GREEN TECHNOLOGY: A PATH TOWARDS ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

A LEGAL, CONSTITUTIONAL AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

AUTHOR – SHRUTI SINGH* & BABITA SINGH PARASAIN**

* STUDENT AT IILM UNIVERSITY GREATER NOIDA

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, IILM UNIVERSITY GREATER NOIDA

BEST CITATION – SHRUTI SINGH & BABITA SINGH PARASAIN,GREEN TECHNOLOGY: A PATH TOWARDS ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 01-05, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I917

Abstract

There has never been a more pressing need to integrate technology, law, and environmental responsibility. This article explores green technology as a multifaceted tool of environmental sustainability, examining its constitutional foundations in the Indian legal system, significant court rulings that have influenced the development of environmental jurisprudence, and international policy responses from major economies like Germany, China, and the European Union. This article makes the case that green technology is a constitutional need rather than just a policy choice by referencing key Supreme Court and High Court rulings, current legislative frameworks, and constitutional requirements. It also examines comparative national models, highlights major obstacles to its acceptance, and analyses new trends that point to a new age in the relationship between law, technology, and the environment. Specifically, we look at the landmark Supreme Court decision in M.K. Ranjitsinh v. Union of India, which came down in 2024 and established, as a basic right under Articles 14 and 21, the right to be free from the adverse effects of climate change.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Climate Change, Constitutional Law, Article 21, Green Technology, Environmental Sustainability, and Environmental Jurisprudence.

INSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS AND PROTECTION OF REFUGEES: MEASURING UNHCR PERFORMANCE

AUTHOR – RAKSHA RAWAT* & MR. KHALEEQ AHMED**

* LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

BEST CITATION – RAKSHA RAWAT & MR. KHALEEQ AHMED,INSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS AND PROTECTION OF REFUGEES: MEASURING UNHCR PERFORMANCE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 143-148, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The refugee dilemma of the world has become so much more severe over the last several decades due to military conflicts and political instability, environmental catastrophes, as well as the violation of human rights. The United Nations high commissioner of refugees (UNHCR) is at the centre of ensuring the safety of refugees and ensuring that the international law of refugees is in fact observed, particularly the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol. Although its role is vital, the organization continues to grapple with several structural and operational challenges that have a negative impact on its performance. Such issues involve scarcity of financial resources, the political restrictions of sovereign states, imbalanced burden-sharing among nations and the increased populations that are in the displacement all around the globe. This article discusses institutional weaknesses UNHCR experiences and how it has been fair to uphold the rights of refugees. It also examines the issue of whether the existing system in global governance of refugees assist the UNHCR to carry out its mandate and offers reforms that could enhance the global cooperation and increase the organizational capacity of the agency.

SHOULD INDIA REINTRODUCE THE JURY SYSTEM? A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH THE UNITED STATES AND THE UNITED KINGDOM

AUTHOR – VIRAJ MALVIYA, STUDENT AT RASHTRIYA RAKSHA UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – VIRAJ MALVIYA, SHOULD INDIA REINTRODUCE THE JURY SYSTEM? A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH THE UNITED STATES AND THE UNITED KINGDOM, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 132-142, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I915

Abstract

It is a legal process where a group of people (jurors) are sworn to hear trial, see the evidence and determine facts and give the verdict or decision. The jury will find whether a person is guilty / not guilty or liable / not liable. The jury system is designed to ensure the honesty of judges (who explain the law). The jurors will vote for the decision whether a person is guilty or not.

The jury system is abolished by India following the landmark judgment or decision in the case of K.M.NANAVATI v/s STATE OF MAHARASHTRA^[1]. This research paper examines a comparative and detailed study of the jury system in India, United States, United Kingdom. With the help of comparative analysis, the study evaluates the compatibility of Jury trials with Article 21 of the Indian Constitution^[2]. This study also talks about the reason for abolition of Jury system; it also includes the analysis why jury trials are important to democracy of United states and United Kingdom.

The research paper examines that the Jury system make the democratic values best and safeguarding the authority of courts but in India, they face structural, social, and operational difficulty which change the whole scenario from United States and United Kingdom. In this research paper it also examines that how jury trials works in United States which protects the jury rights for trials under the Sixth Amendment^[3]. In United Kingdom, the jury trials continue in serious offences under Crown Court proceedings.

The research paper evaluates that the Jury system will be transparent for the public of India, but India needs a well-controlled system alteration or modification because of its unique social-legal structure. This paper examines that to reintroduce the Jury trials in India, it requires small steps with full institutional support to do complete restoration and to create a new Jury system.

Keywords- Jury System, Comparative Criminal Justice, Trial by Jury, Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, Fair Trial, Participatory Justice, K. M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra, Sixth Amendment, Crown Court Jury Trials, Criminal Justice System Reform

---

[1] K.M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra, A.I.R. 1962 S.C. 605 (India).

[2] INDIA CONST. art. 21.

[3] U.S. CONST. amend. VI.

“BALANCING LIBERTY, DISSENT & PUBLIC ORDER IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA” – “RE-DEFINING THE CONSTITUTIONAL PHILOSOPHY OF ARTICLE 19(1)A IN THIS MODERN ERA”

AUTHOR – PRATHAMESH SANJAY, STUDENT AT SYMBIOSIS LAW SCHOOL, NAGPUR

BEST CITATION – PRATHAMESH SANJAY, “BALANCING LIBERTY, DISSENT & PUBLIC ORDER IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA” – “RE-DEFINING THE CONSTITUTIONAL PHILOSOPHY OF ARTICLE 19(1)A IN THIS MODERN ERA”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 01-05, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I914

Abstract

The theme of “Balancing the liberty, dissent & public order” defines the free speech and preserves the social stability. Article 19(1)(a) guarantees freedom of speech & expression. Which is one of the foundational democratic Right of a citizen, The proviso embodies the idea of liberty, accountability and participatory governance. The free speech has been open to various judicial interpretation, through over the year there have been drastic changes regarding the article, various tests are there from reasonable restriction till present day the proportionality test. Article 19(2) defines the reasonable restriction on free speech and freedom of expression. Presently the paper will deal through philosophy of 19(1) with the rising challenges with regards to free speech in this algorithmic era. We will also come various tests which the court has made a foundation to determine what is deemed to be reasonable and unreasonable? the emergence of hate speech and polarized discourse challenges the fine balance between liberty and equality in a plural society. The regulatory measures may lead to overbreadth, which may chill dissent and democratic participation. The main part will deal with the judicial evolution of Article 19(1) and compare it to modern day situation of public order and digital governance. We will see how the dissent is to be protected while applying restriction which are narrow, reasonable, proportionate in this Algorithmic sphere.

Key words: Accountability, Algorithmic, Reasonable, Polarized, restriction, Hate-speech, liberty, equality.

THE JURISPRUDENTIAL DICHOTOMY BETWEEN ENTERTAINMENT TAX AND SPORTING RECOGNITION IN TRANSANATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW: AN ANALYSIS OF FORMULA ONE RACING

AUTHOR – AVINASH KESHARI* & AISHWARYA SINGH**

* LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

BEST CITATION – AVINASH KESHARI & AISHWARYA SING,THE JURISPRUDENTIAL DICHOTOMY BETWEEN ENTERTAINMENT TAX AND SPORTING RECOGNITION IN TRANSANATIONAL COMMERCIAL LAW: AN ANALYSIS OF FORMULA ONE RACING, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 118-126, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I913

Abstract

The Formula One Indian Grand Prix was a historic step in the commercialisation of representing a profound milestone in the globalization of professional sport. However, state authorities classified the event exclusively as entertainment rather than a sport, thereby stripping this premier motorsport of its professional sporting status for tax purposes. This brought about a major legal and financial crisis, which led to the untimely departure of the event after only three seasons. The main aim of the chapter is to give a comprehensive doctrinal examination of the taxation system of transnational mega-sporting events in India. It compares the domestic statutory interpretations with the international taxation paradigm. This study is methodologically based on the systematic thematic analysis of primary statutory tools: the Uttar Pradesh Entertainments and Betting Tax Act, 1979. It uses these alongside pivotal judicial pronouncements to deconstruct the arbitrary legislative distinction between games of skill and leisure activities. The analysis, by relying on the landmark Supreme Court case of K.R. Lakshmanan v. State of Tamil Nadu, asserts the sporting nature of motorsports. Moreover, the report is a critical assessment of international sports taxation jurisprudence in Formula One World Championship Ltd. v. Comm’r of Income Tax. It outlines the intricate parameters of a Permanent Establishment in Article 5(1) of the India-United Kingdom Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement. Results indicate that there is a deep-rooted systemic tension between Lex Sportiva and sovereign fiscal policies, which is intrinsically repelling foreign direct investment. As the chapter moves into the modern era, the ameliorative effect of the Goods and Services Tax regime and officialization of the Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India is evaluated. It measures the effects of these regulatory changes on nascent events. The chapter is ended with detailed policy recommendations. Their purpose is to reconcile definition of sport under fiscal laws and incorporate special tax dispute resolution provisions in the Draft National Sports Governance Bill, 2024.

Keywords: Formula One; Entertainment Tax; Lex Sportiva; Permanent Establishment; Sports Law; DTAA.

LAW RELATING TO CONTRACT FARMING: RIGHTS AND PROTECTION OF THE FARMER

AUTHOR – MUKUL PA* & ASHOK DOBHAL**

* LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

BEST CITATION – MUKUL PA & ASHOK DOBHAL,LAW RELATING TO CONTRACT FARMING: RIGHTS AND PROTECTION OF THE FARMER, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 111-117, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I912

Abstract

Agriculture in India is currently at a crossroads, transitioning from traditional methods to more commercialized structures like Contract Farming. This research article explores the intricate legal relationship between individual farmers and corporate sponsors. While contract farming is often presented as a solution to market volatility—providing farmers with access to better technology, quality seeds, and a guaranteed purchase price—it also introduces significant legal risks. The primary focus of this study is the inherent power imbalance between big agribusiness firms and small-scale farmers. Often, the complexity of legal contracts and the lack of awareness lead to situations where the farmer’s rights are compromised.^[1] The article critically analyzes the existing regulatory framework and the transition in Indian agrarian laws to determine if they offer sufficient protection against exploitation. Using a doctrinal approach, the research identifies key “loopholes” in dispute resolution and price-fixing mechanisms, particularly highlighting the payment default crises seen in industries like the Sugar Mill and Cotton Company.^[2] The findings suggest that for contract farming to be truly sustainable, there must be a mandatory inclusion of transparent grievance redressal and safeguards against land alienation. Ultimately, the paper argues for a balanced legal model that promotes corporate investment without sacrificing the socio-economic security of the farming community.

Keywords: Contract Farming, Farmer Rights, Agricultural Law, MSP, RFCTLARR Act 2013, Indian Economy, Dispute Resolution, APMCs.

---

[1] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Legal Aspects of Contract Farming, FAO Legislative Study No. 111 (2016) (analyzing information asymmetry and lack of contractual legal literacy among small landholders globally).

[2] Sukhpal Singh, Contracting Out Solutions: Political Economy of Contract Farming in the Indian Punjab, 35(5) World Development 891–907 (2007) (discussing multi-sector payment crises and supply chain breakdowns in corporate contract processing)

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DETECTION OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE MATERIAL ON THE DARK WEB: LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONCERNS

AUTHOR – S MEHA PRIYADHARSHINI, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – S MEHA PRIYADHARSHINI,ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DETECTION OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE MATERIAL ON THE DARK WEB: LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONCERNS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 103-110, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I911

ABSTRACT :

The spread of Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) has greatly grown due to the dark web’s and encrypted digital platforms’ explosive expansion, posing major problems for law enforcement organisations around the globe. In response, machine learning, picture recognition, predictive analytics, and automated surveillance systems have made artificial intelligence (AI) a crucial technological tool for identifying, tracking down, and stopping online child exploitation. In addition to critically examining the ethical and legal issues of AI-driven surveillance methods, this study looks at how AI can help fight CSAM on the dark web.

The Information Technology Act of 2000, the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act of 2012 (POCSO), and pertinent international documents like the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime and the Convention on the Rights of the Child are evaluated in this paper. In view of Justice K. S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, it dig deeper into constitutional issues of privacy, proportionality, algorithmic bias, and accountability. The study comes to the conclusion that while AI improves efforts to detect cybercrime and protect children, strong legal protections, judicial supervision, transparency, and ethical governance are necessary to strike a balance between child safety and fundamental rights and digital freedoms.

A CRITICAL STUDY ON CROSS-BORDER COMBINATION IN BALANCING ECONOMIC GROWTH AND COMPETITION IN INDIA

AUTHOR – BAVADHARANI U, LL.M (STUDENT), SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU

BEST CITATION – BAVADHARANI U, A CRITICAL STUDY ON CROSS-BORDER COMBINATION IN BALANCING ECONOMIC GROWTH AND COMPETITION IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 88-102, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I910

ABSTRACT

Combination includes Merger, Acquisition and Amalgamation. And cross-border Combination refers to Merger, Acquisition and Amalgamation in and out of the territory of India by a foreign entity or an Indian Company acquiring company outside the territory of India. After Globalisation in the year of 1991, Cross Border Combination plays a crucial role in economic development of the Country. It encourages Foreign Direct Investment, transfer of Technology, innovation, transfer of resources and creation of employment opportunities and in other hand it had negative impact in host country competitors. When a dominant player in the relevant market mergers with the foreign entity in it possible to AAEC in competition by price fixing, restricting new competitors to enter the market, abusing its dominant position, market allocation and even entering into Anti-competative agreement. It is very important for developing country like India to have proper regulatory mechanism and it do have many authorities. For a merger to establish in India, if it exceeds certain threshold limit it is important to get approved from Reserve Bank of India, National Company Law Tribunal and Competition Commission of India. This study critically examines the impact of cross-border combinations on India’s economic growth and its competition framework. Simultaneously, it assesses the regulatory challenges faced by Indian authorities, especially the Competition Commission of India, in scrutinizing and approving such combinations to ensure they do not hinder competitive market dynamics.

The study further analyses the effectiveness of current legal and policy frameworks i.e. Effects Doctrine in India governing cross-border combinations under the Competition Act, 2002. It evaluates whether these frameworks are adequate to balance economic growth aspirations with the need to maintain a level competition field in the market.

KEYWORDS: Merger, Effects Doctrine, economy, Competition, Cross Border Combination

FROM FISCAL FEDERALISM TO FISCAL SUBORDINATION: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF GST’S IMPACT ON THE REVENUE AUTONOMY OF INDIAN STATES

AUTHOR – HRADYESH CHATURVEDI* & DR. SANJAY KULSHRESTHA**

* RESEARCH SCHOLAR AT JIWAJI UNIVERSITY GWALIOR

** PROFESSOR AT JIWAJI UNIVERSITY GWALIOR

BEST CITATION – HRADYESH CHATURVEDI & DR. SANJAY KULSHRESTHA, FROM FISCAL FEDERALISM TO FISCAL SUBORDINATION: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF GST’S IMPACT ON THE REVENUE AUTONOMY OF INDIAN STATES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 81-87, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This paper critically examines the framework of fiscal federalism and its shift forward, following the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax in India in 2017. The implementation of GST in India has not strengthened cooperative federalism,  it has systematically diluted the revenue autonomy and freedom of Indian states, thereby, reducing them from the constitutionally empowered fiscal partners to financially dependent units of the central. It has furthermore deepened the fiscal subordination of the states by the way of dismantling their financial and independent tax base. It further created structural revenue dependency of the state in the centre. And rendering the compensation mechanisms with an efficient, adequate and time-bound substitute for genuine fiscal sovereignty.

The Indian constitution envisages a federal polity where the states retained meaningful control over their fiscal affairs. However, the GST regime, through the abolition of state-level  taxes such as the VAT, entry tax and Octroi, fundamentally reframed the balance. This paper critically analyses the Pre and Post GST revenue patterns of Indian states which exposes the structural failings of the GST compensation mechanisms followed by its abrupt cessation in 2022. It further interrogates the functioning of the GST council envisaged as the institution that concentrated on fiscal-decision making powers with the union government. Through an empirical analysis and constitutional scrutiny, this paper further argues that GST has not been just a reformed taxation system, rather a reconfiguration of the federal bargain itself, as a severe cost to the state autonomy.

This paper practically focusses on the variant questions as in 1. Has the implementation of GST structurally dismantled the independent taxation system of the Indian states and to what extent has it replaced the constitutionally guaranteed fiscal autonomy with the dependency on the centralised system? 2. Do Pre-GST and Post-GST patterns of the Indian states empirically establish the promised revenue neutrality of GST or was it a fiscal illusion or just the shift of the class of the biases? 3. Was the GST compensation mechanism a true instrument of fiscal federalism or merely a transitional political concession? 4. Does the structural composition and the decision-making architecture of the GST council reflect cooperative federalism or does it institutionalize the centre dominance with the aim to reduce the states to the role of passive-participation in the fiscal decision-making?

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION IN INDIA: A SOCIO-LEGAL ANALYSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NORTH-EAST COMMUNITIES

AUTHOR – ADV. SAKLA JAMATIA* & PRIYANKA TRIPURA**

* B.A. LL.B. (TRIPURA GOVT LAW COLLEGE) AND LL.M (CRIMINOLOGY) NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, TRIPURA.

** B.A. LL.B. (TRIPURA GOVT LAW COLLEGE), LL.M (CRIMINOLOGY) NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, TRIPURA AND ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT DHAMMA DIPA INTERNATIONAL BUDDHIST UNIVERSITY, TRIPURA.

BEST CITATION – ADV. SAKLA JAMATIA & ASSISTANT PROFESSOR PRIYANKA TRIPURA, RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION IN INDIA: A SOCIO-LEGAL ANALYSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NORTH-EAST COMMUNITIES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (9) OF 2026, PG. 69-80, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I98

Abstract

It’s a well-established that a racial and ethnic discrimination has occur in our country. Despite the constitutional ensuring of equality, dignity and fraternity in India, the problem of racial and ethnic discrimination still exists in our society. People from the Scheduled Tribes, North-East and minority groups often experience racial abuse in schools, workplaces, public places, and online platforms, and are often subjected to hate speech, discriminatory treatment, stereotyping and violence. This paper attempts to critically analyse the socially legal aspects of racial and ethnic discrimination in the context of the communities of the North-East India. The paper examines the constitutional protection granted by the Constitution of India and the statutory protection under the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 and the Information Technology Act, 2000. The study also examine the response of our judiciary system, National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and the recommendations of the Bezbaruah Committee in the redressal of racial discrimination and safeguarding of the vulnerable communities. It also considers India’s international responsibilities with regard to instruments such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), ICCPR and ICESCR. The ongoing lack of legislation enforcement and social awareness is highlighted by recent reports of racial violence and harassment against people from the North-East region. This paper analyse that India has a wide constitutional and legal framework to prevent discrimination but a lack of a comprehensive anti-racism legislation has made protection and redressing the victims ineffective. The proposed Bill on Anti-Racism and Equality, 2026 is discussed as a forward-looking measure to promote institutional accountability, to protect the victims and for social equality. A stronger legal enforcement, public sensitisation, educational reforms and policy intervention are required to make the constitutional vision of “Unity in Diversity” a reality, concludes the study.

Keywords: Discrimination, Constitutional Provision, Statutory Laws, Judicial response, International Law, North East Communities.