Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

GENDER INEQUALITY IN WORKPLACE OPPORTUNITIES AND PAY: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF EQUAL PAY PRINCIPLES AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN INDIA

AUTHOR – KUNAL, STUDENT AT SRM UNIVERSITY, SONIPAT

BEST CITATION – KUNAL, GENDER INEQUALITY IN WORKPLACE OPPORTUNITIES AND PAY: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF EQUAL PAY PRINCIPLES AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (8) OF 2026, PG. 774-781, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Gender inequality in workplace opportunities and remuneration remains a persistent issue in India despite constitutional guarantees and statutory protections ensuring equality. The principle of equal pay for equal work has been recognized under Indian constitutional jurisprudence and reinforced through legislations such as the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 and the Code on Wages, 2019. However, significant disparities continue to exist in wages, leadership opportunities, recruitment practices, and workplace participation. This paper critically examines the legal framework governing equal pay principles in India and evaluates the effectiveness of their implementation. It further analyzes structural barriers, socio-cultural biases, informal sector challenges, and judicial responses related to workplace discrimination. The paper also compares India’s approach with international standards prescribed by the International Labour Organization and other global instruments. Through a critical legal and socio-economic analysis, the paper highlights the gap between legislative intent and practical enforcement while suggesting reforms to achieve substantive gender equality in employment and pay structures.

Keywords: Gender Inequality, Equal Pay, Workplace Discrimination, Equal Remuneration Act, Wage Gap, Labour Law, Women Employment, India, Gender Justice, Workplace Equality.

CRYPTOCURRENCY AND MONEY LAUNDERING IN INDIA: A STUDY UNDER THE PMLA 2002

AUTHOR – RUDRA VASHISHTH & NANCY SHARMA

STUDENTS AT QUANTUM UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – RUDRA VASHISHTH & NANCY SHARMA, CRYPTOCURRENCY AND MONEY LAUNDERING IN INDIA: A STUDY UNDER THE PMLA 2002, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (8) OF 2026, PG. 761-773, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Cryptocurrencies establish a new financial system which utilizes decentralized blockchain technology for direct peer-to-peer transactions without any need for central banks or financial institutions to act as intermediaries. The increasing use of virtual digital assets in India creates new economic possibilities but also raises regulatory challenges. Their features which include pseudonymity and cross-border transferability and weak regulatory control make them highly suitable for criminals who intend to use these technologies for money laundering activities. The laundering of criminal proceeds stands as the primary target of the Prevention of Money- Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) which functions as the main law enforcement tool against this crime. India now shows progress in meeting global anti-money laundering requirements through its new regulations which extend reporting requirements to virtual asset service providers. This research investigates the methods by which criminals use cryptocurrencies to process illegal funds and assesses the PMLA’s capacity to counter this risk while assessing enforcement practices and court decisions. The research identifies existing regulatory weaknesses and presents recommendations to improve institutional capacity for Cryptocurrency and Money Laundering in India through PMLA 2002which will increase institutional transparency while maintaining financial security through innovative solutions. The PMLA established basic legal foundations which require a specialized and technology-based regulatory framework to tackle new types of digital financial crime.

Keywords: Cryptocurrency, Money Laundering, PMLA 2002, Virtual Digital Assets, Blockchain, Enforcement Directorate, Financial Intelligence Unit, AML Compliance.

ROLE OF ADVOCATES IN MITIGATING THE ISSUE OF PENDENCY AND DELAY OF CIVIL CASES

AUTHOR – ISHAN DHALIWAL, STUDENT AT CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY), PUNE

BEST CITATION – ISHAN DHALIWAL, ROLE OF ADVOCATES IN MITIGATING THE ISSUE OF PENDENCY AND DELAY OF CIVIL CASES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (8) OF 2026, PG. 754-760, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The problem of delay and pendency of civil cases has become one of the most serious challenges faced by the Indian judicial system. Courts across the country are burdened with millions of pending cases, many of which continue for years before reaching final adjudication. Such delays weaken public confidence in the justice delivery system and affect the constitutional promise of access to justice. While judicial vacancies, infrastructural limitations and procedural complexities are often identified as major reasons for pendency, the role of advocates in either contributing to or reducing delays cannot be ignored. Advocates are essential stakeholders in the administration of justice and act as officers of the court. Their conduct, preparedness, ethical responsibility and professional approach directly influence the speed and efficiency of civil proceedings.

This paper examines the role played by advocates in addressing the growing issue of pendency and delay in civil litigation. It analyses the causes of delay in civil courts and evaluates how lawyers can contribute towards timely disposal of cases through responsible litigation practices, effective case management, promotion of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms and adherence to professional ethics. The paper also discusses judicial observations and legislative reforms aimed at discouraging unnecessary adjournments and dilatory tactics. Further, it highlights the importance of technology, mediation and professional accountability in ensuring speedy justice. The study concludes that advocates occupy a crucial position in the justice delivery system and that meaningful reduction in pendency is impossible without their active cooperation and commitment.

AI-GENERATED EVIDENCE AND ADMISSIBILITY UNDER THE INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT

AUTHOR – GOURIKA AGANPAL, STUDENT AT IILM UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – GOURIKA AGANPAL, AI-GENERATED EVIDENCE AND ADMISSIBILITY UNDER THE INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (8) OF 2026, PG. 746-753, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly becoming an important part of modern society and is now influencing the legal system as well. From facial recognition technology and automated forensic analysis to deepfake videos and AI-generated audio recordings, digital technology has changed the nature of evidence used in courts. Indian evidence law was originally framed when traditional forms of evidence such as oral testimony and paper documents were more common. However, the growth of AI-generated content has created new legal and ethical challenges regarding authenticity, reliability, and admissibility.

This paper examines the concept of AI-generated evidence and its admissibility under Indian law. It discusses the provisions relating to electronic evidence under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023. The paper also analyzes important judicial decisions related to electronic evidence and highlights challenges such as deepfakes, manipulation of digital records, lack of transparency in AI systems, and absence of specific legal regulations in India. Further, the paper suggests reforms including stronger authentication procedures, technical expert assistance, judicial training, and stricter regulation of deepfake technology.

In my opinion, AI can become a useful tool for improving investigation and judicial efficiency, but excessive dependence on machines without proper human supervision may create serious risks for justice delivery.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Electronic Evidence, Deepfakes, Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, Indian Evidence Act, Digital Evidence, Admissibility.

BEYOND COLONIAL SHADOWS: A CRITICAL STUDY OF WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND SAFETY UNDER BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA, 2023

AUTHOR – MR. DEEPAK,ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, J C COLLEGE OF LAW, BAHADURGARH. HARYANA

BEST CITATION – MR. DEEPAK, BEYOND COLONIAL SHADOWS: A CRITICAL STUDY OF WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND SAFETY UNDER BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA, 2023, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (8) OF 2026, PG. 740-745, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I880

ABSTRACT

For over a century and a half, India’s legal system relied on a colonial-era code that often felt disconnected from the lived realities of modern Indian women. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, is more than just a legislative update; it is an effort to finally move past the 163-year-old IPC and build a justice system that truly understands our society. It is a “heart-centered” attempt to fix a deep-seated contradiction: living in a culture that honors the feminine while simultaneously struggling with systemic violence against women.

This paper takes a close look at the flaws of the old system where laws often lacked the nuance to handle 21st-century threats like digital stalking, voyeurism, and deceptive exploitation. By moving toward these new laws, we are seeing a fundamental shift in how the law views women not as “passive victims” in need of pity, but as empowered citizens with the right to safety and dignity.

We explore the practical changes brought by the BNS, such as the long-awaited legal recognition of “sex under false promises” and much stronger safeguards for minors. These reforms aren’t happening in a vacuum; they are part of a larger push by the government to create a justice system that actually listens to and supports survivors.

However, a law is only as strong as its execution. This study emphasizes that while the BNS is a powerful tool, its true success depends on us as a society on breaking down the social stigma that surrounds reporting crimes and ensuring these protections reach every corner of the country. Ultimately, the BNS is a vital bridge to a future where every woman in India can live with the respect and security she deserves.

Keywords: BNS 2023, Digital Evidence, Gender Justice, Section 69, Women’s Safety, Cybercrime, BSA 2023

TRADE ON WILD ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY IN INDIAN PROSPECTIVE

AUTHOR – ANIL RAJ* & AMBAR SRIVASTAVA**

* STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – ANIL RAJ & AMBAR SRIVASTAVA, TRADE ON WILD ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTION: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY IN INDIAN PROSPECTIVE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (8) OF 2026, PG. 734-739, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I879

Abstract

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the dual structure of animal-based economies in India, focusing on the predominantly illegal wildlife trade alongside the regulated animal production sector, particularly livestock and dairying. Despite India’s global leadership in wildlife conservation—evidenced by the rise in its tiger population to approximately 3,682 during the 2022–2026 period—the country continues to remain a significant hotspot for illicit wildlife trafficking, driven by international demand for exotic pets and traditional medicinal products.

At the same time, the domestic animal production sector plays a crucial role in the national economy. By 2026, beef (carabeef) production is projected to reach approximately 4.7 million metric tons (MMT), highlighting its economic importance. This research critically evaluates the effectiveness of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (as amended in 2022), in addressing illegal wildlife trade. It also examines key socio-economic drivers—such as poverty, illiteracy, and market demand—that continue to facilitate and sustain illicit trafficking activities in India.

CLIMATE CHANGE AS A THREAT MULTIPLIER IN ARMED CONFLICTS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS

AUTHOR – Ms. E.A. VIDHYABHARATHI, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN LAW, KMC COLLEGE OF LAW, TIRUPUR, PH.D. RESEARCH SCHOLAR, SECOND YEAR, THE TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, SOEL, CHENNAI.

BEST CITATION – Ms. E.A. VIDHYABHARATHI, CLIMATE CHANGE AS A THREAT MULTIPLIER IN ARMED CONFLICTS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (8) OF 2026, PG. 728-733, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Climate change has emerged as a defining challenge to contemporary international law, fundamentally reshaping the relationship between environmental degradation and armed conflict. Increasingly conceptualized as a “threat multiplier,” it does not directly cause conflict but intensifies existing structural vulnerabilities such as resource scarcity, socio-economic inequality, weak governance, and political instability. This paper critically examines the climate–conflict nexus through a legal and interdisciplinary lens, exploring the pathways through which climate change contributes to violence, including displacement, food insecurity, ecological degradation, and state fragility.

The study evaluates the adequacy of existing international legal frameworks—particularly International Humanitarian Law, international environmental law, human rights law, and the global climate regime—in addressing these emerging challenges. It highlights significant normative and institutional gaps, including the limited protection for climate-displaced persons under the 1951 Refugee Convention, the high threshold for environmental war crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, and the absence of binding mechanisms within the Paris Agreement to address security implications. The paper concludes by advocating for legal reforms that incorporate climate security into international law, strengthen preventive and accountability mechanisms, recognize climate-induced displacement, and promote climate justice. Such an approach is essential for addressing the complex realities of climate-induced conflicts and ensuring sustainable peace in an increasingly fragile global environment.

Keywords: Climate Change; Armed Conflict; Threat Multiplier; International Humanitarian Law; Environmental Governance; Resource Scarcity; Climate Justice.

SECTION 3(D) AND THE LIMITS OF PATENTABILITY: INDIA’S LEGISLATIVE RESPONSE TO PHARMACEUTICAL EVERGREENING

AUTHOR – BHUMIKA PANDEY, STUDENT AT CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY), PUNE, MAHARASHTRA

BEST CITATION – BHUMIKA PANDEY, SECTION 3(D) AND THE LIMITS OF PATENTABILITY: INDIA’S LEGISLATIVE RESPONSE TO PHARMACEUTICAL EVERGREENING, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (8) OF 2026, PG. 716-727, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

One of the most significant and internationally reviewed provisions in the pharmaceutical patenting arena in the world was brought by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005 in India, in the form of Section 3(d) of the Patents Act, 1970. The provision was enacted as a direct legislative reaction to the perceived menace of pharmaceutical evergreening and it is categorical in its denying of coverage of patent protection to novel forms of known substances except where a significant enhancement of therapeutic efficacy is proven. The present paper will develop a doctrinal and analytical discussion of Section 3(d) starting with its legislative background of the pre-TRIPS period of the Patents Act, 1970 to the compulsions of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and finally its sound jurisprudential interpretation by the Supreme Court of India in Novartis AG v. Union of India. It contends in the paper that Section 3(d) is a reflective, constitutionally acceptable adjustment of the patent law towards promoting the best possible health outcomes rather than gradual pharmaceutical innovation. It also discusses how the provision has helped retain India as the pharmacy of the world, criticisms of the provision by multinational pharmaceutical firms and the United States Trade Representative, and how well the provision balances the flexibilities framework of the TRIPS Agreement. The paper concludes that Section 3(d) is a valid, justified and internationally important tool that other developing countries can contemplate making amendments in their own home based intellectual property systems.

Keywords: Section 3(d), evergreening, TRIPS flexibilities, Novartis v. Union of India, pharmaceutical patent, access to medicines, therapeutic efficacy, compulsory licensing.

THE DIGITAL AGE OF INVESTOR PROTECTION: ASSESSING THE MEASURES BY SEBI ON MISLEADING FINANCIAL ADVICE

AUTHOR – SATVIK SINGHAL, STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN/ UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – SATVIK SINGHAL, THE DIGITAL AGE OF INVESTOR PROTECTION: ASSESSING THE MEASURES BY SEBI ON MISLEADING FINANCIAL ADVICE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (8) OF 2026, PG. 710-715, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

The accelerated growth of the digital platforms completely transformed our obtaining of financial information. A new breed of social media users (so-called fin-influencers) was born on social media such as YouTube, Instagram, Telegram, or Twitter. These individuals leave out investment advice to large masses without any college qualification or regulated professionalism. They have certainly made finance more affordable, but misleading or unproved advice,^[1] manipulation of the market, and pure exploitation of retail investors have been dispersed by them. India largely has squashed these risks through a set of rules introduced by SEBI, the primary securities regulator in India,^[2] to enhance investor protection. In the current paper, we closely examine the structure of SEBI to provide digital financial advice, primarily whether it works or not with the dubious suggestions of fin-influencers. We will examine existing regulations, implementation, and the obstacles and end with the recommendations on how to strengthen accountability and provide more protection to ordinary investors.

---

[1] Nidhi Bothra, Regulation of Financial Influencers and Investor Protection in India, 5 Indian J. L. & Tech. 112 (2023). 

[2] Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, No. 15 of 1992, India Code. 

“JUDICIAL APPROACHES TO ORGANIZED CRIME: COMPARATIVE INSIGHTS FROM INDIAN AND AMERICAN COURTS”

AUTHOR – ANKIT TOMAR, LAW STUDENT, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN

BEST CITATION – ANKIT TOMAR, “JUDICIAL APPROACHES TO ORGANIZED CRIME: COMPARATIVE INSIGHTS FROM INDIAN AND AMERICAN COURTS”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (8) OF 2026, PG. 704-709, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

 The judicial reaction towards organized crime is a crucial factor in determining the efficacy of criminal justice systems. This paper represents a comparative study of judicial practices embraced in India and the United States in dealing with organized crime in the courts. It explores the use and interpretation of specialized legislations by the judiciary, the review of evidentiary standards and the proper balance of individual rights and the security of the nation. In India, courts like the Supreme Court of India have in many instances stressed procedural protections as they administer harsh legislation, such as MCOCA and UAPA. Conversely, U.S. courts, such as the U.S. Supreme Court, have established a strong jurisprudence based on both statutory and common law provisions, such as the RICO Act, on enterprise and conspiracy liability. The paper identifies crucial similarities, differences, and changing patterns, and concludes that judicial interpretation plays a vital role in determining the effectiveness of the anti-organized crime structures in the two courts.