IMPACT OF FEMALE LABOUR FORCE ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF INDIA

AUTHOR – YAMUNA K, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSIY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – YAMUNA K, IMPACT OF FEMALE LABOUR FORCE ON THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 146-154, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Female labour force participation plays a crucial role in determining the economic growth and development of a country. In India, despite women constituting nearly half of the population, their participation in the workforce remains significantly low. This study examines the impact of female labour force participation on India’s economic growth by analyzing its contribution to GDP, poverty reduction, and social development. It highlights the major barriers such as gender discrimination, wage inequality, safety concerns, and lack of flexible work opportunities that restrict women’s active involvement in the labour market. The paper also evaluates government initiatives aimed at improving women’s participation and suggests policy measures to enhance their economic inclusion. Increasing female labour force participation can lead to higher productivity, inclusive growth, and sustainable development, making it essential for India to unlock the full potential of its female workforce.

Keywords: Female Labour Force Participation, Economic Growth, Gender Equality, Employment, GDP, Women Empowerment, health, safety and welfare of the women.

THE IMPACT OF MGNREGA & THE NEW BILL ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN COMPARISON WITH NEW LABOUR CODE

AUTHOR – S. KEERTHANA, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSIY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – S. KEERTHANA, THE IMPACT OF MGNREGA & THE NEW BILL ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN COMPARISON WITH NEW LABOUR CODE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 137-145, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was a central sponsored scheme with the aim to improve the living standard of the rural people with employment opportunities. The scheme had come in force by February 2, 2006. The scheme as gained to be the second in the list of right based policies in government of India. The scheme has evolved as the social security allowance which has been a goal to improve the rural livelihood with the assured legal makeovers of 100 days of wage employment to the peoples in the rural areas. Eventually the empowerment of another bill such as the VB-G RAM -G bill, with the side of the labour code 2020 have notably reinforced the workers rights and the rural employment. The research will also explain the significant shift of the inherent right based scheme like the MGNREGA to the policy framework of legislative actions. There study will critically analyze the labour codes with the adequate protection on the rural and gig platform workers who have recently the majority portion in India.

KEY WORDS: MGNREGA scheme, VB G RAM G replacement bill, labour rights, gig and platform workers, rural empowerment.

SOCIAL SECURITY PROTECTION FOR WORKERS IN HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONS UNDER THE OSH CODE, 2020

AUTHOR – K. RANJITH, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSIY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – K. RANJITH, SOCIAL SECURITY PROTECTION FOR WORKERS IN HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONS UNDER THE OSH CODE, 2020, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 128-136, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract:

The Indian labour codes implemented by our Indian legislation which consolidates all labour legislations into a four main cods. One of the four code which is precautionary among the workers that is The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions (OSH) Code, 2020, which improves a foundational reform in Indian labour law, that governs the protection of workers engaged in hazardous occupations has long been a critical concern within labour welfare jurisprudence. With rapid industrialisation and the expansion of high-risk sectors such as mining, construction, and chemical industries, the need for a comprehensive legal framework ensuring worker safety and social security has become increasingly important. The research examines the extent to which the OSH code, 2020 provide social security protection to workers employed in hazardous occupations. The research further examines the key benefits that are given under the new code and a constitutional right and it should be ensured that the new code is not violative of those rights. And it compares the new and old laws for the protection which are improved for the hazardous workers. It concludes by suggesting reforms to enhance the effectiveness of social security protections and to ensure a safer and more equitable working environment for workers in hazardous occupation.

Keywords: Hazardous occupation, OSH code, 2020, social security code, 2020, dangerous jobs, occupational disease, workers safety.

GENDER JUSTICE AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY OF WOMEN WORKERS UNDER INDIA’S NEW LABOUR CODES

AUTHOR – R. MADHUMITHA, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSIY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – R. MADHUMITHA, GENDER JUSTICE AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY OF WOMEN WORKERS UNDER INDIA’S NEW LABOUR CODES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 118-127, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

India’s new labour codes consolidate all the labour legislations into four new labour codes. It marks the significant change in the regulatory framework. This research examines the new labour codes especially the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code,2020. The new labour codes strengthen women’s role through representation in grievance committee and other advisory bodies. This also ensures the gender equality with strict prohibition of discrimination in workplace. This research also examines the policy objectives, statutory provisions and other constitutional implications of the codes. This research analyses the changes made by new labour codes such as recognising women’s right to work in all occupations and working hours subject to safety conditions. This paper also highlights the practical gaps between the executive actions, ground level realities and commitments particularly for women workers in hazardous, unorganised and informal sectors. This paper concludes that achievement of gender justice is not only initiative of legislative action but also need the strong enforcement mechanisms, policy designs and participatory form of governance in working conditions.

KEYWORDS: Gender justice, Women’s safety, Substantive equality, Occupational safety, Discrimination, Labour codes, Maternity rights.

MATERNITY BENEFITS AND LABOUR LAW PROTECTION UNDER THE MATERNITY BENEFITS ACT, 1961

AUTHOR – NARMATHA, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSIY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – NARMATHA, MATERNITY BENEFITS AND LABOUR LAW PROTECTION UNDER THE MATERNITY BENEFITS ACT, 1961, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 114-117, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 is a key labour welfare legislation that ensures protection for working women during pregnancy by providing paid maternity leave, medical benefits, and job security. The 2017 amendment enhanced these protections by extending maternity leave to 26 weeks and introducing provisions such as crèche facilities and work-from-home options. Despite its progressive nature, the Act faces challenges such as limited coverage of women in the unorganized sector, lack of awareness, and the financial burden on employers. This study examines the legal framework, constitutional support, and practical issues of the Act, while also comparing it with standards set by the International Labour Organization. It highlights the need for effective implementation and reforms to ensure inclusive maternity protection for all women workers.

AN ANALYSIS OF TRADEMARK LAW CONFLICTS IN THE GLOBAL FASHION INDUSTRY

AUTHOR – DIVYANSHI SINGH, LL.M. (MASTER OF LAWS) | AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, NOIDA

BEST CITATION – DIVYANSHI SINGH, AN ANALYSIS OF TRADEMARK LAW CONFLICTS IN THE GLOBAL FASHION INDUSTRY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 100-113, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The global fashion industry—valued at approximately USD 1.7 trillion in 2023—is among the most innovation-driven and brand-dependent sectors of the world economy. Trademark law serves as the primary legal instrument through which fashion brands protect their identities, preserve consumer trust, and sustain competitive advantage. This paper undertakes a comprehensive doctrinal and comparative analysis of trademark law conflicts arising within the global fashion industry, examining them through the intersecting prisms of globalization, rapid digital transformation, and the fast-fashion phenomenon. The principal conflicts examined are: trademark infringement and passing off; counterfeiting and the proliferation of knock-offs; brand dilution; parallel imports and grey market trade; conflicts arising from similarity of marks and trade dress; and cross-border jurisdictional fragmentation. The paper further interrogates how e-commerce platforms, social media algorithms, and virtual goods markets have fundamentally altered the enforcement landscape, rendering traditional territorial remedies inadequate. Through a systematic comparison of trademark protection frameworks in the United States (Lanham Act), the European Union (EU Trade Mark Regulation), and India (Trade Marks Act, 1999), anchored in ten landmark judicial decisions from 2007 to 2026, the paper evaluates both the strengths and structural gaps of existing legal regimes. The roles of foundational international instruments—the TRIPS Agreement, the Paris Convention, and the Madrid System—are also assessed. The central hypothesis advanced—that more effective, harmonized trademark protection is urgently required to reduce legal conflicts in the fashion industry—is substantiated by both the comparative and jurisprudential analysis. The paper concludes with eight evidence-based policy recommendations directed at legislatures, international organisations, fashion brands, and e-commerce intermediaries.

Keywords: Trademark Law · Fashion Industry · Counterfeiting · Trade Dress · Passing Off · Brand Dilution · TRIPS Agreement · Cross-Border Disputes · Grey Markets · Fast Fashion · Non-Traditional Marks · Digital Fashion · NFTs

LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR GAAR AND TREATIES

AUTHOR – LALIT RAJ, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY NOIDA

BEST CITATION – LALIT RAJ, LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR GAAR AND TREATIES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 90-99, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This study discusses the relationship between GAAR and DTAAs in the field of international taxation. With globalization, the need for striking a balance between GAAR and treaties has become more important than ever. This research studies the GAAR system of India, international standards like the Principal Purpose Test and Multilateral Instrument, and three historic judgments by the Supreme Court in McDowell (1985), Azadi Bachao Andolan (2003), and Vodafone (2012), which have brought about an evolution in judicial interpretation from form over substance to substance over form.

EVERGREENING OF PHARMACEUTICAL PATENTS IN INDIA: A LEGAL ANALYSIS UNDER THE INDIAN PATENT ACT IN THE LIGHT OF TRIPS AGREEMENT

AUTHOR – SEKAR V, LL.M. STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH (AUUP) NOIDA

BEST CITATION – SEKAR V, EVERGREENING OF PHARMACEUTICAL PATENTS IN INDIA: A LEGAL ANALYSIS UNDER THE INDIAN PATENT ACT IN THE LIGHT OF TRIPS AGREEMENT, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 81-89, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/V6I511

ABSTRACT

The concept of evergreening in pharmaceutical patents has emerged as a critical issue at the intersection of intellectual property law and public health in India. Evergreening refers to the strategic practice by pharmaceutical companies of obtaining multiple patents on minor modifications of existing drugs, thereby extending their market exclusivity beyond the original patent term. This study undertakes a comprehensive legal analysis of evergreening within the framework of the Indian Patents Act, 1970, particularly focusing on Section 3(d), and examines its compatibility with the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).

India has adopted a cautious and public health-oriented approach to patent protection, aiming to balance innovation incentives with access to affordable medicines. Section 3(d) serves as a key safeguard by denying patents to new forms of known substances unless they demonstrate enhanced therapeutic efficacy. This provision has been instrumental in preventing the misuse of patent rights through incremental innovations that lack substantial clinical benefit. The landmark judgment in Novartis AG v. Union of India is analyzed to understand the judicial interpretation of Section 3(d) and its role in curbing evergreening practices.

The research further evaluates whether India’s patent regime aligns with its international obligations under TRIPS, which mandates minimum standards of patent protection while allowing member states certain flexibilities. It argues that India has effectively utilized these flexibilities to design a patent system that prioritizes public health without violating TRIPS norms. The study also highlights ongoing debates surrounding the tension between pharmaceutical innovation and accessibility, especially in developing countries.

By critically examining statutory provisions, judicial precedents, and international frameworks, this paper concludes that India’s legal stance on evergreening represents a balanced and pragmatic model. It not only discourages trivial patent extensions but also ensures that genuine innovations are rewarded. The analysis underscores the importance of maintaining this equilibrium to promote both technological advancement and equitable healthcare access in the evolving global patent landscape.Top of Form

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AS REGULATED BY THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013: STATUTORY PROVISIONS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

AUTHOR – SARIKA* & DR. POOJA BALI**

* STUDENT OF LL.M. (CORPORATE LAW), SANT BABA BHAG SINGH UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR

** ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT SANT BABA BHAG SINGH UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR

BEST CITATION – SARIKA & DR. POOJA BALI, CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AS REGULATED BY THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013: STATUTORY PROVISIONS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 73-80, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Corporate social responsibility, or CSR, is the practice of conducting business in which businesses make a noticeable contribution to the entire ecosystem in which they operate. Businesses that engage in social responsibility take into account equitable growth and sustainable development in addition to measures that boost their earnings. Businesses utilize corporate social responsibility (CSR) to align their operations and growth with their social, environmental, and economic objectives. CSR is believed to build a company’s reputation and goodwill among consumers and the broader public. The hallmark of business is to prioritize three things: people, the environment, and profit in addition to the bottom line. When they use the term “society,” they mean the worldwide concern for sustainable business practices, the environment, or ecology. According to government regulations (Section 135 of “The Companies Act, 2013,” under rules of 2014, Schedule VII), businesses with net worth, turnover, or profit after tax (PAT) above a specific threshold are required to report on their annual report, give an explanation, or donate 2% of their net earnings over the preceding three years to social development. The “Companies Act, 2013” need for required spending and disclosure of CSR efforts is the main topic of this essay. The research also discusses the primary shortcomings of the provision that would make it unworkable. As it examines the CSR phenomena within the framework of “The Companies Act, 2013,” this article is both exploratory and descriptive. It also gathers data using a survey approach that aims to provide information and explicit knowledge in the public domain.

Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Section 135, the Companies Act 2013, Schedule VII, Sustainable Development.

“RETIRAL BENEFITS AS HUMAN RIGHTS IN INDIA: A CONSTITUTIONAL AND JURISPRUDENTIAL ANALYSIS”

AUTHOR – SRIRAM V M, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSIY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – SRIRAM V M, “RETIRAL BENEFITS AS HUMAN RIGHTS IN INDIA: A CONSTITUTIONAL AND JURISPRUDENTIAL ANALYSIS”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (5) OF 2026, PG. 68-72, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract:

Retiral benefits such as pension, gratuity, provident fund, and family pension constitute the primary source of financial security for individuals in their post-employment phase. While traditionally regarded as statutory or service-related entitlements, Indian jurisprudence has progressively evolved to recognise these benefits as integral to the protection of human dignity and constitutional rights. This paper critically examines the transformation of retiral benefits from deferred wages to enforceable human rights, situating them within the framework of Articles 21 and 300-A of the Constitution of India. It analyses key judicial pronouncements that have redefined pension as a vested right rather than a discretionary bounty, alongside the proactive role of the National Human Rights Commission in highlighting systemic failures in their disbursement. The study further engages with international human rights standards to contextualise India’s approach within a global framework of social security. By identifying persistent administrative and structural challenges, the paper argues for a comprehensive rights-based model supported by legislative reform, institutional strengthening, and technological modernization. It concludes that the true realisation of retiral benefits as human rights depends not merely on legal recognition but on effective and timely implementation, ensuring dignity, security, and social justice in the post-retirement phase.

Keywords: Retiral Benefits, Pension, Human Rights, Right to Dignity, Social Security, Deferred Wages, NHRC, Constitutional Law, Judicial Interpretation, Welfare State, Administrative Justice, Post-Retirement Security