THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION: A FOCUS ON INDIA

AUTHOR – MOHAMMAD UMAR* & & DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH*

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

** PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION – MOHAMMAD UMAR & & DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH, THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION: A FOCUS ON INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 1488-1493, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Climate change is one of the most urgent international challenges of the 21st century, affecting ecosystems, economies, and communities worldwide. The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere has led to rising global temperatures, unpredictable climate patterns, and devastating environmental failures, including floods, droughts, cyclones, and wildfires. These changes pose a critical threat to biodiversity, food security, water availability, and human health.

India, with its large population, diverse geography, and rapidly growing economy, is particularly prone to the influences of climate change. The country faces severe weather activities, glacier melt in the Himalayas, rising sea levels affecting coastal areas, and intense air pollution in major towns. These environmental challenges endanger the livelihoods of millions, particularly marginalized groups that lack resources to adapt.

Environmental law plays an essential role in addressing climate change by establishing regulations, guidelines, and legal frameworks aimed at reducing emissions, promoting sustainable development, and protecting natural resources. India has enacted several significant environmental laws, including The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, The Air

(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, and The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010.Moreover, the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) offers a comprehensive roadmap for India’s climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies.

Despite having a robust legal framework, the implementation of environmental laws remains a primary challenge due to weak enforcement mechanisms, bureaucratic inefficiencies, financial constraints, and conflicts between economic growth and environmental sustainability. Corruption, lack of coordination among government agencies, and insufficient public awareness further hinder effective policy execution. This paper critically examines India’s environmental laws, highlights the key challenges in their enforcement, and explores potential solutions to strengthen their effectiveness in combating climate change. By enhancing governance, ensuring stricter compliance, increasing public participation, and leveraging technological advancements, India can enhance its capability to cope with climate change and work toward a more sustainable and resilient future.

RULE OF PRIVITY OF CONTRACTS: STUDY IN INDIAN AND ENGLISH CONTEXT

AUTHOR – KANISHKA SHUKLA, ARPITA JAIN & MANAN JAIN, STUDENTS AT NARSEE MONJEE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

BEST CITATION – KANISHKA SHUKLA, ARPITA JAIN & MANAN JAIN, RULE OF PRIVITY OF CONTRACTS: STUDY IN INDIAN AND ENGLISH CONTEXT, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 1483-1487, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

A stranger cannot be a party to a contract, according to the common law doctrine of the principle of privity. It is one of the contested doctrines in contract law. Even though the doctrine was well-settled by judicial pronouncement, academics and the judiciary continue to disagree. It is very common for a third party or a stranger to be held accountable for the failure of contracting parties to fulfil their duties and obligations. Only the contracting or interested party is liable for obligations and duties, according to the Privity doctrines based on the interest theory. Nonetheless, as a result of the evolution of the doctrine, an exception has emerged whereby the stranger can also be held liable for obligations or duties owed to one of the contracting parties. In this review paper, the researcher will examine the meaning and historical development of the doctrine of Privity; the applicability of Contract theory to the Doctrine of Privity; the exception to the doctrine of Privity; landmark judicial pronouncements; and conduct a comparative analysis of the situation in India and England.”

KEYWORDS: Contract, Exception, English law, Obligation, Privity, and Stranger.

DIGITAL THREATS AND LEGAL CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING THE POCSO ACT, 2012

AUTHOR – FAIQAH, LLM SCHOLAR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY NOIDA

BEST CITATION – FAIQAH, DIGITAL THREATS AND LEGAL CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING THE POCSO ACT, 2012, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 1474-1482, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract:

This paper explores the complexities of implementing the POCSO Act, 2012, in India, highlighting legal provisions, landmark case laws, and challenges in enforcement. It critically examines judicial interpretations, procedural hurdles, and socio-cultural factors affecting the Act’s efficacy. The study also addresses digital threats, including the role of social media in normalizing child sexual abuse content. Comparative legal frameworks from other jurisdictions are analyzed to propose policy recommendations for strengthening child protection laws in India.

Key words: POCSO Act, Child Protection, Legal Challenges, Judicial Interpretation, Social Media, Sexual Abuse.

CYBERSECURITY AWARENESS AMONG SOCIAL MEDIA USERS: RISKS, PRACTICES, AND SOLUTIONS

AUTHOR– PRAKHAR TIWARI* & DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH*

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

** PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION – PRAKHAR TIWARI & DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH, CYBERSECURITY AWARENESS AMONG SOCIAL MEDIA USERS: RISKS, PRACTICES, AND SOLUTIONS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 1463-1473, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

In today’s digital era, social media platforms have altered how people interact, network, and do business. These platforms facilitate effortless global communication, presenting substantial opportunities for personal relationships, career advancement, and the sharing of information. Nevertheless, the swift growth of digital spaces has also brought about a new array of dangers, with cybersecurity threats emerging as a significant worry for social media users around the globe. The pervasive presence of social media implies that millions of users, ranging from casual participants to major organizations, depend heavily on these platforms for personal and professional needs. Consequently, the chances of cybersecurity incidents and attacks have surged dramatically, creating serious threats to users’ privacy, security, and overall digital health.

Among the primary dangers encountered by social media users are data breaches, identity theft, phishing scams, and social engineering attacks. Data breaches entail unauthorized access to or leakage of sensitive personal information, frequently leading to severe outcomes like financial loss or harm to reputation. Identity theft, a particularly malicious category of cybercrime, occurs when someone’s personal information is compromised and exploited to impersonate them, typically resulting in fraudulent behaviors. Phishing scams and social engineering techniques are also prevalent on social media platforms, where cybercriminals deploy misleading approaches to coerce users into revealing sensitive information, including passwords, credit card details, and login credentials.

The growing incorporation of social media into both personal and professional spheres heightens the significance of cybersecurity awareness. Although many users acknowledge the importance of digital security, a considerable segment of the global social media user base remains oblivious to the dangers linked to their online activities. This lack of cybersecurity knowledge could leave both individuals and entities exposed to various cyberattacks. For instance, ignorance about the hazards of oversharing personal details, neglecting to use strong or unique passwords, and failing to activate basic privacy configurations can dramatically increase the chance of succumbing to these cyber threats.

This research paper explores the existing level of cybersecurity awareness among social media users. It investigates the most frequent cybersecurity threats users encounter and the behaviours that lead to security vulnerabilities. Through this investigation, the paper highlights critical areas where cybersecurity literacy is deficient, such as understanding phishing tactics or the implications of data privacy settings. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the efficacy of current security measures and features offered by social media platforms, including multi-factor authentication (MFA) and data encryption, which are designed to safeguard users against cyber risks.

To tackle these challenges, the paper presents a series of practical recommendations intended to enhance cybersecurity awareness among social media users. These suggestions involve the adoption of advanced authentication techniques, like two-factor authentication (2FA), to minimize unauthorized entry to accounts. User education initiatives are also vital in boosting awareness regarding the potential dangers and instructing users on how to safeguard themselves online. Moreover, regulatory measures that hold social media companies responsible for their data security practices need to be reinforced to guarantee that platforms prioritize user safety. Technological advancements, including artificial intelligence-based security features and automated fraud detection systems, can additionally strengthen the protection of social media users.

Ultimately, promoting a culture of cybersecurity awareness is crucial for reducing the risks linked to social media. By providing individuals with the knowledge and resources to navigate the digital space securely, the chances of cyberattacks can be decreased. This, in consequence, will safeguard sensitive personal and professional information from harmful actors and improve the overall security and reliability of social media platforms.

KEYWORDS Cybersecurity, Social Media, Cyber Hygiene, Phishing, Identity Theft, Awareness Campaigns

PROTECTING CHILDREN IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW: AN ANALYSIS OF INDIA’S JUVENILE JUSTICE FRAMEWORK

AUTHOR – LEELAVANTHI SUBRAMANIAM, SCHOLAR AT SASTRA DEEMED UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – LEELAVANTHI SUBRAMANIAM, PROTECTING CHILDREN IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW: AN ANALYSIS OF INDIA’S JUVENILE JUSTICE FRAMEWORK, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 1454-1462, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the legal framework governing juvenile offenders in India, focusing on the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 and its recent amendments, particularly the Juvenile Justice Amendment Bill, 2021. It analyzes the implications of reclassifying certain offenses as non-cognizable, which may hinder timely reporting and judicial recourse for child victims. The study draws attention to structural obstacles to the Act’s implementation, such as the length of adoption procedures and the efficiency of Child Welfare committees. Additionally, it explores the intersection of the Juvenile Justice Act with other legal provisions, such as the Indian Penal Code and the POCSO Act, emphasizing their collective impact on safeguarding children’s rights. Through a review of relevant case law and judicial interventions, this research advocates for reforms that enhance legal protections for juveniles while ensuring accountability within the justice system. The findings underscore the necessity for a cohesive legal approach to juvenile justice in India.

TAX AVOIDANCE VS. TAX EVASION : A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE ON CORPORATE TAX PLANNING

AUTHOR –  PRIYAM KATIYAR* & DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

** PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION – PRIYAM KATIYAR & DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH, TAX AVOIDANCE VS. TAX EVASION : A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE ON CORPORATE TAX PLANNING, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 1437-1453, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Corporate tax planning serves as a crucial financial approach for companies, enabling them to effectively handle tax liabilities while ensuring adherence to legal standards. Nevertheless, the delicate boundary between lawful tax avoidance and unlawful tax evasion has sparked considerable legal, ethical, and economic discussions. Tax avoidance refers to the tactical employment of tax regulations, deductions, and loopholes to reduce tax commitments without infringing upon legal mandates. Conversely, tax evasion involves intentional misrepresentation, deceit, or concealment aimed at evading tax obligations, resulting in legal repercussions and harm to one’s reputation. This research paper offers an extensive legal examination of tax avoidance and tax evasion, scrutinizing their differences through statutory provisions, judicial interpretations, and regulatory frameworks across various jurisdictions.

It investigates how multinational corporations and large businesses utilize intricate tax arrangements, offshore accounts, and transfer pricing strategies to lower their tax liabilities while operating within or outside legal limits. The study also evaluates the influence of international tax treaties, anti-avoidance legislation, and regulatory bodies in tackling aggressive tax planning and combating tax evasion. Moreover, the paper underscores the ethical factors related to corporate tax planning, addressing the wider implications for economic fairness, government income, and corporate social responsibility. As governments globally enhance tax enforcement strategies and implement more stringent regulations, it becomes vital to grasp the shifting legal environment surrounding corporate taxation. Through a comparative legal viewpoint, this study aspires to contribute to policy dialogues regarding tax reforms, corporate accountability, and the necessity for a balanced strategy that ensures tax effectiveness while deterring system misuse.

Keywords: Tax Avoidance, Tax Evasion, Legal Framework, Judicial Interpretation, Regulatory Compliance, Tax Liability, Anti-Avoidance Laws, Tax Ethics, Tax Policy, International Taxation.

TRADEMARKING IN THE METAVERSE: CHALLENGES AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

AUTHOR – ANKITA PANWAR, LLM SCHOLAR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, NOIDA

BEST CITATION – ANKITA PANWAR, TRADEMARKING IN THE METAVERSE: CHALLENGES AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 1432-1436, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The emerging metaverse, a decentralized, immersive digital realm, poses substantial legal challenges to trademark (TM) law. As businesses expand into virtual ecosystems, TM protection and enforcement must adapt to digital commerce complexities. The risk of trademark infringement is amplified by proliferating virtual goods, digital storefronts, and brand representations, leading to consumer confusion, brand dilution, and unauthorized trademark use. Undefined jurisdictional frameworks further complicate applying traditional Intellectual Property (IP) law, raising pivotal questions about enforcement and liability. The intersection of trademark law with blockchain and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) presents both opportunities and obstacles. While blockchain enables decentralized trademark registries and authentication, it also raises concerns about enforceability and digital ownership. Similarly, NFTs, often linked to branded virtual assets, obscure the line between legitimate and infringing uses, complicating traditional trademark doctrines. Decentralized governance in virtual worlds intensifies these challenges, demanding innovative trademark enforcement and rights management strategies. Furthermore, trademark counterfeiting and infringement are compounded by issues of similarity and misrepresentation. Digital replicas of real-world products, unauthorized virtual brand placements, and deceptive domain-like spaces increase consumer deception. This necessitates re-evaluating distinctiveness, use, and territoriality core trademark principles within virtual environments. This paper critically analyses trademark protection in the metaverse, assessing existing legal frameworks and exploring regulatory and technological solutions to combat trademark infringement, counterfeiting, and misrepresentation in digital spaces.

Keywords: Trademark Law, Metaverse, Intellectual Property, Trademark Infringement, Blockchain, NFTs, Digital Counterfeiting, Consumer Confusion, Virtual Commerce, Legal Frameworks, Jurisdiction, Digital Ownership, Enforcement.

NAVIGATING TENSIONS: ANALYSING DISPUTE DYNAMICS AMONG NORTHEASTERN STATES IN INDIA

AUTHOR – SHOLANKI BHOWMIK, LL.M. SCHOLAR AT NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY TRIPURA

BEST CITATION – SHOLANKI BHOWMIK, NAVIGATING TENSIONS: ANALYSING DISPUTE DYNAMICS AMONG NORTHEASTERN STATES IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 1416-1431, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

INTRODUCTION

The word “Northeast” is a relatively new colonial phrase. The phrase was coined by the British to refer to a geographically defined area on the eastern Indian subcontinent. However, the idea of the Northeast became evident during the division of India in 1947 and the independence of Burma in 1937. Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Tripura, and Sikkim are the eight states that make up northeastern India (Sikkim was included in the northeast in 2003). This area is encircled by numerous nations, including Bangladesh, China, Bhutan, and Myanmar, and has a substandard corridor connecting it to the Indian mainland. Just 1% of the northeast’s borders are domestic, with the remaining 99% being international.

A STUDY ON THE CONCEPT OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION IN LEGAL SECTOR

AUTHOR – N. SETHUPRIYA, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMIL NADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI.

BEST CITATION – N. SETHUPRIYA, A STUDY ON THE CONCEPT OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION IN LEGAL SECTOR, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 1403-1415, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology which was first introduced in the design and development of cryptocurrency, Bitcoin in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto. Blockchain is an amalgamation of various innovations. Data and transactions executed over the network are stored in the ledger in a decentralized manner over a peer-to-peer network. Blockchain eliminates the need for a central entity to validate the transactions. Data and transactions stored in blocks of Blockchain are secured against tampering using cryptographic hash algorithms. Each block contains details of transactions, hash of the previous block, timestamp etc. It is difficult for an adversary to modify the stored details at majority points. Therefore, Blockchain provides better security when compared with a centralized system. Blockchain has emerged to become a potentially transformative force in multiple aspects of government and private sector operations. This Technology has applications in various domains such as education, governance, finance & banking, healthcare, logistics, cyber security, media, legal, and power sector. As Blockchain technology is an emerging area, there are various challenges that need to be addressed to adopt and effectively use it in different applications. The judiciary, often seen as the bedrock of society, stands as the guardian of justice, equity, and the rule of law. Legal industries are also looking to revolutionize their operations with distributed ledger technology, where data from multiple entities such as police, judiciary, legal department, etc., needs to be stored in a coordinated manner, where the requirement may be fulfilled effectively using Blockchain technology. This article discusses the importance and uses of blockchain technology and its impact and application in molding the next generation of smart courts.

KEYWORDS – Blockchain, Innovation, Legal sector, Transaction, Courts.

EVOLUTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT LITIGATION IN INDIA

AUTHOR – SANCHITA SANAND, STUDENT AT GALGOTIAS UNIVERSITY, GREATER NOIDA

BEST CITATION – SANCHITA SANAND, EVOLUTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT LITIGATION IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 1392-1402, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

CHAPTER 1 – SYNOPSIS

ABSTRACT:

The core of human behavior is invention. Every period has its own inventions. In many ways, the products of the human brain are distinct from one another. In today’s fast-paced and dynamic world, innovation, the concepts and new methods is what sets one apart from another. The creator retains certain rights known as intellectual property rights over these novel concepts, inventions, and works of art in order to protect them. The creator is granted such rights over his intellectual property and is intended to protect its uniqueness and stop others from using it under their own name. Conflicts arise when these rights are violated and are brought before courts as IPR litigations, which are decided by the courts, which may be either specialized courts or courts with jurisdiction over intellectual property-related issues. This paper emphasize around the scope of intellectual property litigation in India and its development over the recent years. 

KEYWORDS: Intellectual Property Rights, Intellectual property litigation, developments, Innovation, Creator