Author: PRASANNASRI26092001

EVOLUTION OF INDIAN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FINANCIAL AND REAL ESTATE SECTOR

AUTHOR –DILRAJ SINGH, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY NOIDA, UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION – DILRAJ SINGH, EVOLUTION OF INDIAN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FINANCIAL AND REAL ESTATE SECTOR, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 761-771, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

This research paper explores India’s corporate governance framework, focusing on the financial and real estate sectors. It highlights the influence of legislative reforms, regulatory bodies, and sector-specific guidelines. The financial sector has seen improvements in transparency, risk management, and stakeholder protection, while the real estate sector has seen regulatory overhauls. The paper also discusses challenges like regulatory arbitrage and enforcement gaps. It proposes strategic recommendations for strengthening governance frameworks.

the evolution of corporate governance was on of the most dynamic and landmarked journey which was divided in many phases and has outlined the present nation’s corporate governance this  paper will outline the development of corporate governance practices with specific  emphasis on real estate and financial sector in India this research also examines the historic development of the concept and urge of the development of concept with coming changes with Indian  dynamic development corporates.

Key words – Corporate governance, evolution,

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION IN INDIA: MERITS AND DEMERITS

AUTHOR – TANIYA BAUNTHIYAL* & MR NIKUNJ SINGH YADAV**

* STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – TANIYA BAUNTHIYAL & MR NIKUNJ SINGH YADAV, CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION IN INDIA: MERITS AND DEMERITS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 751-760, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

“In this research study, a critical analysis of the freedom of speech and expression in India is presented, with a focus on the constitutional underpinnings, historical development, and contemporary issues that have been encountered.  The purpose of this study is to investigate the benefits that comprehensive free speech rights have in terms of promoting democracy, facilitating social reform, and safeguarding individual autonomy.  In addition to this, it analyses the drawbacks and difficulties, such as conflicts with cultural sensitivities, worries about national security, and the contemporary complications brought about by digital communication and social media.  This paper gives insights into creating a balanced strategy that preserves democratic norms while accepting India’s unique socio-cultural setting. These insights are achieved via rigorous research of key judicial judgements and comparative perspectives with other democratic nations.  Following the conclusion of the investigation, recommendations are made for enhancing speech liberties while still retaining required safeguards within a democratic framework that is always evolving.”

Key words: Speech and Expression, freedom of speech, constitution, Article 19

TERRORISM AND THE NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY: BALANCING NATIONAL SECURITY WITH CIVIL LIBERTIES

AUTHORS- MUSKAN MALIK* & SACHIN KUMAR**

^*STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL- MUSKANMALIK.HARDWAR@GMAIL.COM

^**ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, FACULTY OF UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY . EMAIL- SACHINKUMAR@UTTARANCHALUNIVERSITY.AC.IN

BEST CITATION – MUSKAN MALIK & SACHIN KUMAR, TERRORISM AND THE NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY: BALANCING NATIONAL SECURITY WITH CIVIL LIBERTIES, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 740-750, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

This article critically analyzes the evolution of the National Investigation Agency (NIA) in India’s counter-terrorism architecture, which is closely intertwined between national security and civil liberties. The agency was established through the NIA Act of 2008 in the light of the 2008 Mumbai attacks, with the purpose of centralizing and expediting terrorism investigations. The article doctrinally analyzes statutory interpretation and case law to examine the agency’s new powers especially post the 2019 amendments to the UAPA and reforms to criminal law in 2023, taking into account the implications for fundamental rights. The response of the judiciary, including landmark judgments such as Thwaha Faisal v. Union of India and Asif Iqbal Tanha v. State of NCT of Delhi, tries to bring some order to the excesses noticed in NIA’s operation, albeit intermittently. The study discusses operational problems like jurisdictional conflicts, resource constraints, and a dismally low conviction rate under UAPA (2.2%, 2016-2019) and goes about documenting the agency’s evolution against newer threats such as cyberterrorism, and lone wolf attacks. Furthermore, global comparative insights point towards the necessity of stronger oversight mechanisms in India. In conclusion, this article argues that while the National Investigation Agency is an important organization for ensuring internal security in India, it needs to enhance its effectiveness and legitimacy through recalibration of legal frameworks, greater transparency, and more robust judicial checks that are able to balance the requirements of state power with democratic freedoms.

Keywords: National Investigation Agency, UAPA, civil liberties, counter-terrorism, cyberterrorism, constitutional rights

BE ALIVE OR LIVE

AUTHOR – KARUNA RAJPUT & SHAURYA SURYAVANSHI, STUDENTS AT SHREE JAYANTILAL H. PATEL KES LAW COLLEGE

BEST CITATION – KARUNA RAJPUT & SHAURYA SURYAVANSHI, BE ALIVE OR LIVE, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 730-739, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

WHAT IS LIFE?

life is a period from birth to death, characterized by growth, learning, experience, and relationships. It’s a journey of navigating the world, forming connections, and contributing to society in various ways. The meaning and purpose of life are complex questions that have been pondered throughout history. 

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN INDIAN REAL ESTATE REGULATORY EVOLUTION, SECTORAL TRENDS, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

AUTHOR – ADITI PANDE, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA

BEST CITATION – ADITI PANDE, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN INDIAN REAL ESTATE REGULATORY EVOLUTION, SECTORAL TRENDS, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 719-729, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

The real estate sector in India serves as a crucial pillar of economic development, contributing substantially to the national GDP, generating employment, and fostering urbanization. Over the last two decades, India’s policy landscape on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in real estate has undergone a significant transformation. Initially characterized by stringent restrictions, the sector gradually witnessed liberalization, aimed at enhancing capital inflow, improving regulatory transparency, and bolstering infrastructural growth. This study critically examines the regulatory framework that governs FDI in India’s real estate sector, tracing its evolution through major policy shifts and reforms.

The research highlights landmark developments, such as the relaxation of sectoral caps, the introduction of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), and the enactment of the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA). These reforms have played a pivotal role in building investor confidence and redefining the investment climate. An in-depth analysis of the current regulatory environment identifies both opportunities and structural challenges, particularly in relation to minimum capitalization requirements, exit norms, and sector-specific investment channels.

Furthermore, the paper investigates recent trends and patterns of FDI inflows into different segments of the real estate sector, including residential, commercial, and infrastructure projects. It identifies major source countries—such as Singapore, Mauritius, and the United States—and highlights emerging investment destinations within India. The research also evaluates key factors influencing FDI flows, including economic liberalization, urban expansion, regulatory reforms, and global financial conditions.

Recent policy initiatives, such as easing FDI norms in affordable housing and infrastructure, the Smart Cities Mission, and the increasing formalization of the sector, are analyzed for their long-term implications. The study concludes that while regulatory liberalization has undoubtedly enhanced FDI participation, maintaining policy stability, strengthening governance frameworks, and aligning with global best practices will be critical for sustaining investor interest and accelerating growth in the coming years. Strategic recommendations are offered to ensure that the real estate sector remains an attractive destination for foreign investment.

Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment (FDI); Indian Real Estate Sector; Regulatory Framework; Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA); Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs); Commercial Real Estate; Residential Real Estate; Infrastructure Development; FDI Trends; Investment Destinations in India.

THE ROLE OF ICANN IN INTERNET GOVERNANCE

AUTHOR – ASHUTOSH KUMAR PANDEY* & DR AISHWARYA PANDEY**

* STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, LUCKNOW

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – ASHUTOSH KUMAR PANDEY & DR AISHWARYA PANDEY, THE ROLE OF ICANN IN INTERNET GOVERNANCE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 712-718, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

This article examines how ICANN has shaped global internet governance. ICANN manages the Domain Name System (DNS), IP address distribution, and network infrastructure integrity, making it a vital part of the internet. After introducing internet governance’s primary players and offering an overview, the article details ICANN’s organisation and goal. ICANN manages domain names and the internet’s unique identifier schemes to keep the internet safe. The article discusses ICANN’s principal functions—managing domain name systems (DNS), introducing top-level domains (TLDs), and administering root zones—and its cooperation with Regional Internet Registries (RIRs). The study also examines ICANN’s multi-stakeholder model, which includes technical communities, businesses, civil society, and government. We also discuss the Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC), which provides government input on ICANN decisions. International issues include IANA transition disagreements, trademark difficulties with new gTLDs, and ICANN’s ownership of vital internet services. The article discusses ICANN’s legal power, cybersecurity, DNS misuse, and transparency. In conclusion, the paper discusses ICANN’s efforts to promote digital inclusivity and universal access and its possible role in internet governance in light of 5G and the IoT.

Keywords: ICANN, internet governance, DNS management, top-level domains, IP address allocation, multi-stakeholder model, cybersecurity, internet fragmentation, digital inclusion, root zone management.

“IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON HEALTHCARE SECTOR”

AUTHOR– AJAY SINHA* & DR. SHOVA DEVI**

* LL.M. STUDENT ATAMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – AJAY SINHA & DR. SHOVA DEVI, “IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON  HEALTHCARE SECTOR”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 695-711, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in the healthcare sector, revolutionizing patient care, medical research, and administrative operations. This paper explores the extensive impact of AI on healthcare by reviewing current literature and examining various applications such as diagnostics, predictive analytics, personalized medicine, drug discovery, and virtual health assistance. AI-driven technologies have proven effective in enhancing diagnostic accuracy through medical imaging, optimizing hospital operations, and improving decision-making processes. The integration of machine learning algorithms in drug discovery has expedited the development of new treatments, reducing both time and costs. Moreover, AI-powered virtual assistants have reshaped patient engagement, offering real-time health monitoring and support.

However, the rapid adoption of AI in healthcare also raises ethical and legal concerns, including biases in AI models, data privacy issues, and regulatory challenges. The literature highlights the need for robust frameworks to ensure transparent and fair decision-making while protecting patient data. Despite these challenges, ongoing advancements in AI research hold immense promise for personalized and efficient healthcare delivery. This paper underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, ethical governance, and continuous research to maximize the benefits of AI in healthcare while minimizing its risks. By identifying emerging trends and key challenges, the study offers insights into future directions for AI integration in healthcare, paving the way for a smarter and more accessible healthcare system.

KEYWORDS –Artificial Intelligence, Healthcare Innovation, Predictive Analytics, Personalized Medicine, Medical Diagnostics, Ethical AI

LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF CYBERATTACKS ON CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

AUTHOR- SAURABH KUMAR MISHRA* & MRS. DR. SHOVA DEVI**

* STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

BEST CITATION – SAURABH KUMAR MISHRA & MRS. DR. SHOVA DEVI, LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF CYBERATTACKS ON CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 678-694, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

The rise of digital technologies has increased the vulnerability of critical infrastructure—such as energy, transportation, healthcare, and financial services—to cyberattacks. This paper examines the legal implications of these threats, analyzing national and international frameworks designed to mitigate risks like ransomware, phishing, and state-sponsored attacks. Through a mixed-methods approach, it combines qualitative analysis of legal texts, case law, and policies with quantitative data on attack frequency and impact. Expert interviews provide insights into the effectiveness of current regulations and areas for reform. The study identifies significant gaps, including outdated laws, jurisdictional challenges, and insufficient international cooperation, which hinder effective prevention and accountability. It concludes with recommendations for strengthening legal protections, including updating legislation, enhancing global collaboration, and improving enforcement mechanisms. This research underscores the urgent need for an adaptive legal framework to safeguard critical infrastructure, ensuring national security and economic stability in the face of escalating cyber threats.

Key Words

Cyberattacks, Critical Infrastructure, Legal Frameworks, Cybersecurity, National Security, Digital Transformation, Ransomware, Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs),  Regulatory Challenges,  International Cooperation,  Jurisdictional Issues.

GLOBALISATION AND ITS EFFECT ON LOCAL BUSINESS – A STUDY OF CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

AUTHOR – HARITHA K S, STUDENT AT THE TAMILNADU DR.AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY – SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW

BEST CITATION – HARITHA K S, GLOBALISATION AND ITS EFFECT ON LOCAL BUSINESS – A STUDY OF CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 670-677, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

Globalization has become a defining feature of the contemporary world, significantly transforming economic structures, business operations, and market dynamics. This research paper explores the dual impact of globalization on local businesses, focusing on both the opportunities it presents and the challenges it imposes. As international trade barriers reduce and technological innovations increase connectivity, local enterprises gain access to global markets, foreign investments, and knowledge exchange, enabling them to grow and innovate. However, these benefits are often counterbalanced by rising competition from multinational corporations, vulnerability to global market fluctuations, cultural homogenization, and legal complexities in international trade.

Using a doctrinal research methodology, this study examines relevant economic policies, legal frameworks, trade agreements, and case studies from developing economies to understand how globalization has affected local industries. The research highlights sectors that have benefitted from global integration and those that have struggled to survive. It also analyses the role of governments in protecting and promoting local businesses through supportive regulations, infrastructure development, and capacity-building initiatives.

The paper concludes that while globalization is inevitable and potentially beneficial, its impact on local businesses depends largely on the readiness of domestic enterprises to adapt and the effectiveness of state intervention. Strategic planning, innovation, and inclusive policies are essential to ensure that globalization becomes a tool for local empowerment rather than marginalization.

Keywords: Globalization, Local Business, Challenges, Opportunities, SMEs, Trade Policy, Legal Framework, Multinational Corporations, Economic Integration, Doctrinal Research.

“RECONSTRUCTING TRICKERY”: SCANDAL AND THE MANIPULATION OF EMOTIONAL NARRATIVES IN DARIO FO’S ACCIDENTAL DEATH OF AN ANARCHIST

AUTHOR – ANSHUL MEHTA, STUDENT AT O.P. JINDAL GLOBAL UNIVERISTY

BEST CITATION – ANSHUL MEHTA, “RECONSTRUCTING TRICKERY”: SCANDAL AND THE MANIPULATION OF EMOTIONAL NARRATIVES IN DARIO FO’S ACCIDENTAL DEATH OF AN ANARCHIST, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (7) OF 2025, PG. 666-669, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Introduction

Scandals, by their very nature, disrupt the established order, peeling back layers of carefully constructed façades to reveal uncomfortable truths about power and its exercise. In the chaos that follows, those in charge will typically perform a fine dance of damage control, attempting to restore public trust and reestablish their hold.

A central ingredient in this game is the strategic manipulation of emotional narratives, drawing on shared fears and aspirations to influence public opinion and divert blame. Dario Fo’s groundbreaking play, Accidental Death of an Anarchist (1970), offers a satirical critique through which to view this process. Against the turbulent background of late 20^th Century Italy, with its political instability and threat of neo-fascist terrorism, the play focuses on the actual scandal of the death of anarchist railway workers Giuseppe Pinelli during police custody. The official ruling of his death as suicide was greeted with general suspicion , a rich soil for Fo’s biting critique of state power and its manipulative machinery. Through the deconstruction of the absurd efforts made by the police to construct a plausible story, Fo reveals the intentional “reconstruction of trickery uses by authorities to silence outraged citizens and hold on to power.

In Dario Fo’s Accidental Death of an Anarchist, the scandal surrounding Giuseppe Pinelli’s death becomes the focal point through which Fo satirically exposes the systematic “reconstruction of trickery” by state authorities, who employ the manipulation of emotional narratives, including the instillation of fear and the promise of order, as a calculated strategy to obscure their own culpability, deflect public outrage, and ultimately consolidate their political power in a climate of social and political unrest