Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

ASSESSING THE ADEQUACY OF INDIA’S LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN ADDRESSING DEEPFAKE TECHNOLOGY: A CYBERSECURITY AND DATA PROTECTION PERSPECTIVE

AUTHOR – SHASHANK B G, STUDENT AT CHRIST UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – SHASHANK B G, ASSESSING THE ADEQUACY OF INDIA’S LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN ADDRESSING DEEPFAKE TECHNOLOGY: A CYBERSECURITY AND DATA PROTECTION PERSPECTIVE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 283-297, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Deepfake technology, enabled by rapid advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning, has emerged as a significant challenge to legal systems worldwide. By generating hyper-realistic synthetic audio-visual content, deepfakes undermine evidentiary reliability, individual dignity, informational privacy, and democratic integrity. In India, the misuse of deepfake technology has manifested in non-consensual intimate imagery, political misinformation, financial fraud, and identity impersonation. Despite the growing frequency and severity of these harms, India lacks a deepfake-specific regulatory framework. Instead, authorities rely on provisions of the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023—statutes enacted without contemplation of AI-driven synthetic media.

This article critically evaluates the adequacy of India’s existing legal framework in addressing deepfake-related harms from a cybersecurity and data protection perspective. Through doctrinal analysis, constitutional examination, and comparative evaluation of regulatory developments in the United States, the European Union, and China, the paper demonstrates that India’s approach remains fragmented, reactive, and structurally insufficient. The absence of statutory definitions, targeted offences, platform accountability obligations, and victim-centric safeguards results in regulatory ambiguity and enforcement challenges.

The article argues that deepfakes represent not merely a species of cybercrime but a convergence of identity manipulation, biometric misuse, and information disorder that existing statutes inadequately capture. It proposes a calibrated reform model grounded in definitional clarity, tiered harm-based criminalization, integration with data protection principles, and constitutionally compliant platform obligations. By situating deepfake regulation within India’s broader constitutional commitments to privacy, dignity, and freedom of expression, this study offers a balanced framework aimed at strengthening cybersecurity while preserving democratic values.

The regulation of deepfake technology, the article concludes, is not simply a technological necessity but a constitutional imperative in the digital age.

Keywords

Deepfakes; Artificial Intelligence; Cybersecurity; Data Protection; Information Technology Act, 2000; Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023; Synthetic Media; Privacy; Constitutional Law; Platform Liability; AI Regulation; India.

PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND CONSTITUTIONAL MORALITY IN INDIA

AUTHOR – SARAVANAN KUMAR & MANIKANDAN M

LLB (HONS) III YEAR, STUDENTS AT VINAYAKA MISSION’S LAW SCHOOL, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – SARAVANAN KUMAR & MANIKANDAN M, PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND CONSTITUTIONAL MORALITY IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 271-282, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

In recent decades, India’s growing engagement with the global community through migration, international marriages, cross-border employment, education, and digital commerce has significantly increased the number of disputes involving foreign elements. Indian courts are now frequently confronted with questions relating to jurisdiction, choice of law, and recognition of foreign judgments in matters ranging from matrimonial disputes to international commercial transactions^[1]. Traditionally, private international law (conflict of laws) addressed such issues through structured and technical rules designed to promote certainty, uniformity, and international comity. These rules were largely viewed as neutral mechanisms that avoided engaging with substantive questions of justice.

However, this approach is undergoing a transformation. At the same time that cross-border disputes have become more common, Indian constitutional jurisprudence has expanded considerably, with courts increasingly emphasizing dignity, equality, liberty, and individual autonomy^[2]. The doctrine of constitutional morality developed and clarified in decisions such as Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala, and Joseph Shine v. Union of India has reinforced the idea that constitutional values must prevail over discriminatory social practices and majoritarian norms^[3].

This paper examines whether and to what extent constitutional morality is reshaping Indian private international law. It argues that courts are increasingly testing foreign laws and judgments against constitutional principles, especially in areas such as family law, gender justice, and the public policy exception. In doing so, India appears to be gradually moving away from a purely formalistic conflict-of-laws model toward a rights-oriented framework. While this shift strengthens constitutional supremacy, it also raises important concerns about predictability and international comity in cross-border adjudication.

Keywords: Private International Law, Constitutional Morality, Conflict of Laws, Public Policy Exception, Fundamental Rights

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[1] Tarasha Gupta & Saloni Khanderia, Cross-Border Litigation and Comity of Courts: A Landmark Judgment from the Delhi High Court, Conflict of Laws (Mar. 30, 2024), https://conflictoflaws.net/2024/cross-border-litigation-and-comity-of-courts-a-landmark-judgment-from-the-delhi-high-court/

[2] Gaurav Pachnanda, Is Arbitration Undergoing a Jurisprudential Transformation in India to Meet Our Unique Legal Requirements?, Bar & Bench (July 27, 2025), https://www.barandbench.com/columns/is-arbitration-undergoing-a-jurisprudential-transformation-in-india-to-meet-our-unique-legal-requirements

[3] Mazhar Khan & Dr. Anuradha Garg, Constitutional Morality and Amendment Acts: A Critical Study of Judicial Responses to Constitutional Changes in India, 11 Int’l J. of Law Iss. 9 24 (2025), https://www.lawjournals.org/assets/archives/2025/vol11issue9/11199.pdf

CHALLENGING THE CURRENT CONVENTION: ADVOCATING SEX WORKERS RIGHTS AS HUMAN RIGHTS

AUTHOR – PRARTHANA BR, STUDENT AT CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY), BANGLORE, CENTRAL CAMPUS

BEST CITATION – PRARTHANA BR, CHALLENGING THE CURRENT CONVENTION: ADVOCATING SEX WORKERS RIGHTS AS HUMAN RIGHTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 260-270, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/OPNV4185

ABSTRACT

Despite being one of the oldest professions, sex work is also one among the most stigmatized. Sex workers have been criminalized, policed, and marginalized for centuries by legal and social systems, making them invisible in the discourse surrounding human rights. By redefining sex work as labour and sex worker’s rights as fundamental human rights, the study questions established norms. The study identifies the main obstacles preventing sex workers from exercising their rights and dignity through a qualitative and descriptive analysis of national laws, international conventions, scholarly works, and reports from non-governmental organizations. It draws attention to how marginalization is exacerbated by the intersections of caste, gender, class, and immigration status. Lastly, it makes policy recommendations for decriminalization, legal reform, and acknowledging sex workers as workers and citizens with rights. Conclusively, through this study an attempt has been made to bring a sense of parity in context of treating sex workers socially, with all due respect and dignity.

KEYWORDS: Sex work, Human rights, Decriminalization, Gender justice, Labor rights, Stigma, Policy reform.

THE GEOPOLITICAL CORPORATION: HOW MULTINATIONAL FIRMS ARE NAVIGATING “NEUTRALITY” IN AN INCREASINGLY POLARISED WORLD

AUTHOR – MAYURI SINHA, THIRD‑YEAR LAW STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY), BENGALURU

BEST CITATION – MAYURI SINHA, THE GEOPOLITICAL CORPORATION: HOW MULTINATIONAL FIRMS ARE NAVIGATING “NEUTRALITY” IN AN INCREASINGLY POLARISED WORLD, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 253-259, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This article examines how multinational corporations are renegotiating the meaning and practice of “neutrality” in an increasingly polarised international order, with particular reference to corporate responses to the Russian Federation’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine and to intensifying United States–China trade and technology tensions. It places this recent corporate conduct in the context of a broader transformation from a liberal paradigm of apolitical, efficiency-maximizing firms to a world described by international relations scholars as “weaponised interdependence,” in which states use their control of key economic and information centers to coerce others. In this regard, the article argues that against this context, the concept of neutrality is not only normatively contested but also operationally constrained in the sense that while some firms are using the concept of neutrality to continue their operations in conflict zones or to attempt to straddle competing blocs, soft-law regimes such as the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises are starting to presume that corporate inaction in the face of serious human rights risk could represent a failure of corporate responsibility.

Through the use of empirical studies on corporate disengagement in Russia, the study on China plus one and friendshoring strategies in the context of the US-China rivalry, and the emerging body of research on partisan corporate social responsibility, the article demonstrates that the concept of corporate neutrality is no longer understood as abstention from politics, but rather as a complex configuration of legal compliance, supply chain strategies, reputation management, and stakeholder engagement. An original normative and conceptual framework is developed in the article on what the author calls the “geopolitical corporation,” understood as a firm in which the very heart of its governance structures, risk calculations, and stakeholder engagements is significantly influenced by interstate conflict, sanctions, and human rights. The article concludes that rather than aspiring to an impossible apolitical neutrality, multinational enterprises should adopt transparent, principled processes for navigating geopolitical dilemmas, grounded in human‑rights due diligence, board-level oversight of geopolitical risk, and a consistent application of normative standards across conflicts and regions.

INFLUENCE OF POLITICS IN INDIAN JUDICIARY

AUTHOR – SAUMYA PANDEY* & DR ASTHA SRIVASTAVA**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

** ASSITANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – SAUMYA PANDEY & DR ASTHA SRIVASTAVA, INFLUENCE OF POLITICS IN INDIAN JUDICIARY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 246-252, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The constitutional democracy is based on judicial independence, which guarantees the rule of law and safeguards the fundamental rights. The judiciary through judicial review in India has been constitutionally seen as an independent organ, charged with the task of curbing legislative and executive profligacies. The growing overlap of political and judicial operation has, however, been of grave concern as far as its impact on political influence is concerned especially in terms of judicial appointments, transfers and adjudication in politically charged cases. “The article reviews the dynamics of politics and the Indian judiciary with both a doctrinal and an analytical perspective. It follows the historical progress of judicial independence, examines constitutions and other eminent assessment decisions, and discusses whether the division of politics and judicial reputation reflects on the credibility. This research points out such challenges as transparency in the appointment processes, the intervention of the executive, and biased judicial activism. It claims that to protect judicial independence a balanced system should be in place that guarantees transparency, accountability and independence of the system to political pressure. The article ends with a reminder of the necessity of the institutional changes to reinforce the level of trust and democracy in the society.

Keywords

Indian Judiciary; Judicial Independence; Political Influence; Separation of Powers; Constitutional Law; Judicial Appointments

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF EX POST FACTO ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE APPROVALS UNDER THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986 IN INDIA

AUTHOR – ADITI H S, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

BEST CITATION – ADITI H S, CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF EX POST FACTO ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE APPROVALS UNDER THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986 IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 236-245, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract:

In India, Environmental Clearance (EC) is a vital regulatory procedure that must be followed to ensure that development projects adhere to statutory environmental mandates. This paper critically examines the practice of granting ex post facto EC approvals in India under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2006. The concern is regarding the compliance mechanisms revolving around the environment preservation laws in India. The Draft EIA 2020 and the 7 July 2021, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) Office Memorandum (OM) were criticised for effectively allowing environmental clearances for already commenced projects. The retroactive regularisation of the projects is violative of the precautionary principle under the Statutory and Constitutional provisions, especially Article 21 and 14. The recent judgement of Vanashakthi v. Union of India has been a landmark case which tries to resolve the routine ex post facto ECs. Subsequently, striking down the validity of the notifications and OMs that directly or indirectly allowed for such clearances. This paper incorporates doctrinal and analytical  research approach through analysing Constitution of India, EPA, EIA notifications, judicial decisions. Along with international norms, such as Sustainable Developmental Goals (SDGs), policies regarding environment and scholarly articles. It argues that retrospective approvals compromises integrity thereby having serious ecological and health impacts. The analysis is in the view that ECs should not be procured post facto unless there are extraordinary circumstances, that are further subject to strict court supervision. Finally, it  proposes suggestions to the issues circumscribing compliance, integrity, and enforcement by reinforcing nexus between development and environment priorities.

Keywords: Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Environmental Impact Assessment , Ex post facto environmental clearances, Precautionary principle, Sustainable Development Goals

“COMBATING SOCIO-ECONOMIC CRIME: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LEGAL FRAMEWORKS IN INDIA, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM”

AUTHOR – ADV.ABHIRAM B H, LLM STUDENT AT SREE NARAYANA LAW COLLEGE, POOTHOTTA (AFFILIATED TO MG UNIVERSITY)

BEST CITATION – ADV.ABHIRAM B H, “COMBATING SOCIO-ECONOMIC CRIME: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LEGAL FRAMEWORKS IN INDIA, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE UNITED KINGDOM”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 229-235, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Introduction

Socio-economic offences have become one of the most complex challenges confronting modern criminal justice systems. Unlike conventional crimes such as theft, assault, or homicide, socio-economic offences are primarily committed for financial gain and are often carried out through sophisticated organizational structures, corporate entities, or abuse of official authority. These offences typically include corruption, money laundering, tax evasion, corporate fraud, insider trading, banking fraud, and other financial crimes that affect the economic order of society.

The theoretical foundation of socio-economic crime can be traced to the work of criminologist Edwin H. Sutherland, who introduced the concept of white-collar crime in 1939. He argued that crimes committed by individuals in positions of power or trust are often more harmful to society than traditional crimes because they affect a large number of people and undermine public confidence in institutions.

With globalization, technological advancement, and expansion of financial markets, socio-economic offences have increasingly assumed a transnational character. Governments across the world have responded by creating regulatory frameworks, specialized investigative agencies, and stricter corporate accountability mechanisms.

LEGAL CLASSIFICATION AND REGULATION OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND FUNCTIONAL HEALTH-CLAIM FOODS

AUTHOR – KAUSHIK ANAND, 3^RD YEAR LAW STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

BEST CITATION – KAUSHIK ANAND, LEGAL CLASSIFICATION AND REGULATION OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND FUNCTIONAL HEALTH-CLAIM FOODS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 214-228, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This paper looks at the legal classification and regulation of dietary supplements and functional health claim foods in India. Over the past two decades, products such as protein powders, vitamins, and other nutraceuticals have become extremely common in gyms, pharmacies, and online marketplaces. Even though they are often marketed with strong promises of improving health, immunity, or physical performance, the law usually treats them as food rather than medicine. This difference in classification is important because drugs are regulated under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, which requires strict testing and approvals, while supplements placed under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 face comparatively lighter regulation.

The paper examines how this classification creates a regulatory gap that allows companies to promote products using health related claims without meeting the scientific standards required for medicines. It studies the role of laws such as the Food Safety and Standards Act, the Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954, and the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 in controlling misleading claims. The research also draws on judicial decisions and enforcement data obtained through a Right to Information request from the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. By comparing the Indian framework with regulatory systems in the European Union and the United States, the paper shows how stronger claim verification mechanisms operate elsewhere. It finally suggests reforms aimed at improving regulatory clarity, strengthening oversight of health claims, and protecting consumers in the growing supplement market.

KEYWORDS

Nutraceuticals; Dietary Supplements; Functional Foods; Food Safety and Standards Act; Misleading Health Claims; Consumer Protection; Comparative Law; MuscleBlaze Case Study; Regulatory Loopholes; Enforcement.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF PRISON REFORMS IN INDIA

AUTHOR – MISS. APOORVA SHUKLA*, ANKIT RAJ** & SIDHANTA KUMAR MAHUNTA***

* ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT LAW STUDENT, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN

** STUDENTS AT LAW STUDENT, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN

*** STUDENT AT NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, ODISHA

BEST CITATION – MISS. APOORVA SHUKLA, ANKIT RAJ & SIDHANTA KUMAR MAHUNTA, CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF PRISON REFORMS IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 205-213, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/JDXF5805

ABSTRACT

The goal of this research project is to conduct a critical analysis of prison reforms in India. This project has fueled the already blazing debate about prison reforms and highlights the growing need for an integrated criminal justice system. An overview of the integrated theory of penology and the history of prisons in India is given at the beginning of this research project. a perspective on punishment that stresses correction, reformation, and rehabilitation while accounting for retaliation and deterrence. According to the researcher, the basis for prison reform is the idea that a prison is a place where treatment comes before incarceration. Since the primary barrier to India’s prison reform is packed too closely. First, it is advised that jail populations be decreased by setting up local custodial facilities for those who have not been found guilty and by utilising community treatment alternatives to cut down on short-term prison terms. The prisons can focus their resources on planning and organising for long-term inmates if these actions are taken. Therefore, this additional study examines prison reforms in India both before and after independence, as well as the current state of prisons, recent developments in prison reforms, and judicial patterns pertaining to prison reforms in India.

BIOMETRIC DATA AND FACIAL RECOGNITION

AUTHOR – DR. BHAWNA ARORA*, ANKIT RAJ** & SHIVAM KUMAR ***

* ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT LAW STUDENT, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN

** STUDENTS AT LAW STUDENT, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN

*** STUDENT AT DES’S SHRI NAVALMAL FIRODIA LAW COLLEGE, SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – DR. BHAWNA ARORA, ANKIT RAJ & SHIVAM KUMAR, BIOMETRIC DATA AND FACIAL RECOGNITION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 192-203, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/OOCB1973

Abstract

In the digital age, biometric data and facial recognition technologies have grown in popularity because they offer unique identifiers for monitoring, identifying, and authenticating. Although these technologies have been widely accepted by many companies, concerns about privacy, civil liberties, and social fairness have also increased. This abstract provides a thorough analysis of biometric data and facial recognition, covering applications, privacy concerns, legal frameworks, and recent advancements in the field.

Biometric data comprises physiological and behavioural characteristics such as fingerprints, iris patterns, and facial features. It is utilised for identity, security, and access control. face recognition technology examines a person’s face features to identify them. But this technology has a lot of negative aspects as well, such bias, discrimination, and invasions of privacy.

The chapter explores international perspectives on biometric data regulation, highlighting significant initiatives such as the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the US’s California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). It also outlines upcoming developments in legislation and policy as well as biometric technology trends in an effort to lessen risks and promote responsible innovation. It is imperative to prioritise transparency, consent, data protection, and individual control.

Keywords: Biometric Data, Facial Recognition, Privacy Concerns, Regulatory Frameworks, Emerging Technologies.