THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION: ADVANCING EFFICIENCY, FAIRNESS, AND ACCESSIBILITY IN MODERN DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS

AUTHORS – SHAKCHI VERMA* & DR. TARU MISHRA**

* LLM SCHOLAR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

** FACULTY AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – SHAKCHI VERMA& DR. TARU MISHRA, THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION: ADVANCING EFFICIENCY, FAIRNESS, AND ACCESSIBILITY IN MODERN DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 261-269, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) by improving efficiency, fairness, and accessibility in legal proceedings. This research explores the role of AI in ADR mechanisms, including mediation, arbitration, and online dispute resolution (ODR). AI-powered tools such as chatbots, predictive analytics, and automated decision-making systems are increasingly being integrated into dispute resolution processes to enhance neutrality, reduce costs, and expedite settlements. However, the implementation of AI in ADR also raises significant ethical and legal challenges, including algorithmic bias, transparency, accountability, and data security concerns. This paper provides a comparative analysis of AI-driven ADR models, examining their benefits and limitations while considering regulatory frameworks governing their use. By assessing the current landscape and potential future advancements, this study highlights how AI can contribute to a more efficient and accessible dispute resolution system while emphasizing the importance of human oversight. The findings suggest that while AI has the potential to enhance ADR significantly, a balanced approach integrating AI and human judgment is crucial for ensuring fairness and justice in dispute resolution.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Alternative Dispute Resolution, Mediation, Arbitration, Online Dispute Resolution, Legal Technology.

“AI AND HUMAN RIGHTS EMERGING ISSUES”

AUTHOR – RIDHIMA SINGH* & DR. JYOTSNA SINGH**

* LL.M. SCHOLAR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – RIDHIMA SINGH & DR. JYOTSNA SINGH, “AI AND HUMAN RIGHTS EMERGING ISSUES”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 250-260, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The rapid development and adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) have brought about numerous benefits, transforming industries such as healthcare, education, security, and finance. However, this technological revolution also raises pressing human rights concerns that require immediate and thoughtful attention. Emerging issues in the intersection of AI and human rights include data privacy, algorithmic discrimination, surveillance, freedom of expression, and labor market disruptions. Addressing these challenges necessitates a robust governance framework that prioritizes human dignity and ethical AI deployment.

Data privacy is one of the most critical challenges posed by AI technologies. AI systems often rely on large datasets, which may lead to unauthorized data collection, profiling, and breaches of personal information. Ensuring user consent and establishing stringent data protection measures is essential to safeguard privacy rights. Moreover, algorithmic discrimination, which occurs when AI systems produce biased outcomes, can exacerbate societal inequalities, particularly in areas such as hiring, healthcare, and criminal justice. Mitigating these biases requires transparency in algorithm design and the inclusion of diverse datasets.

The rise of AI-powered surveillance technologies threatens the right to privacy and freedom of assembly. Governments and corporations are increasingly adopting facial recognition and predictive analytics for monitoring purposes, which may lead to unjustified surveillance and authoritarian practices. Regulatory mechanisms must be implemented to ensure AI applications respect civil liberties and promote democratic values. AI’s role in generating misinformation and deepfakes further jeopardizes the right to information and democratic discourse, calling for ethical AI use and media literacy initiatives.

Furthermore, AI’s impact on the job market presents significant human rights challenges. The automation of routine tasks may displace millions of workers, exacerbating social inequalities and economic instability. Governments and industries must collaborate to develop reskilling programs and social safety nets to protect affected workers’ rights. Ethical considerations are also paramount in AI-driven healthcare and decision-making processes, where transparency and accountability are essential to ensure informed consent and patient autonomy.

To address these emerging issues, a human-rights-centric approach to AI development is necessary. International collaboration, multi-stakeholder engagement, and the establishment of ethical AI guidelines can help ensure that technological advancements do not come at the cost of human rights. Policymakers must develop legal frameworks that promote the responsible and transparent use of AI, prioritizing the rights and freedoms of individuals.

In conclusion, while AI has the potential to revolutionize society, it also presents complex human rights challenges that must be proactively addressed. By fostering ethical AI development and creating inclusive regulatory frameworks, we can ensure that technological advancements align with human rights principles, fostering a more equitable and just future.

KEYWORDS – Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Algorithmic Discrimination, Privacy, Surveillance, Ethical AI

THE PARDONING POWER UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

AUTHOR – YUKTA* & SACHIN KUMAR**,

* STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL –YUKTASINDHI89@GMAIL.COM

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL – SACHINKUMAR@UTTARANCHALUNIVERSITY.AC.IN

BEST CITATION – YUKTA & SACHIN KUMAR, THE PARDONING POWER UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 237-249, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

“In spite of the fact that it is a significant power, the exercise of pardoning power in India has been met with a wide range of difficulties and debates.   The study into the breadth of judicial review that pertains to clemency judgements involves a number of different dimensions, such as the extent of such review, the delays that are involved with the processing of mercy petitions, and the consequences that political considerations have on these findings.  These variables, when taken together, amount to a body of jurisprudence that is both complicated and constantly developing.   Through a series of landmark decisions that have shaped the way in which this authority is exercised in contemporary settings, the Supreme Court of India has exerted a substantial amount of impact on the separation of this power.

This research conducts an investigation into the constitutional, legal, and practical aspects of the pardoning authority in India. It examines the historical development of the authority, as well as its constitutional structure, extent, judicial interpretation, and the issues that it faces today.   The purpose of this analysis of a significant constitutional provision is to improve one’s understanding of the operational dynamics of the pardoning authority within the context of India’s democratic administration.  In addition to this, it investigates the continuous importance of this power in relation to the values of justice and humanitarianism.”

Keywords – Pardon, Clemency Powers, President, Governor, Humanitarian

DATA PRIVACY AND PROTECTION IN BANKING AND INSURANCE

AUTHOR –  DIVYANSHU BHARTI* & DR. AMIT DHALL**

*STUDENT OF LAW, AMITY LAW SCHOOL, NOIDA, UTTAR PRADESH

** FACULTY OF LAW, AMITY LAW SCHOOL, NOIDA, UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION – DIVYANSHU BHARTI & DR. AMIT DHALL, DATA PRIVACY AND PROTECTION IN BANKING AND INSURANCE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 226-236, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The increasing digitization of banking and insurance products and services has made data privacy and protection a high-priority topic. The Financial Institutions storages millions of tons of sensitive customer-related data, such as account information, personal details, and transaction history. This data can be easily manipulated with cyber-attacks, unauthorized access, and data breach; hence strengthened security is needed to safeguard it. Internationally, there exist certain regulations such as General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), and Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), which define international data protection standards. In the Indian context, financial institutions are subjected to data privacy practices by Information Technology Act, 2000; the proposed Personal Data Protection Bill (PDPB); and guidelines issued by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI).

Although strict laws and regulations exist, the challenges faced by financial institutions still remain. Some of these challenges include cyber threats, compliance with changing laws and regulations, risks pertaining to third parties, and a balancing act between security and customer convenience. Cyber threats such as phishing, ransomware attacks, and data breaches pose floodgates to secure banking and insurance data. Hence, the institutions should be installing strong cybersecurity standards, which may include encryption tools, two-factor authentication, and regular audits. Secure data storage, being compliant with regulations, customer awareness programs, and strong third-party risk management are some of the other strategies that need to be added. Informing consumers about phishing scams and frauds will help in creating an additional layer of defense towards securing data.

GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTS

AUTHOR – ARTH* & DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

** PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION – ARTH & DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH, GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 222-225, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract–

Gender discrimination in sports has been a long-standing issue, affecting athletes worldwide. Despite the progress made toward equality, disparities persist in areas such as pay, media representation, sponsorships, leadership roles, and access to resources. This research paper explores the historical context of gender discrimination in sports, examines current challenges, and discusses efforts to bridge the gap. By analyzing case studies, policies, and advocacy efforts, this paper aims to highlight the progress made and the work that remains to be done in achieving gender equity in sport

LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST FALSE ACCUSATION IN MEN

AUTHOR– KAMLAKSHI CHAUHAN* & DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

** PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION – KAMLAKSHI CHAUHAN & DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH, LEGAL PROTECTION AGAINST FALSE ACCUSATION IN MEN, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 215-221, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Introduction

False accusations are a grave concern in any legal system, not only because they cause harm to the wrongly accused, but also because they undermine the credibility of real victims. In India, numerous laws exist to protect vulnerable individuals, especially women, from domestic violence, dowry harassment, sexual abuse, and workplace misconduct. While these laws serve a critical purpose in addressing systemic gender-based violence, their misuse has sparked a parallel issue — the victimization of innocent men through false accusations.

THE ROLE OF THE ENFORCEMENT DIRECTORATE IN THE INDIAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

AUTHOR – UJJWAL SHAHI * & AMBAR SRIVASTAVA**,

* STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL – SHAHIUJJWAL56@GMAIL.COM.

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL – AMBARSRI76@GMAIL.COM,

BEST CITATION – UJJWAL SHAHI & AMBAR SRIVASTAVA, THE ROLE OF THE ENFORCEMENT DIRECTORATE IN THE INDIAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 204-214, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

“This paper examines the evolving role of the Enforcement Directorate (ED) within India’s criminal justice system, focusing on its development as a specialized financial intelligence agency under the Ministry of Finance. Established in 1956 as the “Enforcement Unit,” the ED has transformed from enforcing foreign exchange regulations to combating sophisticated financial crimes. The research analyzes the ED’s legal foundation through three primary legislative frameworks: the Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999 (FEMA), the Prevention of Money Laundering Act 2002 (PMLA), and the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act 2018 (FEOA). These laws collectively empower the ED with extensive quasi-judicial and investigative powers, including abilities to summon individuals, conduct searches, seize assets, and arrest suspects. The study highlights the ED’s impact through high-profile case studies such as the Punjab National Bank scam, INX Media case, and 2G Spectrum allocation controversy, demonstrating its effectiveness in tackling complex economic offenses. However, the research also addresses significant criticisms facing the organization, including allegations of political bias, low conviction rates under PMLA, and concerns about operational overreach. Through comparative analysis with similar international agencies, the paper evaluates the ED’s independence, accountability mechanisms, and operational efficiency. Recent legal developments, including Supreme Court judgments and legislative amendments expanding the scope of economic offenses, are examined to understand the ED’s evolving jurisdiction. The research concludes by proposing recommendations for strengthening the ED’s investigative capabilities while ensuring fairness, transparency, and adherence to constitutional frameworks.”

Keywords:- Enforcement Directorate, FERA , FEMA, Agency,

ADR IN FAMILY LAW: HOW MEDIATION BENEFITS DIVORCE AND CUSTODY CASES

AUTHORS – SUMAN SINGH* & SACHIN KUMAR**,

* STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL -SUMANSINGH1108@GMAIL.COM.

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL. EMAIL – UNIVERSITY.SACHINKUMAR@UTTARANCHALUNIVERSITY.AC.IN

BEST CITATION – SUMAN SINGH & SACHIN KUMAR, ADR IN FAMILY LAW: HOW MEDIATION BENEFITS DIVORCE AND CUSTODY CASES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 198-203, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

“Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) has become an essential tool in family law, especially in divorce and child custody conflicts. Mediation has emerged as a prominent alternative dispute resolution strategy, facilitating amicable conflict resolution while alleviating the emotional and financial strain on the parties involved^[1]. Mediation, in contrast to conventional litigation, provides a cooperative, non-contentious method that emphasises mutual consensus and the welfare of children.

This article examines the importance of mediation in family law, evaluating its advantages, obstacles, and legal structure across several countries. Mediation offers a systematic framework for divorcing partners to discuss matters including asset distribution, spousal support, child custody, and visitation rights with the assistance of an impartial third party. The procedure is discreet, economical, and more expedient than litigation, promoting a collaborative atmosphere that diminishes animosity between parties.

The essay examines significant legal decisions from India that have strengthened the function of mediation in familial conflicts. Cases such as K. Srinivas Rao v. D.A. Deepa (2013), Afcons Infrastructure Ltd. v. Cherian Varkey Construction Co. (2010), and B.S. Joshi v. State of Haryana (2003) underscore the Indian judiciary’s promotion of mediation for the resolution of marriage disputes.

Mediation has considerable benefits; nonetheless, obstacles like power disparities, agreement enforcement, and emotional intricacies persist. The essay continues by proposing measures to enhance mediation, such as obligatory pre-litigation mediation, hybrid alternative dispute resolution models, and online dispute resolution for familial conflicts^[2]. Mediation is increasingly influencing the future of family law via the development of new legal frameworks, promoting equitable and less combative outcomes.”

Keywords: Mediation, Family Law, Relationship, Alternate Dispute Resolution, Compensation, Enforceability.

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[1] Mnookin, R. H., & Kornhauser, L. (1979). “Bargaining in the Shadow of the Law: The Case of Divorce.” Yale Law Journal, 88(5), 950-997.

[2] Stulberg, J. B. (2005). “Mediation, Democracy, and Cycles of Dysfunction.” Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution, 20(2), 247-280.

PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGE IN INDIA: CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK, SCOPE, AND CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES

AUTHOR – SURAJ KUMAR* & AMBAR SRIVASTAVA**,

* STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL – SURAJKUMAR72701@GMAIL.COM.

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL – AMBARSRI76@GMAIL.COM

BEST CITATION – SURAJ KUMAR* & AMBAR SRIVASTAVA, PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGE IN INDIA: CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK, SCOPE, AND CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 189-197, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

“This research article examines the concept of parliamentary privilege in India, tracing its historical development from British parliamentary traditions to its current constitutional framework. The study analyzes the scope and limitations of parliamentary privileges as enshrined in Articles 105 and 194 of the Indian Constitution, exploring the tension between parliamentary autonomy and judicial review. Through examination of landmark judicial decisions, parliamentary proceedings, and comparative analysis with other democratic systems, this research highlights the evolving nature of parliamentary privileges and contemporary challenges in balancing legislative independence with democratic accountability. The findings suggest that while parliamentary privileges serve crucial purposes in maintaining legislative efficiency and independence, there remains a need for codification and well-defined boundaries to prevent potential abuse and ensure harmony with fundamental rights and constitutional principles.”

Keywords :- Parliamentary privilege, Partial Codification, Anti Defection Law,

EXAMINING POLICE USE OF FORCE: EVALUATING PROCEDURAL STANDARDS AND DEMOGRAPHIC DISPARITIES IN LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICES

AUTHOR – KARTIKEY YADAV* & DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

** PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW, UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION – KARTIKEY YADAV & DR. ARVIND KUMAR SINGH, EXAMINING POLICE USE OF FORCE: EVALUATING PROCEDURAL STANDARDS AND DEMOGRAPHIC DISPARITIES IN LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 173-188, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The paper reviews the legal and institutional regime around police use of force in India, including procedural standards as well as demographic differentials in implementation. The analysis considers the constitutional underpinnings that both enable and limit police power and assesses the on-going gaps in implementing legal safeguards. By analyzing landmark judicial pronouncements like D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal and Prakash Singh v. Union of India, the paper traces the evolution of legal standards governing the application of force. It points out worrisome patterns of demographic disparities that disproportionately impact marginalized communities,  most notably religious minorities and lower castes, when it comes to encounters with police forces.The study contextualizes Indian practices against international human rights standards and comparative perspectives; and critically examines compensation jurisprudence for victims of excessive force. The paper exposes structural challenges to accountability such as procedural barricades, institutional resistance and political intermeddling that continue to breed impunity. We recommend multilevel responses to better understand the normative and implementation challenges to shaping police practices to conform with the constitutional aspirations of dignity, equality and justice.

KEYWORDS

Police use of force, Constitutional safeguards, Demographic disparities, Procedural accountability, Custodial justice