A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE DARK WEB: GLOBAL AND INDIAN PERSPECTIVES

AUTHOR – MOHD AKASH, RESEARCH SCHOLAR AT FACULTY OF LEGAL STUDIES, MJPRU CAMPUS BAREILLY,UP, EMAIL: MOHDAKASH001@GMAIL.COM

BEST CITATION – MOHD AKASH, A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE DARK WEB: GLOBAL AND INDIAN PERSPECTIVES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 608-615, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Part of the deep web, the Darkweb is only accessible with specialised computer software and is used for illicit purposes like drug trafficking, exploitation, and cybercrime. The Darkweb is being used more frequently as a result of technological developments like Tor, bitcoin, and cryptocurrencies that enable criminals to conduct these crimes anonymously. At the same time, computers have become a necessary component of our everyday lives, affecting how we behave and engage with the outside world as well as one another. This research paper emphasises the need for additional research on the Dark Web in the areas of bitcoin, blockchain, IoT, NLP, cryptocurrencies, botnets and malware, phishing and cybercrime, digital forensics, and electronic crime countermeasures. This research paper examines the legal issues raised by the dark web by examining current Indian and international legislation and emphasising the various regulatory strategies used by various governments. It talks about how these actions affect criminal law, privacy rights, international cooperation, and national security. The entire Internet is made up of several different computer networks and their extensive infrastructure. Open websites that use search engines like Google, Firefox, and others make up the network. The Deep Web includes the Dark Web. You can access it through TOR. Dark Web actors are private and anonymous. Special browsers like TOR and I2P offer three considerations: anonymity, anonymity, and the likelihood of non-detection. The impact of the Dark Web on several facets of society will be examined and conclusions drawn in this article. The number of typical anonymous users of the Dark Web (using TOR) in both Kosovo and the world is presented for a period of time. The effect of secret resources websites is visible and the findings are collected from the search engines of Ahimia and Onion City Dark Web. On the Dark Internet, anonymity is not always guaranteed. TOR is dedicated to it and intends to perform covert operations.

Keywords: Dark Web, TOR, Privacy, Anonymity, I2P, Application, Computer network.

THE INTERSECTION OF COPYRIGHT AND AI: LEGAL IMPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES

AUTHOR – MUSKAAN AGARWAL, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY MUMBAI

BEST CITATION – MUSKAAN AGARWAL, THE INTERSECTION OF COPYRIGHT AND AI: LEGAL IMPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 598-607, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The intersection of copyright and artificial intelligence (AI) represents a rapidly changing legal and ethical landscape, challenging traditional notions of authorship, ownership, and infringement. As AI technologies produce more creative outputs such as art, music, and literature, fundamental questions about the applicability of existing copyright laws emerge. This paper investigates the implications of AI in copyright through a thorough examination of international frameworks such as the Berne Convention and the TRIPS Agreement, as well as national laws from countries such as the United States, European Union, China and Japan. The discussion focuses on enforcement challenges, such as determining liability and navigating jurisdictional conflicts in a globalized digital environment. Ethical concerns, such as the impact on human creators and the risks of biased datasets, are also discussed. The paper suggests potential solutions, such as clarifying legal definitions of authorship, establishing strong licensing frameworks for AI training, and encouraging international copyright policy harmonization. Finally, this study emphasizes the need for innovative legal reforms to balance the rights of human creators and the benefits of technological advancements, ensuring that copyright law remains relevant in the age of artificial intelligence.

KEYWORDS: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Copyright Law, AI-Generated Works, Authorship and Ownership, And Fair Use Doctrine.

ASSETS MANAGEMENT AND LEASING IN THE AVIATION SECTOR: A STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE

AUTHOR – AJAY SINGH HADA, PGDM STUDENT AT GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS STUDIES (GIBS), BANGALORE

BEST CITATION – AJAY SINGH HADA, ASSETS MANAGEMENT AND LEASING IN THE AVIATION SECTOR: A STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 594-597, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This research paper explores the strategic aspects of asset management and leasing in the aviation sector, focusing on operational efficiencies, cost management, and market adaptability. The study integrates primary and secondary data to provide a comprehensive view of current practices and emerging trends. A survey of industry professionals highlights key challenges and opportunities in aircraft leasing and asset optimization. The findings suggest that effective asset management strategies can significantly enhance profitability, resilience, and sustainability in the aviation industry. Additionally, this paper examines the role of technology, sustainability initiatives, and regional dynamics in shaping the future of leasing.

Keywords: Aviation, Asset Management, Aircraft Leasing, Operational Efficiency, Strategic Management, Sustainability, Risk Mitigation, Digital Transformation

THE IMPACT OF TRUST AND SECURITY ON ONLINE PURCHASING DECISIONS

AUTHOR – RITIKA JAISWAL, PGDM STUDENT AT GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS STUDIES (GIBS), BANGALORE

BEST CITATION – RITIKA JAISWAL, THE IMPACT OF TRUST AND SECURITY ON ONLINE PURCHASING DECISIONS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 587-593, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The rapid growth of e-commerce has changed the way consumers purchase goods and services, trust and security have become the important factors that affect the consumer’s willingness to purchase on the Internet. This paper studies the factors of trust and security, consumer behavior, and other factors in the consumer market, combined with the placement of products research. Through primary and secondary data retrieval, data verification and analysis, first use the survey method to obtain primary data, and then use the existing literature to obtain secondary data, in order to prove how much security and trust affect the purchase decisions of consumers? The survey results show that trust can significantly enhance the willingness of consumers to buy, and security can mitigate the risks of consumers buying on the Internet. This paper puts forward the improvement suggestions for the security and trust of the e-commerce platform.

DEMYSTIFYING FAIRNESS: THE ROLE OF NATURAL JUSTICE IN THE CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE

AUTHOR – VANSHIKA SHUKLA, RESEARCH SCHOLAR (PH.D.) AT FACULTY OF LAW, BANASTHALI VIDYAPITH, JAIPUR

BEST CITATION – VANSHIKA SHUKLA, DEMYSTIFYING FAIRNESS: THE ROLE OF NATURAL JUSTICE IN THE CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 576-584, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The concept of fairness is integral to the legal system, with natural justice playing a pivotal role in ensuring just and equitable outcomes in legal proceedings. In the context of the Indian legal framework, the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) embodies principles of natural justice, which safeguard the rights of individuals by mandating fair procedures. The CPC incorporates fundamental tenets of natural justice, such as “audi alteram partem” (the right to be heard) and “nemo judex in causa sua” (no one should be a judge in their own case), which aim to prevent bias and ensure impartiality. These principles are reflected in various provisions of the CPC, including rules regarding the issuance of notices, the right to legal representation, and the opportunity to present evidence and cross-examine witnesses. Moreover, procedural safeguards such as the duty of judges to provide reasoned judgments reinforce transparency and accountability within the judiciary. By embedding these principles, the CPC not only upholds the rule of law but also fosters public confidence in the judicial system. However, the application of natural justice within the CPC is not without challenges, as procedural complexities and delays can sometimes hinder the timely dispensation of justice. Nonetheless, the role of natural justice remains crucial in balancing the scales of justice, ensuring that legal processes are conducted with fairness and integrity. This exploration demystifies the intricate relationship between natural justice and procedural law, highlighting how the CPC strives to maintain fairness in civil litigation and contributes to the broader objective of achieving justice in society.

Keywords: Fairness, Natural Justice, Code of Civil Procedure (CPC), Civil Litigation, Procedural Fairness, Impartiality, Due Process.

IMPACT OF AUTOMATION ON SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

AUTHOR – VISHWAJIT PRABHAT, STUDENT AT GIBS BUSINESS SCHOOL, BANGALORE

BEST CITATION – VISHWAJIT PRABHAT, IMPACT OF AUTOMATION ON SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 566-575, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Automation has emerged as a transformative force in supply chain management, reshaping traditional processes and driving efficiency across industries. This research paper explores the impact of automation on supply chain management, focusing on its implications for operational efficiency, cost optimization, and decision-making. The study underscores how technologies such as robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT) have streamlined processes, reduced manual interventions, and enhanced accuracy in demand forecasting, inventory management, and logistics. Key findings suggest that automation significantly reduces operational costs by minimizing errors, optimizing resource utilization, and accelerating workflows. It enhances supply chain agility, enabling organizations to respond swiftly to dynamic market demands and disruptions. Automation technologies have also empowered businesses with advanced data analytics, facilitating predictive insights and real-time decision-making. This capability is critical in mitigating risks and improving supply chain resilience.

However, the adoption of automation is not without challenges. The research identifies potential barriers, including high implementation costs, the complexity of integrating automated systems with existing infrastructure, and the need for upskilling the workforce. Ethical concerns regarding job displacement and data privacy also emerge as critical considerations. The paper further highlights how automation is fostering sustainability in supply chains by reducing energy consumption and waste through optimized operations. Real-world case studies from industries such as e-commerce, manufacturing, and retail demonstrate the tangible benefits of automation, validating its role as a strategic enabler of competitive advantage.

Keywords – Supply Chain Automation, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Workflow Optimization, Inventory Management, Logistics, Route Optimization, Self- Driving Vehicles, Drone Deliveries, Predictive Analytics, Demand Forecasting, Real-Time Data, Supply Chain Visibility, Agility, Sustainability, Energy Consumption Reduction, Waste Minimization, Integration Complexities, Workforce Transformation, Ethical Concerns, Job Displacement, Data Privacy, Cost Optimization, Risk Mitigation, Resilient Supply Chains, Competitive Advantage, Emerging Trends, Operational Efficiency, Innovation in Supply Chain.

RECENT LEGAL REFORMS ENHANCING WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN INDIA

AUTHOR – RAJ ARVIND SHAH,ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT M.K.E.S COLLEGE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – RAJ ARVIND SHAH, ROLE OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR WOMEN IN SAFEGUARDING WOMEN’S RIGHTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (3) OF 2025, PG. 33-35, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

THIS ARTICLE IS PUBLISHED IN THE COLLABORATED SPECIAL ISSUE OF M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW AND THE INSTITUTE OF LEGAL EDUCATION (ILE), TITLED “WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND LEGAL REFORMS” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-4-6). .

ABSTRACT

India has made significant strides in strengthening women’s rights through various legal reforms. Recent legislative changes reflect the commitment of the government and judiciary to safeguard women’s rights and create a more inclusive society. Key legal reforms like The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017, The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019, The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013 etc. These reforms have significant changes by providing greater legal protection against gender-based violence, discrimination, increased workforce participation through enhanced maternity benefits and workplace safety etc.

Keywords: Women’s right in India, The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017, The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019, legal reforms for women’s right in India.

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN INDIA

AUTHOR – MEHVISH SAYYED, STUDENT AT M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – MEHVISH SAYYED, CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (3) OF 2025, PG. 36-38, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

THIS ARTICLE IS PUBLISHED IN THE COLLABORATED SPECIAL ISSUE OF M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW AND THE INSTITUTE OF LEGAL EDUCATION (ILE), TITLED “WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND LEGAL REFORMS” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-4-6). .

Abstract

The Indian Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to all its citizens, including women, ensuring equality, protection against discrimination, and empowerment. Article 14 ensures that all individuals are treated equally under the law and receive equal legal protection prohibiting discrimination against women. This article ensures equality of opportunity in public employment and prevents discrimination based on gender, enabling women to access government jobs and promotions without bias. The right to life and personal liberty is safeguarded by Article 21, which includes a range of fundamental rights. dignity, privacy, and freedom from exploitation. These constitutional rights have led to Legal empowerment through various laws like the Prevention of Sexual Harassment Act and Domestic Violence Act, Increased workforce participation due to anti-discrimination provisions, greater political representation via reservations in local bodies, Social upliftment through welfare schemes addressing women’s health, education, and economic independence etc.

Key words: Rights of women, constitutional right of women in India, Right to Equality, Prohibition of Discrimination, Equal Opportunities in Public Employment

ROLE OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR WOMEN IN SAFEGUARDING WOMEN’S RIGHTS

AUTHOR – VARSHA D. VYAS, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT M.K.E.S COLLEGE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – VARSHA D. VYAS, ROLE OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR WOMEN IN SAFEGUARDING WOMEN’S RIGHTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (3) OF 2025, PG. 30-32, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

This article is published in the collaborated special issue of M.K.E.S. College of Law and the Institute of Legal Education (ILE), titled “Women’s Rights and Legal Reforms” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-4-6). .

Abstract

Women’s rights are fundamental to achieving gender equality and ensuring social justice. In India, the National Commission for Women (NCW) plays a pivotal role in protecting and promoting the rights of women. The NCW is entrusted with various responsibilities aimed at safeguarding the rights of women. The NCW continuously reviews existing laws and recommends necessary amendments to ensure they align with contemporary challenges faced by women. To empower women, the NCW organizes awareness campaigns, workshops, and training programs. The NCW monitors and evaluates the implementation of various government schemes and policies related to women’s welfare. Over the years, the NCW has played a crucial role in advocating for women’s rights and bringing about significant reforms. Despite its significant contributions, the NCW faces several challenges in fully achieving its mandate. The National Commission for Women plays a vital role in upholding and safeguarding women’s rights in India. While it has made significant strides in addressing gender issues, strengthening its authority and resources can further enhance its effectiveness.

Keywords: National Commission for women, gender equality, functions of NCW, right of women, achievements of NCW

RESERVATION OF WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT

AUTHOR – KHYATI SWETANG JOSHI, STUDENT AT MKES COLLEGE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – KHYATI SWETANG JOSHI, RESERVATION OF WOMEN IN PARLIAMENT, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (3) OF 2025, PG. 24-29, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

This article is published in the collaborated special issue of M.K.E.S. College of Law and the Institute of Legal Education (ILE), titled “Women’s Rights and Legal Reforms” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-4-6). .

ABSTRACT:

The reservation of seats for women in parliament may be a vital step towards accomplishing gender balance in legislative issues. In spite of comprising half of the populace, women’s representation in authoritative bodies remains wretchedly. This unique investigates the concept of reservation for women in parliament, its benefits, and the challenges related with its implementation. Women’s underrepresentation in legislative issues could be a worldwide wonder. In India, in spite of the 73^rd and 74^th Protected Corrections saving one-third of seats for women in administration, women’s representation in parliament remains restricted. The Bill called as the “Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam’ has been hailed by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi who hailed the transit of the women’s quantity charge, calling it a “defining moment in our nation’s law-based journey”.^[1]Reservation of seats for women in parliament could be a significant step towards accomplishing gender uniformity in legislative issues. Whereas challenges continue, the benefits of women’s cooperation in legislative issues are verifiable. Actualizing and fortifying reservation arrangements can offer assistance advance gender uniformity and empower women to gotten to be dynamic members within the policymaking prepare. 

Keywords: women empowerment, women representation in parliament, reserve seat of women.

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[1] https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/editors-desk/women-now-have-1/3rd-seats-reserved-in-the-worlds-largest-democracy/103863151