Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

PRISONER WELFARE AND REHABILITATION IN TAMIL NADU

AUTHOR – L RAJESHKUMAR* & P S RADHA JAYASHEELA**

* STUDENT AT VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

BEST CITATION – L RAJESHKUMAR & P S RADHA JAYASHEELA,PRISONER WELFARE AND REHABILITATION IN TAMIL NAD, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 574-575, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The modern criminal justice system emphasizes reformation over punishment, recognizing prisoners as individuals capable of change. This study evaluates the effectiveness of prisoner welfare and rehabilitation programmes in Tamil Nadu, focusing on their role in improving psychological well-being, employability, and societal reintegration. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research identifies gaps between policy and practice, particularly in healthcare, mental health support, and post-release reintegration. The findings suggest that while Tamil Nadu has progressive policies and notable initiatives, implementation challenges limit their overall effectiveness. The study proposes reforms to strengthen rehabilitation outcomes and reduce recidivism.

“CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF ONLINE FOOD DELIVERY PLATFORMS”

AUTHOR – N.V. YUVARAJ* & M. LAXMI PRIYA**

* STUDENT AT VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

BEST CITATION – N.V. YUVARAJ & M. LAXMI PRIYA, “CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF ONLINE FOOD DELIVERY PLATFORMS”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 568-573, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I763

Abstract:

The exponential growth of online food delivery platforms such as Zomato, Swiggy, and Uber Eats has significantly transformed the food service industry, creating a complex digital marketplace that connects consumers, restaurants, and delivery personnel. While these platforms position themselves as mere intermediaries facilitating transactions, their expanding role in vendor selection, quality control, pricing mechanisms, and logistics raises critical questions regarding their legal status and accountability. This paper examines the scope of criminal liability of online food delivery platforms in India, particularly in cases involving food safety violations, misrepresentation, fraud, and public health risks.

The study critically analyses the applicability of the Information Technology Act, 2000, especially the safe harbour provisions, alongside the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, to determine whether such platforms can claim immunity from criminal prosecution. It further explores key legal doctrines including negligence, vicarious liability, and strict liability to assess whether platforms can be held responsible for harm caused by listed restaurants or cloud kitchens operating through their interfaces. The paper also considers the growing influence of algorithmic decision-making and data-driven practices, which may contribute to the promotion of non-compliant vendors, thereby challenging the notion of passive intermediation.

Through a comparative analysis of regulatory approaches in jurisdictions such as the European Union and the United States, the paper highlights emerging global trends towards increased platform accountability. It also identifies key enforcement challenges, including the attribution of knowledge, evidentiary burdens, and the fragmented nature of regulatory oversight in India.

The paper argues that the existing legal framework is inadequate to address the evolving nature of platform-based food delivery services. It advocates for a balanced approach that imposes a model of shared criminal liability on platforms, particularly where they exercise significant control or fail to exercise due diligence. The study concludes by recommending legal and policy reforms, including stricter compliance requirements, enhanced monitoring obligations, and greater algorithmic transparency, in order to ensure consumer protection and strengthen accountability within the digital food ecosystem.

CASE ANALYSIS: HANUMAN LAXMAN AROSKAR V. UNION OF INDIA (2019)

AUTHOR – YASH TODI, SCHOOL OF LAW, BENNETT UNIVERSITY, GREATER NOIDA, INDIA.

BEST CITATION – YASH TODI, CASE ANALYSIS: HANUMAN LAXMAN AROSKAR V. UNION OF INDIA (2019), INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 562-567, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I762

Abstract

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the Supreme Court’s decision in Hanuman Laxman Aroskar v. Union of India, a pivotal case concerning the expansion of the Mopa Airport in Goa. The litigation centered on the alleged procedural irregularities in the grant of Environmental Clearance (EC), specifically deficiencies in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report and the failure to conduct meaningful public consultations. The Supreme Court, setting aside the previous orders of the National Green Tribunal, underscored that procedural compliance in environmental governance is not a mere formality but a constitutional mandate essential for sustainable development. The judgment reinforces the principle that administrative discretion in environmental matters must be exercised with transparency, accountability, and adherence to natural justice. This analysis explores the court’s rationale, its implications for the EIA framework, and the ongoing tension between infrastructural development and ecological preservation in Indian jurisprudence.

Keywords: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Clearance, Natural Justice, Sustainable Development, Procedural Fairness, Judicial Review, Mopa Airport.

HYDROLOGICAL MISMANAGEMENT IN TAMIL NADU: A STUDY OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF ENCROACHMENT OF WATER BODIES

AUTHOR – SATHISHKUMAR R, RESEARCH SCHOLAR AT TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI.

BEST CITATION – SATHISHKUMAR R, HYDROLOGICAL MISMANAGEMENT IN TAMIL NADU: A STUDY OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF ENCROACHMENT OF WATER BODIES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 554-561, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I761

Abstract

The state of Tamil Nadu, historically distinguished by its sophisticated “Eri” (tank) cascade systems, currently faces a profound hydrological crisis precipitated by systemic administrative mismanagement and the rampant encroachment of its water bodies. This research article provides an exhaustive legal and administrative inquiry into the mechanisms of water body encroachment, examining the transition from colonial land tenure systems to contemporary environmental jurisprudence. Adhering to the University Grants Commission (UGC) guidelines for academic research, the study scrutinizes the efficacy of the Tamil Nadu Protection of Tanks and Eviction of Encroachment Act, 2007, alongside the foundational Tamil Nadu Land Encroachment Act, 1905. A significant analytical focus is placed on the judicial evolution of the Public Trust Doctrine, specifically through the landmark Full Bench decision of the Madras High Court in T.K. Shanmugam v. State of Tamil Nadu, which categorically rejected the “disuse” theory often employed by the state to regularize illegal occupations. The research highlights the critical administrative lapses occurring at the intersections of the Revenue Department and the Water Resources Department, where inaccurate survey demarcations and the issuance of regularizing Government Orders have facilitated the degradation of tanks, ooranies, and river porambokes. Furthermore, the article evaluates the transformative potential of the Tamil Nadu Water Resources (Regulation, Management and Augmentation) Act, 2026, which introduces a centralized, participatory framework for integrated water governance. By synthesizing statutory provisions, case law, and technological interventions such as GIS mapping through the TNGIS portal, the study argues for a paradigm shift from human-centric “development” towards an eco-centric restoration model that upholds intergenerational equity and the State’s fiduciary duties.

Keywords: Hydrological Management, Public Trust Doctrine, Water Body Encroachment, Tamil Nadu Protection of Tanks and Eviction of Encroachment Act 2007, Administrative Accountability, Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM).

“PATTA AS PROOF OF TITLE UNDER TAMIL NADU LAND LAWS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF JUDICIAL TRENDS”

AUTHOR – N SRI ABISHEK* & KK.NAKSHATHRA**

* STUDENT AT VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

BEST CITATION – N SRI ABISHEK & KK.NAKSHATHRA, “PATTA AS PROOF OF TITLE UNDER TAMIL NADU LAND LAWS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF JUDICIAL TRENDS”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 540-553, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This doctrinal research paper critically examines the legal status of Patta — the revenue record issued by the Tamil Nadu Government — as a proof of title to land. In Tamil Nadu, land ownership disputes frequently hinge on the evidentiary value and legal weight accorded to Patta vis-à-vis other instruments of title such as sale deeds, settlement deeds, and court decrees. The paper undertakes a systematic analysis of the statutory framework governing Patta, the administrative mechanism of the Tamil Nadu Land Revenue Act, 1955, and the broader revenue laws of the State, alongside a rigorous examination of judicial pronouncements by the Supreme Court of India and the Madras High Court.

The research critically evaluates the persistent judicial trend of treating Patta as evidence of possession and not title, while simultaneously acknowledging its practical indispensability in land transactions and government dealings. The paper interrogates the paradox that arises when revenue entries — administratively created documents — are accorded differential weight in civil courts depending upon the factual context, thereby generating inconsistency and uncertainty in land jurisprudence. Through a doctrinal lens, the paper analyses key cases, statutory provisions, and administrative orders to assess whether a unified and coherent legal standard governing Patta as title-evidence has emerged, or whether the law remains in a state of flux.

The paper concludes with recommendations for legislative clarity and administrative reform to resolve the doctrinal ambiguity surrounding Patta and to establish a more equitable and predictable framework for land title determination in Tamil Nadu.

Keywords: Patta, Tamil Nadu, Land Title, Revenue Records, Proof of Title, Madras High Court, Land Revenue Act, Doctrinal Research, Property Law, Judicial

BEYOND OPEN BORDERS: RETHINKING LABOUR MIGRATION GOVERNANCE BETWEEN NEPAL AND INDIA

AUTHOR – SUJAL KESHAR SINGH, STUDENT AT KES’ SHRI. JAYANTILAL H. PATEL LAW COLLEGE

BEST CITATION – SUJAL KESHAR SINGH, BEYOND OPEN BORDERS: RETHINKING LABOUR MIGRATION GOVERNANCE BETWEEN NEPAL AND INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 535-539, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Labour migration between Nepal and India is one of the most persistent and distinctive forms of cross-border movement in South Asia. Enabled by the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship, the open-border arrangement allows citizens of both countries to move, reside, and work freely without formal documentation. While this system supports livelihoods and regional integration, it also creates a structural gap between mobility and protection. This article examines the economic, legal, and social dimensions of cross-border labour migration between Nepal and India. It argues that the absence of reliable data, weak policy implementation, and lack of legal recognition contribute to the vulnerability of migrant workers. The article also highlights the asymmetry in migration patterns, where Nepali migrants are largely driven by economic necessity, while Indian migrants often move in response to opportunity. By critically engaging with existing literature and broader migration theory, the article suggests that the open-border system has led to a form of “invisible migration” that is insufficiently governed. It concludes by proposing a shift toward a rights-based and data-oriented framework that balances mobility with protection.

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF WHITE-COLLAR CRIMES IN INDIA

AUTHOR – MALAY TANNA, STUDENT AT UNITEDWORLD SCHOOL OF LAW, KARNAVATI UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – MALAY TANNA, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT OF WHITE-COLLAR CRIMES IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 530-534, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

White collar crimes are so disruptive to the national economy that they have repercussions that go past localized harm that is normally linked to the conventional crimes. In contrast to conventional crimes that tend to create damages within a particular community, white collar crimes have a way of causing massive financial losses that have an overall economic impact. Such crimes impact economic efficiency, stability of finances, and long-term growth opportunities of a country, shaking the very basis on which a booming economy is founded.

In India, there have been notorious financial scandals such as the Harshad Mehta scam and the Punjab National Bank scam which have caused astonishing losses of thousands of crores of rupees. This type of fraud is not only depleting public and privately owned resources, but is also proving a heavy burden on the government, forcing them to put in place measures to correct the affected financial institutions. This government reaction may shift attention and resources out of productive investments in infrastructure, health, and education, which are essential elements needed to build a healthy national economy.

Additionally, white collar crimes pervert the distribution of resources by diverting essential financial resources off productive areas towards criminal activities. The problem of misallocation leads to high levels of inefficiency in the economy that may not support sustainable development initiatives. The combined effects of these crimes cannot be described as less than a grossly debilitated economic fabric that can barely keep pace in the competitive global economy.

OWNERSHIP CHALLENGES IN NFTS AND METAVERSE

AUTHOR – ALANKRITA KARUNDIA, STUDENT AT KARNAVATI UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – ALANKRITA KARUNDIA, OWNERSHIP CHALLENGES IN NFTS AND METAVERSE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 518-529, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

5.1. INTRODUCTION

Technology is changing at lightning speed, and we are seeing more of digital assets than we have ever before. All this has radically changed the heart of ownership, creativity, and intellectual property. Copyright law that has for long protected creators over works was facing enormous challenge in this digital space. One of the latest buzzwords around is that of Non-Fungible Tokens, which attracted some popular artists, tech enthusiasts, and legal scholars alike. They describe unique digital assets, often tied up with content like art, music videos, and even virtual real estate. Unlike cryptos, where one is just as good as the next, each of these NFTs has a characteristic different from its counterpart and is stored on a blockchain that provides an easily identifiable record of ownership. The underlying purpose of copyright law, much like in most others, is to protect the rights of the creators by making the rights over creations exclusively theirs. These rights shall include reproduction rights, distribution rights, and display rights so that they appropriately collect compensation for their mental work. NFT, however, has brought into question major issues regarding copyright laws around this newness. NFTs have placed digital art and content in a peculiar position that one would consider such assets to be sold, bought, and exchanged as separate properties. Thus, in general, it becomes unclear whether the ownership of the intellectual property that constitutes the NFT is legitimate.^[1]

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[1] Dong, Y., & Wang, C. (2023). Copyright protection on NFT digital works in the Metaverse. Security and Safety, 2, 2023013.

THE LEGAL PATHWAY FOR TRANSGENDER MARRIAGE AND ADOPTION RIGHTS IN INDIA: A CONSTITUTIONAL AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

AUTHOR – DHANUSH. C.K* & MR. AJAY KRISHNA**

* STUDENT AT VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

BEST CITATION – DHANUSH. C.K & MR. AJAY KRISHNA, THE LEGAL PATHWAY FOR TRANSGENDER MARRIAGE AND ADOPTION RIGHTS IN INDIA: A CONSTITUTIONAL AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 510-517, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The landmark judgment of the Supreme Court of India in National Legal Services Authority v Union of India (2014) constituted a paradigmatic shift in transgender rights jurisprudence by formally recognising gender identity as a fundamental right. Yet the transformative promise of NALSA remains conspicuously unfulfilled in the domains most central to personal life—marriage and adoption. This article undertakes a critical legal analysis of the pathways—existing, potential, and desirable—for the recognition of transgender marriage and adoption rights in India. It argues that the existing legal framework, interpreted through a constitutionally harmonious and rights-based lens, does permit such recognition, and that legislative reform is both necessary and constitutionally mandated. Drawing on the constitutional framework (Articles 14, 15, 19, and 21), personal law statutes, the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2019, the Juvenile Justice Act 2015, and comparative frameworks from South Africa, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Nepal, and Germany, the article identifies specific structural barriers and proposes a comprehensive agenda of legislative, administrative, and judicial reforms. The doctrine of ‘constitutionally harmonious interpretation’ is advanced as a judicial tool for protecting transgender family rights pending legislative action.

Keywords: Transgender rights, marriage law, adoption rights, NALSA, constitutionally harmonious interpretation, Transgender Persons Act 2019, Juvenile Justice Act 2015, comparative family law, gender identity, India

THE INTRICATE TAPESTRY OF INEFFICIENCY: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF BUREAUCRATIC AND POLITICAL STRUCTURES IN MODERN INDIA

AUTHOR – TANISHKA SALVI, STUDENT AT KES’ LAW COLLEGE, MUMBAI

BEST CITATION – TANISHKA SALVI,THE INTRICATE TAPESTRY OF INEFFICIENCY: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF BUREAUCRATIC AND POLITICAL STRUCTURES IN MODERN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (7) OF 2026, PG. 500-509, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Through the lens of a common Indian citizen not experiencing incompetence on a daily basis is almost next to impossible , in our daily life we have to face multiple failures of the bureaucratic and political structure of India changing from potholes on the road to scams of thousands of crores ,it has been a tiring experience , this research paper shed some light upon underlying factors that dictate present day fate of India and her citizens.

In a diverse and ancient country like India reasons behind incompetence or anything for that matter is not a straight line, but a complex web of diverse attributes and this study aims to indulge in those attributes, while considering cultural and historical past of India and its administrative structures , this critical review of modern day issues in Indian bureaucracy is our attempt to deeper understand the intricate, delicate tapestry that is known as INDIA.

Keywords:- India , Incompetence , Bureaucracy , Governance , Corruption , Public Service ,    Accountability