taxation policies. The issue became particularly evident during periods of revenue shortfall, when states relied Heavily dependent on compensation payments from the central government. This research paper critically examines the GST regime and its implications for the fiscal autonomy of states in India. The study evaluates the constitutional framework of GST, the functioning of the GST Council, and the revenue challenges experienced by states after the implementation of the new tax system. It also explores whether GST has strengthened cooperative federalism or created new tensions between the centre and states in matters of fiscal governance.

Keywords: Goods and Services Tax, Fiscal Autonomy, Cooperative Federalism, GST Council, State Revenue, Indian Federalism.

“SECULARISM VIS-À-VIS FREEDOM OF RELIGION UNDER INDIAN CONSTITUTION-A CRITICAL ANALYSIS”

AUTHOR – GARGEE R. DHANAWADE, LLM 2ND YEAR STUDENT OF DES’S SHREE NAVALMAL FIRODIA LAW COLLEGE PUNE

BEST CITATION – GARGEE R. DHANAWADE, “SECULARISM VIS-À-VIS FREEDOM OF RELIGION UNDER INDIAN CONSTITUTION-A CRITICAL ANALYSIS”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 28-33, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

            India is a pluralistic society and a country of religions. It is inhabited by people of many religion.The term ‘Secular’ was added by 42^nd Constitutional Amendment Act 1976 in Preamble of Indian Constitution .However, as the Supreme Court said in 1947,although the word ‘Secular state were not expressedly mentioned in the Constitution , there can no doubt that constitution makers  wanted to established such a state and accordingly Article 25 to 28 guaranteeing the Fundamental right to freedom of religion have been included in the constitution. The term ‘Secular’ mean state have no any particular religion .that is to say ,as a state has no any religion but comes out as neutral towards the concept of religion. The Constitution furthuring the idea of values enshrined in the Preamble, equally preserves and protects all religions. In case of S.R.Bomai Supreme Court held that Secularism is a part of basic structure .In case of Shah Bano, Supreme court held that Section 125of Code of Criminal Procedure was applicable to Muslim person also irrespective of their religion. In Shayra  Bano case Supreme Court struck down ‘Triple Talaq’. The Indian Constitution embodies the positive concept of secularism i.e. all religions in our country irrespective of their strength have the same status and support from the state. To what extent Indian constitution guarantees secularism and provides protection of freedom of religion. How do societal trends such as majoritarianism and Hindu nationalism, influence the implementation of secularism and freedom of religion in India. The Indian Constitution guarantees secularism effectively protects freedom of religion for all citizens.  This research critically analyze the provisions of Indian Constitution regarding secularism and freedom of religion. This research is helpful for law students, legal fraternity, lawyers.

Key-words-   Secularism, Freedom, Religion, Secular State,  Constitution.

CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OF POST-CONSUMER POLYMERIC WASTE INTO AUTOMOTIVE-GRADE LIQUID HYDROCARBONS

AUTHOR – MOHAMMAD ABDULLAH ASHIF* & DR.ARVIND KUMAR SINGH**

* STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

** PROFESSOR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – MOHAMMAD ABDULLAH ASHIF & DR.ARVIND KUMAR SINGH, CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OF POST-CONSUMER POLYMERIC WASTE INTO AUTOMOTIVE-GRADE LIQUID HYDROCARBONS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 20-27, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Introduction

The global accumulation of plastic waste has reached an unprecedented scale. As of 2025, approximately 130 million metric tons of plastic enter the environment annually, with projections suggesting this figure could escalate to 280 million metric tons by 2040 without aggressive global intervention. The historical reliance on mechanical recycling has proven insufficient for managing post-consumer waste, which often involves multilayer packaging and contaminated materials fundamentally unsuitable for traditional processing.

In response, chemical recycling—particularly the thermochemical conversion of plastics into liquid hydrocarbons—has emerged as a critical “molecular loop” strategy. This process involves the controlled degradation of polymer backbones into a state analogous to the crude oil from which they were originally derived, enabling regeneration of high-value fuels and petrochemical feedstocks, while diverting plastic from landfills and incinerators.

CSR AS A TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT

AUTHOR – ISHTISHAM* & DR. SHOVA DEVI**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY (LUCKNOW)

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY (LUCKNOW)

BEST CITATION – ISHTISHAM & DR. SHOVA DEVI, CSR AS A TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 06-19, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

INTRODUCTION

Corporate Social Responsibility emerges as a transformative instrument within the social legal framework, intricately weaving corporate prosperity with sustainable development imperatives to forge resilient enterprises that thrive by nurturing societal fabrics, ecological balances, and equitable growth trajectories amid India’s kaleidoscope of urban affluence juxtaposed against rural scarcities and environmental pressures from relentless industrialization. Through the mandates of the Companies Act, 2013, particularly Section 135’s compulsion for qualifying firms to channel two percent of average net profits into Schedule VII pursuits spanning hunger eradication via fortified nutrition networks, gender empowerment through women-led cooperatives in agrarian heartlands, rural sanitation revolutions echoing national missions, and ecological restorations like afforestation corridors buffering mining wastelands, CSR transcends obligatory philanthropy to become a strategic lever that internalizes externalities from polluted river arteries to displaced tribal communities, ensuring businesses cultivate long-term viability by aligning profit engines with constitutional visions of justice and welfare under Articles 38, 39, and 47. This social legal paradigm positions corporations not as detached economic actors but as embedded stewards whose legally orchestrated interventions—from skill academies piercing caste barriers to renewable microgrids illuminating off-grid hamlets—propel symbiotic advancement where corporate longevity hinges on communal resilience against climate volatilities, demographic surges, and inequality’s stubborn shadows.¹

Delving into its instrumental essence, CSR facilitates sustainable corporate development by mitigating operational risks through proactive community engagements, such as stakeholder consultations preceding infrastructure ventures in seismic zones or supply chain diligences eradicating child labor from distant quarries, thereby preempting litigations, boycotts, and regulatory reprisals that could unravel decades of goodwill while unlocking avenues to green financing from ESG-attuned investors who reward firms pioneering circular plastics recovery from urban waste streams or climate-adaptive agriculture in flood-prone deltas. Judicial expansions, as in precedents linking environmental stewardship to fiduciary duties, amplify this tool’s potency, compelling boards to integrate social returns alongside financial metrics in deliberations, fostering cultures where CSR committees devise annual action plans that scale impacts from slum health outposts bridging urban-rural chasms to vocational continua empowering informal weavers against automation tides, ensuring enterprises evolve resilient models attuned to intergenerational equity rather than short-term fiscal optics.²

DIGNITY IN DEATH: THE SUPREME COURT’S PASSIVE EUTHANASIA RULING IN THE HARISH RANA CASE

AUTHOR –ANVESHA RANA, ADVOCATE, DISTRICT & SESSIONS COURT, DEHRADUN

BEST CITATION – ANVESHA RANA, DIGNITY IN DEATH: THE SUPREME COURT’S PASSIVE EUTHANASIA RULING IN THE HARISH RANA CASE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 01-05, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

In India, the Right to life under the Constitution has never been interpreted as a guarantee of merely surviving. Judicial interpretation has, over the years, transformed Article 21 into a provision that protects individual dignity and the quality of life. This expanded interpretation has also influenced discussions surrounding end-of-life decisions, particularly when modern medical advancements can extend biological life without the possibility of restoring significant consciousness. Challenges related to euthanasia frequently emerge at the nexus of ethics, medicine, and law. While the legal framework has consistently emphasized the preservation of life, medical progress has enabled treatments that can indefinitely sustain bodily functions, even in situations where recovery is deemed medically improbable.

A STUDY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN TAX ADMINISTRATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE AUTOMATION OF THE ASSESSMENT UNDER FACELESS ASSESSMENT SCHEME AND PRIVACY CONCERNS

AUTHOR – ANILA KURIAN, STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, NOIDA

BEST CITATION – ANILA KURIAN, A STUDY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN TAX ADMINISTRATION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE AUTOMATION OF THE ASSESSMENT UNDER FACELESS ASSESSMENT SCHEME AND PRIVACY CONCERNS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (4) OF 2026, PG. 1073-1084, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The introduction of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Indian tax collection most notably in the Faceless Assessment Scheme in Sec 144B of the Income Tax Act, 1961 is the point of transformation in the fiscal governance. Although AI-enabled tools are a promise of increased efficiency, transparency, and reduction of corruption based on algorithmic scrutiny selection, automated processing, and faceless adjudication, they also pose new constitutional and statutory challenges in the area of procedural fairness, algorithmic accountability, and informational privacy that have never been seen previously.

The Article examines the data privacy policy implications of the digital tax surveillance system in India in the light of the proportionality standard that the Supreme Court unanimously upheld in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017). It considers the sufficiency of the Information Technology Act, 2000 and Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 in fully tackling algorithmic opacity, risks of data aggregation, function creep, and lack of an independent oversight mechanism to process tax data.

THE NEED FOR THE PROTECTION OF MIGRANT WORKERS: A CRITICAL STUDY OF SAFEGUARDS UNDER INDIA’S OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, HEALTH AND WORKING CONDITIONS CODE, 2020

AUTHOR – NEHAA C S, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – NEHAA C S, THE NEED FOR THE PROTECTION OF MIGRANT WORKERS: A CRITICAL STUDY OF SAFEGUARDS UNDER INDIA’S OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, HEALTH AND WORKING CONDITIONS CODE, 2020, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (4) OF 2026, PG. 1067-1072, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract:

Migration for employment is a crucial aspect of modern labor markets; however, migrant workers continue to be one of the most at-risk groups within the workforce. In India, the re-regulation of their rights through the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 (OSH Code) signifies a fundamental change from the original Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979. Nevertheless, the new framework presents both improvements and notable setbacks. This article provides a critical analysis of the necessity for migrant worker protection, exploring the definition of “migrant worker” as outlined in the OSH Code, the essential protections it offers, and the ongoing deficiencies in enforcement and coverage. It contends that, despite the Code’s formal acknowledgment of wider categories of migrant workers and their rights to equal pay, safe working environments, housing, and the portability of social security, exclusions based on thresholds, wage ceilings, and the ongoing exclusion of intra-state migrants hinder the realization of these rights. The article concludes with a series of policy suggestions designed to enhance legal protections and institutional frameworks for safeguarding migrant workers in India.

Key words: migration, occupational safety, inter-state, occupational safety, migrant worker, intra-state