Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

AI-GENERATED OR AI-AIDED? EXAMINING PATENTABILITY, INVENTORSHIP AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF AI INVENTIONS

AUTHOR – LASYA C R, STUDENT ALLIANCE SCHOOL OF LAW, BENGALURU, INDIA

BEST CITATION – LASYA C R, AI-GENERATED OR AI-AIDED? EXAMINING PATENTABILITY, INVENTORSHIP AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF AI INVENTIONS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 362-366, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The research paper explores the evolving role of AI in the field of inventions, particularly focusing on the distinction between autonomous AI inventions and those aided by AI. As AI has now transformed from a tool in computational programming in computer systems to be a touch bearer in various fields, it has raised questions regarding the inventorship of AI inventions. Recent debates, highlighted by cases like the European Patent Office’s (EPO) rejection of DABUS as an inventor, underscore the lack of clear definitions and understanding in differentiating automation from autonomy within AI systems. This research examines the technical and legal implications of AI’s role in inventorship, considering issues of autonomy, the technical functionality of AI-generated inventions, and the policy challenges that arise. By analysing perspectives of the U.S., UK, Australia and E.U., this paper aims to clarify the technicality of AI inventions to aid understanding, in order to simplify the debate in adapting to policy frameworks for AI inventions. By comparing international perspectives and providing an analysis of patent law’s suitability for AI-generated outputs, the paper underscores the importance of balancing patent protection for AI-generated inventions with public domain preservation. Ultimately, it addresses whether our current legal landscape is capable of accommodating AI inventions and suggests a path forward.

Key Words: Artificial Intelligence, AI-Generated Inventions, DABUS, Automation, Autonomy, Inventorship, Patent Law

ANALYZING THE FORMS OF MARKET ABUSE: MARKET MANIPULATION AND INSIDER TRADING

AUTHOR – RISHIKA SHARMA, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, MUMBAI

BEST CITATION – RISHIKA SHARMA, P ANALYZING THE FORMS OF MARKET ABUSE: MARKET MANIPULATION AND INSIDER TRADING, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 353-361, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Market abuse is a broad term which defines any action that disadvantages other investors in a qualifying trading platform or market. Two major types of market abuse are ‘Market Manipulation’ and ‘Insider Trading.’ Market manipulation is referred to as an act of attempting to deceive the investors by way of misleading appearances of the price of security or commodity or any other financial instruments. This can be achieved through ‘Pump and Dump Schemes’ and ‘Spoofing and Layering’, which are called types of market manipulation. Market manipulation can be challenging for the regulators to detect and prove. Certain ways have to be taken into consideration to prevent market manipulation and safeguard the investors. Insider trading indicates the illegal practice which is conducted by the employees or directors of a company, wherein they supply crucial information related to the stocks to the third parties. Insider trading can be illegal as well as legal. Challenges come into the picture when detecting insider trading practice. Various effective ways can be noted for the prevention of insider trading in the company.

Keywords: Market abuse, Market manipulation, Insider trading, Challenges while detection, Tactics for prevention, Illegal and legal insider trading.

ACHIEVING WAGE JUSTICE: A LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE WAGE CODE, 2019

AUTHOR – VARSHA D. VYAS* & DR. ARSHI PAL KAUR**,

*ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF LAWS, GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY, REGIONAL CAMPUS, GURDASPUR.

BEST CITATION – VARSHA D. VYAS & DR. ARSHI PAL KAUR, ACHIEVING WAGE JUSTICE: A LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE WAGE CODE, 2019, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (2) OF 2025, PG. 93-95, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

This article is published in the collaborated special issue of M.K.E.S. College of Law and the Institute of Legal Education (ILE), titled “Current Trends in Indian Legal Frameworks: A Special Edition” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-8-4).

Abstract

In 1948, a tripartite committee, “The Committee on Fair Wage” was established to formulate guidelines for wage structures. The Code on Wages, 2019 represents a crucial advancement in the labour law landscape of India, designed to simplify and guarantee equitable wages for workers in various sectors. The Code on Wages unifies multiple wage laws,^[1] reducing ambiguities and regulatory overlaps. The Code mandates timely wage payments, ensuring that employees receive their earnings without undue delays. The Code reinforces the principle of equal remuneration for men and women for the same work or work of similar nature, alongside strict anti-discrimination clauses. With the push towards digital wage payments and better record-keeping, the Code encourages formalization of employment. The Code on Wages, 2019 introduces a contemporary framework for wage regulation in India, effectively balancing the rights of workers with the needs of businesses. It promotes fairness, transparency, and the formalization of labour practices, establishing a foundation for equitable treatment.

Key Words: The Wage Code, 2019, Minimum wages, payment of wages, labour reforms, equal remuneration, economic impact

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[1] https://dtnbwed.cbwe.gov.in/images/upload/Code-on-Wages–_03L6.pdf

COMBATING SEXUAL HARASSMENT AND BULLYING IN THE CYBER LANDSCAPE

AUTHOR – SIDDHI DINESH MEHRA, STUDENT AT M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – SIDDHI DINESH MEHRA, COMBATING SEXUAL HARASSMENT AND BULLYING IN THE CYBER LANDSCAPE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (2) OF 2025, PG. 90-92, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

This article is published in the collaborated special issue of M.K.E.S. College of Law and the Institute of Legal Education (ILE), titled “Current Trends in Indian Legal Frameworks: A Special Edition” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-8-4).

ABSTRACT

In the contemporary digital age, the internet has become a fundamental component of our everyday existence, providing unparalleled avenues for communication, education, and social engagement. Digital sexual harassment and bullying involve harmful behaviours conducted through online platforms, leading to significant psychological and emotional distress for victims. Digital sexual harassment and bullying manifest in various forms like cyberstalking, deepfakes, impersonation etc. India has established several legal provisions to combat online harassment. While legal frameworks provide the necessary legal basis for action, technological solutions offer practical tools for detection, reporting, and support, enhancing the effectiveness of efforts to combat digital sexual harassment and bullying in India.

Key Words: Combating sexual harassment and bullying, Cyberstalking, Deepfakes, the Information Technology Act, 2000

PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS IN A WORLD POWERED BY AI

AUTHOR – TANYA CHOUDHARY, STUDENT AT BANASTHALI VIDYAPITH

BEST CITATION – TANYA CHOUDHARY, PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS IN A WORLD POWERED BY AI, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 344-352, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

AI has revolutionized various sectors, including communication, governance, healthcare, and education. But the excessive reliance on personal data has become a serious concern in terms of privacy, surveillance, and human rights violations. The AI-driven technologies of facial recognition and predictive analytics have been risky in intrusive surveillance, discrimination, and lack of accountability because of opaque decision-making processes. This paper explores how AI affects the data privacy responsibility of stakeholders-whether governments, businesses, or individuals-and related legal frameworks designed to address these issues. To do this, it looks into international regulations and policies, from the General Data Protection Regulation of the European Union to the California Consumer Privacy Act of the United States, up to India through the Digital Personal Data Protection Act and landmark cases. This paper suggests the need for a balanced approach between innovation and safeguarding basic human rights through advocating for ethical AI practices, transparency, and stronger regulatory measures

Keywords  – Artificial Intelligence, Data Privacy, Human Rights, AI Ethics, Surveillance, Algorithmic Bias, GDPR, CCPA, Digital Personal Data Protection Act, AI Governance, Transparency, Accountability, Cybersecurity, Ethical AI, Privacy Laws

DIGITAL POLICING: USING SOCIAL MEDIA SURVEILLANCE TO TACKLE CYBERCRIME

AUTHOR – PRITHWISH GANGULI, ADVOCATE & LLM (CU), MA IN SOCIOLOGY (SRU), MA IN CRIMINOLOGY & FORENSIC SC (NALSAR), DIP IN PSYCHOLOGY (ALISON), DIP IN CYBER LAW (ASCL), DIP IN INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION & MARITIME LAW (ALISON) FACULTY, HERITAGE LAW COLLEGE, KOLKATA

EMAIL ID: PRITHWISHGANGULI@GMAIL.COM

BEST CITATION – PRITHWISH GANGULI, DIGITAL POLICING: USING SOCIAL MEDIA SURVEILLANCE TO TACKLE CYBERCRIME, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 324-334, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

In the age of digital transformation, cybercrime has evolved into a complex, borderless threat. Social media, once a platform for communication, has now become both a battleground and a tool for crime prevention. Digital policing through social media surveillance is an emerging strategy that enables law enforcement agencies to detect, prevent, and combat cyber threats in real-time. By leveraging artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and data analytics, authorities can track suspicious activities, identify cybercriminals, and mitigate risks before crimes escalate.

Social media platforms harbour various forms of cybercrime, including fraud, identity theft, human trafficking, hate speech, cyberterrorism, and misinformation campaigns. By analysing digital footprints, monitoring flagged content, and deploying automated tracking mechanisms, law enforcement agencies can efficiently respond to threats. Predictive policing, fuelled by big data analytics, further enhances crime prevention by identifying risk patterns and potential offenders before they strike.

However, social media patrolling raises concerns about privacy, ethical boundaries, and data security. Striking a balance between digital surveillance and civil liberties remains a critical challenge. Implementing transparent policies, legal frameworks, and ethical AI solutions can ensure responsible policing while upholding user rights.

As cyber threats grow in sophistication, social media monitoring is no longer optional but a necessity for modern law enforcement. The integration of AI-powered crime detection tools, deep learning algorithms, and cyber forensic techniques can transform digital policing into a proactive, intelligence-driven crime-fighting mechanism. Governments, law enforcement bodies, and cybersecurity experts must collaborate to fortify online safety, dismantle cybercriminal networks, and secure the digital ecosystem.

This paper explores the impact, effectiveness, and challenges of social media surveillance in cybercrime prevention, offering insights into how digital policing is shaping the future of cybersecurity.

Keywords: Social Media Surveillance, Cybercrime Prevention, Digital Policing, AI in Law Enforcement, Online Crime Monitoring

A STUDY ON REVENUE GENERATING SYSTEM TO GOVERNMENT – WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO STAMP DUTIES, REGISTRATION FEES AND COURT FEES

AUTHOR – K. ROHIT* & P. BRINDA**, LLM SCHOLAR* & H.O.D, DEPARTMENT OF PROPERTY LAW, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW

BEST CITATION – K. ROHIT & P. BRINDA, A CRITICAL STUDY ON INDIA’S WATER CRISIS: ASSESSING THE ROLE OF POLICIES AND TECHNOLOGIES IN SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 335-343, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The primarily focuses of the Stamp Act, 1899 on levying stamp duties on legal, financial, and commercial instruments such as property transactions, lease agreements, and share transfers. It ensures the authenticity of documents and creates enforceable rights, thereby contributing to state revenues. With advancements like e-stamping, the collection process has become more streamlined and transparent, reducing evasion and enhancing compliance. The Registration Act, 1908, complements the Stamp Act by mandating the registration of documents like property deeds and wills. This act formalizes transactions, prevents disputes, and ensures legal certainty. Revenue is generated through registration fees, typically calculated as a percentage of the transaction value. Innovations such as online registration systems have increased efficiency, compliance, and revenue collection.

The Court Fee Act, 1870, supports the judiciary by imposing fees on legal filings, including suits, petitions, and appeals. These fees are structured to balance revenue generation with access to justice, offering exemptions for economically disadvantaged individuals. The revenue collected sustains judicial infrastructure and operations, ensuring the judiciary’s independence and efficiency.

This paper is an attempt to analyse, how these legislations works together in generation revenue to the Government.

Keywords: Transactions, E- stamping, Registration, Revenue collection, Court fee, judiciary

SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON VICTIMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS

AUTHOR – MEHER SUNIL DABRAI, STUDENT AT DES NAVALMAL FIRODIA LAW COLLEGE, PUNE

BEST CITATION – MEHER SUNIL DABRAI, SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON VICTIMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 318-323, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

It is time for the shield of sovereign immunity to shatter as victims of human rights are given a chance to seek justice across borders. Sovereign immunity is a legal concept that protects a state or its entities from being sued in foreign courts thereby preserving state sovereignty and diplomatic relations. This concept originated to protect rulers in ancient times and evolved into a legal principle to protect state sovereignty. The act of state doctrine is a related principle that dates to the 19^th century which implies that domestic courts should not review the validity of acts performed by a foreign state within its own territory. In recent times, sovereign immunity and the act of state doctrine continue to be significant legal principles in international law. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a foundational document adopted by the United Nations in 1948 asserting fundamental rights and freedoms inherent to all individuals without discrimination. However, efforts are being made to restrict absolute immunity in cases involving human rights violations. Sovereign immunities and acts of state doctrine pose a number of challenges for victims of human rights violations. The researcher attempts to explore the exceptions to these doctrines that allow these victims to seek redress.

Keywords: International law, sovereign immunities, Act of state doctrine, human rights victims and access to justice

A CRITICAL STUDY ON INDIA’S WATER CRISIS: ASSESSING THE ROLE OF POLICIES AND TECHNOLOGIES IN SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT

AUTHOR –S.KAVIYA, SAVEETHA SCHOOL OF LAW, SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES (SIMATS), CHENNAI-600077

BEST CITATION – S.KAVIYA, A CRITICAL STUDY ON INDIA’S WATER CRISIS: ASSESSING THE ROLE OF POLICIES AND TECHNOLOGIES IN SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 277-288, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

India faces a severe water crisis, with increasing demand and depleting resources threatening its sustainable development. The objective of this study to investigates the critical role of policies and technologies in addressing the water crisis and promoting sustainable water management practices. The key factors contributing to water scarcity, evaluating government initiatives, and assessing technological advancements for efficient water use. The study followed here is empirical research. A total of 207 samples have been collected out of which all samples have been collected through convenient sampling methods.The content explores the evolution of water management, transitioning from traditional conservation systems to modern, unsustainable extraction practices. Government programs like the Jal Shakti Abhiyan and Atal Bhujal Yojana are critically analyzed for their impact. The findings reveal that while policies and initiatives are in place, their fragmented implementation and lack of public awareness limit their effectiveness. Technological innovations, though promising, remain underutilized due to financial and infrastructural constraints. The conclusion underscores the urgency of adopting integrated approaches combining policy reforms, advanced technologies, and community participation to mitigate the water crisis and achieve sustainable water management in India.

KEYWORDS: Water Governance, Technological Innovation, Water Conservation, Policy Reform, Sustainable Irrigation Systems

CYBERCRIME IN INDIA: FINANCIAL FRAUD AND ITS GROWING THREAT TO THE ECONOMY

AUTHOR – RIDA FATEMA MOLEDINA, STUDENT AT M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – RIDA FATEMA MOLEDINA, CYBERCRIME IN INDIA: FINANCIAL FRAUD AND ITS GROWING THREAT TO THE ECONOMY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (2) OF 2025, PG. 86-89, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

This article is published in the collaborated special issue of M.K.E.S. College of Law and the Institute of Legal Education (ILE), titled “Current Trends in Indian Legal Frameworks: A Special Edition” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-8-4).

ABSTRACT:

In an era dominated by digital transactions, online transactions, and the ubiquity of technology, the need for robust security measures has become paramount. The rise in cyber-crime has alarmed one and all, as the cyber crooks find innovative ways to fleece money by targeting gullible citizens from simple tricks like sending a ‘link’ to a victim’s mobile to hack into their e-wallets, to intricate plots used to lure and snare people, especially those who are interested in investing in share market trading. Like many nations, India grapples with the challenges of securing its cyberspace and protecting sensitive data.

Keywords: Cybercrime, digital transactions, online transactions, ubiquity of technology, cyber criminals