THE IMPACT OF PLEA BARGAINING ON THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ITS ROLE IN MODERN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

AUTHOR – R.PRIYANKA, FACULTY OF LAW, DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL LAW, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE OF LAW, TNDALU, CHENNAI.

BEST CITATION – R.PRIYANKA, THE IMPACT OF PLEA BARGAINING ON THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ITS ROLE IN MODERN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (4) OF 2025, PG. 478-491, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

                Plea bargaining is a widely practiced mechanism in modern criminal justice systems, allowing defendants to negotiate reduced charges or lighter sentences in exchange for a guilty plea. While it promotes judicial efficiency by reducing caseloads and expediting proceedings, it raises critical concerns regarding the right to a fair trial. This paper critically examines the implications of plea bargaining on justice, particularly its potential to undermine fundamental legal protections. A key issue is the coercive nature of plea deals, which may pressure defendants especially those with limited resources—into admitting guilt, even when evidence against them is weak. This can result in wrongful convictions and erode public confidence in the legal system. Additionally, plea bargaining shifts power from impartial courts to prosecutors, who wield significant influence in determining case outcomes. This imbalance can exacerbate systemic inequalities, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities.  Despite its drawbacks, plea bargaining remains an essential tool in criminal justice, alleviating court congestion and ensuring swifter resolutions. However, the practice must be carefully regulated to prevent abuse and safeguard defendants’ rights. Reforms such as enhanced judicial oversight, transparency in negotiations, and access to competent legal representation can help strike a balance between efficiency and fairness. Ultimately, while plea bargaining serves a practical role in modern legal systems, its impact on fair trial rights necessitates a critical reassessment. Ensuring that efficiency does not come at the expense of justice is crucial in maintaining the integrity and fairness of the legal process. 

KEY WORDS: Coercion in Plea Deals, Court Congestion, Systemic Inequality, Legal Representation, Judicial Oversight, Transparency in Negotiations.