CULTURAL LOSS IN THE SHADOW OF COPYRIGHT: PIRACY AND THE PRESERVATION OF LOST MEDIA IN INDIA

AUTHOR – OM KISHORE KUMAR N, STUDENT, LL.M. (ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, CYBER CRIME & LAW) SCHOOL OF LAW, MS RAMAIAH UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

BEST CITATION – OM KISHORE KUMAR N, CULTURAL LOSS IN THE SHADOW OF COPYRIGHT: PIRACY AND THE PRESERVATION OF LOST MEDIA IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (14) OF 2025, PG. 1116-1127, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/VQUU3183

Abstract

This Paper attempts to examine the relationship between Copyright Law and its role in shaping the cultural memory of India by focusing on how Piracy has today become an informal yet significant mechanism for preserving lost and inaccessible cultural works. As multiple forms of media like, films, TV programs, music and other digital media vanish or degrade due to neglect, format obsolescence, institutional failures, or restrictive rights regimes, Copyright frameworks often concentrate on ownership and commercial control over maintaining cultural access in the long term. In response to this, pirates ranging from informal collectors to online archives have assumed the role of de facto custodians of endangered media.  Through the analysis of Indian Copyright Law, media history, and case studies of lost or unavailable works, this paper makes an argument for piracy in the Indian context cannot be viewed as solely as a crime. Instead, it functions within a complex ecosystem of weak archival infrastructure uneven digitization, and economic and linguistic diversity. This study will attempt to highlight the tension between legal frameworks designed to protect creators of copyrighted works and copyright holders and the need to preserve and circulate cultural heritage. Ultimately the paper seeks to bring in a reimagining of the copyright policy and archival practices in India and advocates for preservation-oriented exceptions and public-interest approaches that synchronises cultural continuity with legal protection.

THE TECTONIC SHIFT: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE EVOLUTION OF CYBERCRIME IN INDIA’S CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

AUTHOR – RANJANA* & DR. RANA PARVEEN**­­

* RESEARCH SCHOLAR AT SCHOOL OF LAW & JURISPRUDENCE, SHRI VENKATESHWARA UNIVERSITY, GAJRAULA (U.P.)

** RESEARCH SUPERVISOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW & JURISPRUDENCE, SHRI VENKATESHWARA UNIVERSITY, GAJRAULA (U.P.)

BEST CITATION – RANJANA & DR. RANA PARVEEN, THE TECTONIC SHIFT: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE EVOLUTION OF CYBERCRIME IN INDIA’S CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (14) OF 2025, PG. 1107-1114, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IKFH6948

Abstract

The rapid convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the digital economy in India has created a complex web of opportunities and existential threats. As the nation transitions toward a $5 trillion economy, the surge in AI-driven cybercrime—ranging from hyper-realistic deepfakes and automated phishing to sophisticated financial fraud—poses a formidable challenge to the traditional criminal justice framework. This research report provides a multi-dimensional analysis of the escalating cyber threat landscape, the systemic transition from the Information Technology Act of 2000 to the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), and the resulting procedural hurdles for law enforcement and the judiciary. Utilising recent data from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) and the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), the report highlights a $206% spike in financial losses due to cyber fraud in 2024 alone. It scrutinises the ‘black box’ problem of AI evidence, the ethical implications of predictive policing, and the critical infrastructure gaps in regional cyber cells. By examining landmark judicial precedents and comparing India’s ‘hybrid’ regulatory approach with the European Union’s risk-based model, the study concludes with strategic recommendations aimed at bridging the technical-legal divide through ‘accountability by design’ specialised institutional training, and a robust framework for digital forensic transparency.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Cybercrime, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), Digital Evidence, Deepfakes, Financial Fraud, Information Technology Act, Cyber Forensics, India.

SHAPING THE PROGRESSIVE STATE: MINNESOTA FARMER–LABOR PARTY LAWMAKING IN THE 1930S

AUTHOR – TADGH QUILL-MANLEY, STUDENT AT KING’S INNS

BEST CITATION – TADGH QUILL-MANLEY, SHAPING THE PROGRESSIVE STATE: MINNESOTA FARMER–LABOR PARTY LAWMAKING IN THE 1930S, INDIANJOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (14) OF 2025, PG. 1090-1106, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/NIRB4631

ABSTRACT

This article examines the legal and constitutional significance of Farmer-Labor Party governance in Minnesota during the 1930s, focusing on how state law was employed as an instrument of economic and social reform during the Great Depression. It argues that, despite the party’s radical rhetoric and socialist aspirations, its most enduring achievements lay in pragmatic legal innovation within existing constitutional frameworks rather than revolutionary transformation. Through analysis of progressive tax reform, mortgage relief legislation, labour law, and the promotion of co-operative enterprise, the article situates Minnesota’s experience within wider debates concerning state police powers, contractual freedom, and emergency governance. Particular attention is given to the Supreme Court’s decision in Home Building & Loan Association v Blaisdell, which validated Minnesota’s mortgage moratorium and reshaped Contract Clause jurisprudence. The article concludes that Farmer-Labor lawmaking anticipated key elements of New Deal constitutionalism and demonstrates the capacity of state governments to act as laboratories of legal and constitutional change in times of crisis.

Keywords: USA, Minnesota, Employment Law, Agriculture, History

FROM WATCHDOG TO PARALLEL COURT: MEDIA SENSATIONALISM IN PUNE PORSCHE CASE

AUTHOR – SAKSHI PRITAM DAS, LLM STUDENT AT GUJARAT NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – SAKSHI PRITAM DAS, FROM WATCHDOG TO PARALLEL COURT: MEDIA SENSATIONALISM IN PUNE PORSCHE CASE, INDIANJOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (14) OF 2025, PG. 1079-1089, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IKLD1294

Abstract

In the contemporary digital era, the media has emerged as an exceptionally powerful social institution whose influence extends far beyond information dissemination, particularly due to the rapid amplification of narratives through social media platforms and 24*7 digital news cycles. This paper undertakes a content analysis of media coverage surrounding the 2024 Pune Porsche hit-and-run case to examine how contemporary Indian media practices intersect with constitutional guarantees of free speech and fair trial. The paper situates a constitutional tension between Article 19(1)(a), guaranteeing freedom of speech and expression, and Article 21, which protects the right to life, personal liberty, and presumption of innocence. The paper acknowledges the media’s watchdog function in exposing alleged evidence tampering and institutional collusion, underscoring its dual role as both an accountability mechanism and a source of constitutional risk. In India, the media’s regulatory framework is fragmented, and only through advocating for regulatory harmonisation, strengthening enforcement of juvenile protection norms, and constitutional moderation can public scrutiny be ensured rather than undermined in the administration of justice through the media.

Keywords:- Sensationalism, Media trial, Freedom of Speech and Expression

RE-IMAGINING DATA PRIVACY IN THE AGE OF GENERATIVE AI: CHALLENGES, RISKS, AND REGULATORY GAPS

AUTHOR – DR. PURANJAN PRASAD PAUL* & MISS MADHURIKA DEY**

* ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT THE ICFAI UNIVERSITY TRIPURA

** RESEARCH SCHOLAR AT THE ICFAI UNIVERSITY TRIPURA

BEST CITATION – DR. PURANJAN PRASAD PAUL & MISS MADHURIKA DEY, RE-IMAGINING DATA PRIVACY IN THE AGE OF GENERATIVE AI: CHALLENGES, RISKS, AND REGULATORY GAPS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (14) OF 2025, PG. 1073-1078, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Generative AI, especially large language models and multimodal generative systems, has transformed content creation, research, and enterprise workflows. Nonetheless, these systems present new and heightened risks to personal data and privacy. This paper synthesises technical privacy harms, including memorising and data leakage, inference, and model inversion, as well as dataset provenance issues. This section evaluates the effectiveness of current legal frameworks, such as the GDPR, U.S. sectoral enforcement, and the EU AI Act/EDPB guidance, in addressing these harms or their shortcomings in doing so. Regulatory gaps persist. The paper, drawing on recent technical and policy literature, argues that conventional data protection regulations and new AI frameworks fail to sufficiently tackle the accountability loop for generative systems. A hybrid strategy is proposed to address this issue. This strategy integrates technical mitigations, including differential privacy, provenance and data lineage, robust access controls, audit logging, and watermarking of synthetic outputs, alongside regulatory reforms. The reforms encompass clarified responsibilities for modellers and data controllers/processors, mandatory dataset provenance, requirements for model transparency, cooperation in cross-border enforcement, and established liability rules. The objective is to develop a regulatory-technical framework that safeguards individuals while maintaining advantageous innovation.

Keywords: Generative AI, Privacy Risks, U.S.Enforcement

THE WEAPONISATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DAILY LIFE FINTECH CRIMES: AN EXHAUSTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INDIAN LANDSCAPE (2024-2025)

AUTHOR – PROF. (DR.) SHEPHALI YADAV* & PRADEEP KUMAR SINGH**

* HEAD & DEAN, FACULTY OF LAW, DR. SHAKUNTALA MISRA NATIONAL REHABILITATION UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

** RESEARCH SCHOLAR, FACULTY OF LAW, DR. SHAKUNTALA MISRA NATIONAL REHABILITATION UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

BEST CITATION – PROF. (DR.) SHEPHALI YADAV & PRADEEP KUMAR SINGH, THE WEAPONISATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DAILY LIFE FINTECH CRIMES: AN EXHAUSTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE INDIAN LANDSCAPE (2024-2025), INDIANJOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (14) OF 2025, PG. 1060-1072, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/ODAX2078

Abstract

The rapid adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the financial technology (FinTech) sector has led to two primary outcomes in India. While AI has improved financial inclusion, speed, and efficiency, it has also enabled criminals to carry out more advanced and automated financial crimes. This paper examines the role of AI in the rise of everyday FinTech-related crimes in India during the period 2024–2025. The proliferation of Fraud-as-a-Service (FaaS) platforms, the growing use of deepfake technology in ‘Digital Arrest’ schemes, and the sociological problem of cyber-slavery in Southeast Asia, which facilitates extensive online fraud operations, are among the major trends that are the focus of this study. It also analyses India’s current legal and regulatory framework, including the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, and RBI guidelines and compares them with global standards such as the European Union AI Act. The paper identifies significant gaps in Indian laws regarding AI-driven financial crimes. To increase resilience against risks facilitated by AI, the report suggests technological, legal, and societal measures in its conclusion. According to the report, human trust and perception are now the primary targets of contemporary cybercrime, indicating that knowledge and regulation are equally crucial as technological defences.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, FinTech Crime, Deepfakes, Digital Arrest, Fraud-as-a-Service, Money Laundering, Cyber Slavery, RBI Guidelines, DPDP Act.

REGULATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDIA, US AND CHINA

AUTHOR – DR. PALVI MATHAVAN PURI, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, THE LAW SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU

BEST CITATION – DR. PALVI MATHAVAN PURI, REGULATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDIA, US AND CHINA, INDIANJOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (14) OF 2025, PG. 1050-1059, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/SBRZ8317

ABSTRACT

Social media platforms have revolutionized communication, but they also bring significant challenges in governance, privacy, and law enforcement. The proliferation of social media has raised pressing concerns about misinformation, hate speech and user privacy. As governments and regulatory bodies grapple with these challenges, laws related to social media have evolved differently across countries. Through the comparative study of social media laws of India with the United States and China, the article will shed light on the complexities and potential solutions to this multifaceted issue.

The Indian government has introduced various regulations to address these issues, including the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, which imposes stringent obligations on social media intermediaries, including content takedown and tracing of originators. The primary focus of this research is to unravel the legal complexities surrounding social media in the Indian context. The present research has been fragmented into two fundamental aspects. Firstly, study of the present legal framework in the Indian perspective has been conducted and based on that an analysis of comparative dimensions has been done. India, US and China have introduced regulations to address these issues, but their approaches differ significantly. By consolidating the fragmented regulatory landscape into a unified framework, the study aims to provide valuable insights and recommendations for efficient regulation of social media. This article will also address how international cooperation can foster better global standards, ensuring that social media regulation remains both effective and respectful of fundamental rights. As social media continues to be a powerful tool for communication, information dissemination, and public discourse, finding a delicate balance between freedom of expression and preventing the misuse of these platforms is paramount.

Keywords: Social media regulation, Free speech, Online harms, Misinformation, Hate speech, User privacy

“AMENDMENTS PERTAINING TO SEXUAL OFFENCES IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS”

AUTHORS – SAHIL* & DR. VINIT KUMAR**

* RESEARCH SCHOLAR, UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LAW, CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI, PUNJAB

** PROFESSOR, UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LAW, CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI, PUNJAB

BEST CITATION – SAHIL & DR. SONIA GREWAL MAHAL, ““AMENDMENTS PERTAINING TO SEXUAL OFFENCES IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (14) OF 2025, PG. 1039-1049, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

Cesare Beccaria is recognised as being the first criminologist to recognise crime as a symptom of a larger social problem. Criminologists came to the conclusion that combatting crime was essentially a war against poverty, disease, drunkenness, and prostitution as a result of this new understanding of crime. However, certain odd sorts of crime do not react well to this theory owing to human nature’s continuous propensity. Sex crime is without a doubt one of these crimes that has existed in almost every community throughout history. As science, civilization, and culture have progressed, the complexities of existence have significantly risen. As a result of contemporary mechanisation and urbanisation, the total collapse of the “family” structure has resulted in severe issues in human life. Parents’ control over their children has eroded substantially. Adolescent indiscipline, rowdiness, and vargrancy are on the rise, mostly due to parental irresponsibility. Law enforcement agencies all around the world are grappling with the issue of uncontrollable youth hooliganism. It’s now more of a social ailment. As a result of this regrettable trend, unmarried motherhood, abortion, rape, kidnapping, enticement, abduction, adultery, incest, indcent abuse, and other types of sex crime have become all too common. According to a study of sexual offences in one American state, around 88 percent of school-aged girls aged fourteen to eighteen had sex experience before to puberty. Another research in the United States indicated that one out of every five or ten weddings today already had a pregnant wife. “A couple goes on a date and wakes up to find they’ve gotten married even though they can’t remember why or where,” the October 23, 1961 issue of Life International rightly observed, capturing the current state of sexy-civilization in the United States. Keywords: Sexual offences, Sexual Awareness, Survey on sexual offences, pre puberty sex experience, sexual offences a social evil

“LAND, LAW, AND INEQUALITY: A STUDY OF SAHERIYA ADIVASI ENCROACHMENT CASES”

AUTHOR – SHAILENDRA SINGH, A PRACTICING HUMAN RIGHTS LAWYER, ZENITH SOCIETY FOR SOCIO LEGAL EMPOWERMENT

BEST CITATION – SHAILENDRA SINGH, “LAND, LAW, AND INEQUALITY: A STUDY OF SAHERIYA ADIVASI ENCROACHMENT CASES”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (14) OF 2025, PG. 1030-1038, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

This research paper delves into the socio-legal injustices faced by the “Sahariya Adivasi Community in Madhya Pradesh. It highlights the need for realization about their struggles and sufferings. This paper calls attention to the critical issues and aims to push authorities to take speedy and necessary actions to address the injustices outlined in this paper. It further draws attention to the pervasive inequalities that the sahariya adivasi community undergo, particularly related to land rights and legal protections like the encroachment of their lands by members of other communities, thereby, raises the urgent need for intervention and attention to propose reforms.

The primary objective of this paper is to influence policy-making and foster social change with an outcome of justice. By documenting the painful insights of the lives of sahariya adivasi, this research aims to vigilantly highlight the comprehensive understanding of their plight with the motive to encourage stakeholders, including governmental bodies and civil society organizations. This will help recognize and rectify the administrative issues

Ultimately, this study aims to empower the Sahariya Adivasi by championing their rights and ensuring their voices are heard in debates about land, law, and social justice. The research utilized a mixed-methods approach, combining secondary and primary studies. The secondary study involved analyzing existing research papers and materials, while the primary study drew upon personal case experiences acquired during my tenure as a Legal Consultant at the Zenith Society for Socio-Legal Empowerment, Gwalior-MP. These cases included both resolved and pending matters. The study uncovered legal loopholes and systemic challenges faced by the Sahariya Adivasi community in reclaiming their rightful lands. It offered a comprehensive analysis of the community’s struggles and exposed the systemic failures of lower revenue authorities, such as the Tehsildar and Sub-Divisional Officer.

CYBERCRIME VICTIMIZATION OF WOMEN: A CRITICAL STUDY

AUTHOR – MR. DEEPAK& MR. BHARAT

ASSISTANT PROFESSORS AT J C COLLEGE OF LAW, BAHADURGARH

BEST CITATION – MR. DEEPAK& MR. BHARAT, CYBERCRIME VICTIMIZATION OF WOMEN: A CRITICAL STUDY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (14) OF 2025, PG. 1021-1029, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/ZDVH8370

Abstract

The rapid expansion of digital technology has transformed communication and social interaction, but it has also intensified the vulnerability of women to cybercrime. This paper critically examines the nature and extent of cybercrime victimization of women, analyzing its forms, causes, legal responses, and consequences. The study explores major cyber offences against women, including cyber stalking, cyber bullying, online sexual harassment, image-based abuse, doxxing, revenge pornography, identity theft, impersonation, and financial frauds.

The research identifies key contributing factors such as technological advancements, socio-cultural conditions, psychological influences, patriarchal structures, lack of digital literacy, and the anonymity afforded to offenders in cyberspace. It evaluates the legal framework in India, with particular reference to the Information Technology Act, 2000, relevant provisions of the Indian Penal Code, constitutional safeguards, and the role of cyber cells and specialized agencies. Judicial approaches and landmark case laws are examined to assess the effectiveness of existing remedies and enforcement mechanisms.

The paper further analyzes the profound psychological, social, economic, and privacy-related impact of cyber victimization on women, highlighting long-term trauma and mental health concerns. It also discusses critical challenges such as under-reporting of offences, investigative and jurisdictional difficulties, limited public awareness, and inadequate victim support systems.

Based on its findings, the study proposes legal reforms, policy measures, technological safeguards, and victim-centric approaches to strengthen protection mechanisms and promote safer digital environments for women. The paper concludes that a comprehensive and coordinated response involving law, technology, institutions, and civil society is essential to combat cybercrime against women effectively.

Keywords – Cybercrime, Women Safety, Online Harassment, Digital Victimization’ Legal Framework