AN OVERVIEW OF DEEP FAKE SEXUAL HARRASSMENT

AUTHORS – MS. SIDDIQ RISHWANA I. G* & MS.T. VAISHALI**

* V YEAR BCA LLB (HONS), THE TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY *

* ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION) THE TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – MS. SIDDIQ RISHWANA I. G & MS.T. VAISHALI, AN OVERVIEW OF DEEP FAKE SEXUAL HARRASSMENT, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG. 599-612, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

 The development of artificial intelligence has significantly transformed digital communication; however, it has also facilitated new forms of abuse, particularly through deepfake technology. Deepfake sexual harassment refers to the creation and circulation of manipulated or fabricated sexually explicit images, videos, or audio without the consent of the individual depicted. This form of abuse has emerged as a serious threat to personal dignity, privacy, and gender equality, with women being disproportionately targeted. The present study provides an overview of deepfake sexual harassment by examining its gendered impact, the nature of harm caused to victims, and the challenges it poses to existing criminal law frameworks in India.

Using a doctrinal and analytical research methodology, the study analyses statutory provisions, constitutional principles, judicial decisions, and scholarly literature. It argues that deepfake sexual harassment operates as a contemporary form of gender-based violence, frequently employed as a tool for revenge, blackmail, moral policing, and silencing women in public life. The research further highlights the severe psychological, social, and reputational harm suffered by victims, including mental trauma, social stigma, and long-term damage to personal and professional identity, which often persists even after content removal. The study critically evaluates the applicability of traditional principles of criminal liability and mens rea to AI-generated sexual abuse and identifies significant gaps in attributing responsibility to creators, distributors, and digital platforms. It concludes that existing Indian laws address deepfake sexual harassment only indirectly and are inadequate to deal with its unique and aggravated nature. The research emphasizes the urgent need for specific legal recognition, gender-sensitive reforms, and victim-centric mechanisms to effectively address deepfake sexual harassment in the digital age.

GENDER-NEUTRAL RAPE LAWS: NEED FOR REFORM IN INDIAN CRIMINAL JURISPRUDENCE

AUTHOR – AASHISH GUPTA, BA.LLB (HONS.), CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

BEST CITATION – AASHISH GUPTA, GENDER-NEUTRAL RAPE LAWS: NEED FOR REFORM IN INDIAN CRIMINAL JURISPRUDENCE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG. 585-598, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/LQRQ5478

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the current situation with the criminal legislation in India concerning sexual offences and the urgent necessity of the gender-neutral criminal law. The paper examines the current laws (especially, the Indian Penal Code, and the recently established Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023), court interpretations, and legislative suggestions. It illuminates the way existing legislations (such as the Section 375 IPC) in the past set rape as the act of a man raping a woman, which leaves out all male, transgender, and non-binary victims.^[1] The analysis will be based on the domestic sources (law commission reports, court decisions, legal commentary) and international models (Canada, UK, etc.) to determine whether gender-specific provisions continue to be a means of justice. The major conclusions can be made to confirm that there is a significant legal gap: numerous survivors (men and gender-diverse in particular) are not covered by the current system.^[2] In the case of Sudesh Jhaku v. K.C.J. (1996)^[3], Priya Patel v. MP (2006)^[4], Kamaljit Kaur v. Punjab (2023)^[5] indicates that the judicial cognizance of these gaps exists. Comparative examples indicate that such countries as Canada, Australia and UK have adopted completely inclusive definitions of sexual assault.^[6] The results of the given study highlight that it is necessary to change the laws of India: to make rape and related crimes gender-neutral (although retaining the protection of all victims), to amend the laws, such as the exception of marital rape, and to create the complementary acts concerning domestic violence and harassment. Suggestions may involve certain drafting changes (e.g. having rape redefined as non-consensual penetration by any person) and policy changes to enforce the latter. These reforms would bring the Indian law in line with constitutional equality (Article 14) and international standards on human rights thus giving equal justice to all the genders.

Keywords: Gender-neutral law; Rape legislation; Indian Penal Code; Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita; Sexual offences; Domestic violence; Article 14; Legal reform.

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[1] The Indian Penal Code, 1860, § 375 (India).

[2] Shubhi Verma & Alok Anand, Gender-Neutral Laws – Is India Ready?, 2 Jus Corpus L.J. 19, 21–22 (2022).

[3] Sudesh Jhaku v. K.C.J., 1996 SCC OnLine Del 527.

[4] Priya Patel v. State of M.P., (2006) 6 SCC 263.

[5] Kamaljit Kaur v. State of Punjab, 2023 SCC OnLine SC 1602.

[6] Heather Nalezyty, Gender Bias in Sexual Assault Laws in Canada, Gender: Reflections & Intersections (2023), https://gender.lancs.ac.uk/gender-bias-canada

THE ORANGE ECONOMY: INDIA’S REVOLUTIONIZING STEP

AUTHOR – SHRUTI TOMAR, ADVOCATE & INDIVIDUAL AUTHOR

BEST CITATION – SHRUTI TOMAR, THE ORANGE ECONOMY: INDIA’S REVOLUTIONIZING STEP, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG. 583-584, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/BEJX3291

The concept of the orange economy was formally recognized as a financial instrument during the Indian Parliamentary Budget Session of 2026-27, which sparked varied interpretations among citizens. Despite the prior existence of similar terms, it has sometimes been perceived as a distraction, akin to the discourse surrounding artificial intelligence (AI). The term “orange economy” was introduced by the INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (IDB) in the book “The Orange Economy: An Infinite Opportunity,” and was initially adopted by Colombia. It refers to a creativity-driven economy that promotes cultural, entertainment, media, and intellectual property advancements, with structured operational aspects and centralized regulation for decentralized sectors. The primary objective is to generate economic value from the cultural and creative skills of individuals, enabling both skilled and unskilled production of valuable assets. At first glance, it may appear to sideline conventional economic systems, despite its inherent presence in various economies.

UN AND ITS ORGANS ETHICS

AUTHORS – HEMA SUDANTHIRA GNANASEKARAN* & SUGITH KUMAR R G**

* BALLB (HONS.,), 5^TH YEAR, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR.AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, TARAMANI, CHENNAI.

** BCA LLB(HONS), LLM (CRIMINAL LAW), PHD (PURSUING) LAW FACULTY, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR.AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, TARAMANI, CHENNAI.

BEST CITATION – HEMA SUDANTHIRA GNANASEKARAN & SUGITH KUMAR R G, UN AND ITS ORGANS ETHICS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG. 566-582, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract:

Founded in 1945, the United Nations (UN) is a global institution consisting of 193 Member States. Its mandate is shaped by the objectives and values outlined in the UN Charter and carried out through its main bodies and affiliated agencies. The organization’s functions encompass conflict prevention and peacekeeping, the advancement of human rights, the provision of humanitarian relief, the encouragement of sustainable development, and the enforcement of international legal frameworks

SOVEREIGNTY OF GREENLAND, GEOPOLITICS IN ARCTIC SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

AUTHOR – DR.S.KRISHNAN* & MS. VAISHALI SONI**

* ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR IN SEEDLING SCHOOL OF LAW AND GOVERNANCE, JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR

** FINAL YEAR LAW STUDENT OF LLB (3) IN SEEDLING SCHOOL OF LAW AND GOVERNANCE, JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR

BEST CITATION – DR.S.KRISHNAN & MS. VAISHALI SONI, SOVEREIGNTY OF GREENLAND, GEOPOLITICS IN ARCTIC SECURITY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG. 552-565, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/XXAG6917

Abstract

President Donald Trump’s renewed push to acquire Greenland is now framed not as a novelty or negotiating stunt, but as a foreign policy and national security imperative. Administration officials argue that Greenland’s Arctic location, proximity to emerging shipping lanes, and potential role in countering Russian and Chinese influence make US control strategically essential.  The Greenland episode may teach him differently. While Denmark is no match for the US in military terms, it does hold good title to the island, along with the right to self-determination of the local population. In this instance, International Law does play an important strategic role, balancing the relative power of both sides.  The united and strong European response to US threats against Denmark – a brand leader in compliance with International Law along with other Nordic states – offers an indication that others remain committed to the international rule of law and will, eventually, be willing to speak up in favour of an international system governed by rules and principles that by and large yield stability and security for all, whether weak or strong.

Keywords: International Law, Sovereignty, Jurisdiction, National Security, Alliance

CONSTITUTIONAL PROMISES VS GROUND REALITY

AUTHOR – VISHNU VARDHAN .G, STUDENT AT SASTRA DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – VISHNU VARDHAN .G, CONSTITUTIONAL PROMISES VS GROUND REALITY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG. 547-551, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

A strong commitment to end the social injustices caused by India’s colonial past and to establish a nation based on the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and brotherhood… the socially transformative element of the Constitution of India. Beyond governance, The Constitution of India delivers on its promise of Social and Economic Justice to the citizen through its Bill of Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and Judicial review of the state.

Despite the breadth of The Constitution’s vision of India, there remains an enormous disconnect between its promise and what daily life looks like for the average citizen.

This article takes a close-up look at how far we have come from what was hoped for based on how the Supreme Court has interpreted the Constitution of India in relation to the right to Equality, the protection of Fundamental Rights and the quest for Social and Economic Justice. The article examines how the judiciary has used its power of Judicial Activism to further the ideals of the Constitution. The expansion of the definition and understanding of Rights continues today as does the use of Public Interest Litigation to afford citizens access to justice.

The study concludes that, while the judiciary plays an important role in facilitating access to justice through its continued interpretation of the Constitution, it is not equipped to resolve the systemic issues surrounding Social and Economic Justice in a sustainable way. The article concludes by asserting that true Constitutional Transformation requires sustained commitment on the part of Political Leadership, the establishment of effective mechanisms for the administration of justice, and the creation of accountability across all levels of government.

Keywords: Indian Constitution; Fundamental Rights; Equality; Directive Principles of State Policy; Judicial Activism; Socio-Economic Justice

ANALYSIS ON POLICE BRUTALITY AND RACIAL BIAS IN INDIA

AUTHORS – SIVASANKARI N* & MS.T.VAISHALI**

* V YEAR BCA LLB (HONS), THE TAMIL NADU DR.AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION) THE TAMIL NADU DR.AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – SIVASANKARI N & MS.T.VAISHALI, ANALYSIS ON POLICE BRUTALITY AND RACIAL BIAS IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG. 536-546, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This research paper investigates the complex and deeply rooted phenomena of police brutality and racialism in India, with a particular focus on how they manifest against marginalized communities. Although India is constitutionally committed to equality, liberty, and justice for all citizens, law enforcement practices often reflect a contradictory reality—one where power is disproportionately exercised against Dalits, Adivasis, Muslims, and other minority and lower-caste groups. Incidents of custodial deaths, arbitrary arrests, excessive use of force, and communal profiling suggest a pattern of systemic abuse that transcends individual misconduct and reflects institutional bias.  These practices persist today, reinforced by weak oversight mechanisms, politicization of law enforcement, and societal apathy toward the rights of marginalized populations. The problem is further aggravated by inadequate legal accountability, outdated laws, and the near absence of independent civilian review systems. This paper aims to bridge the gap between constitutional ideals and policing realities through a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates doctrinal and empirical legal analysis, sociological frameworks, psychological perspectives, and comparative international insights. Ultimately, this research seeks to contribute to the discourse on democratic policing by emphasizing the urgent need for reforms that align law enforcement with the constitutional promise of justice, equality, and dignity for all citizens

KEYWORDS Police brutality, racialism, custodial violence, caste discrimination, minority rights, law enforcement in India, systemic injustice, human rights violations, legal accountability, democratic policing

“BAIL IS THE RULE, JAIL IS THE EXCEPTION: A CONSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF PERSONAL LIBERTY IN INDIA”

AUTHOR – ARTIKA ROY, ISWAR SARAN DEGREE COLLEGE, PRAYAGRAJ

BEST CITATION – ARTIKA ROY, “BAIL IS THE RULE, JAIL IS THE EXCEPTION: A CONSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF PERSONAL LIBERTY IN INDIA”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG. 529-535, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The norm “ Bail is the rule, jail is the exception” has long been etched in the ethos of criminal jurisprudence. This principle was evolved to act as safeguard against a disproportionate, arbitrary  pre trial incarceration that undermines personal liberty. An under trial prisoner has a presumption of innocence adhered with him, the aforesaid principle ensures that prolonged procedure ought not be a punishment and the fundamental rights of the person are not swept away. However, contemporary judicial trend depict a paradoxical image; a constitutional anomaly and erosion of personal liberty within the connotations of article 21 of the Indian constitution. Through an analytical and doctrinal study of the constitutional provisions in this regard, the paper traces the rising antimony of this norm. Further, the paper consistently presents a study of bail regimes under special laws – NDPS act, the PMLA and the UAPA. The analysis aims at investigating a constitutionally harmonious interpretation of right to bail under these legislations and identifying a value-action gap surfaced as dichotomy between ideals and practice. Eventually, suggesting a way forward and reaffirming the established norm of Bail as a rule.

“CRIMINOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF REFORMATIVE JUSTICE AND ITS ROLE IN PREVENTING REPEAT OFFENCES”

AUTHOR– VAIBHAV SINGH KIRSALI* & MR. VATSAL CHAUDHARY**

* STUDENT AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, INDIA

** PROFESSOR AT LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN, INDIA

BEST CITATION – VAIBHAV SINGH KIRSALI & MR. VATSAL CHAUDHARY, “CRIMINOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF REFORMATIVE JUSTICE AND ITS ROLE IN PREVENTING REPEAT OFFENCES”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG. 519-528, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Reformative justice represents a significant shift in penological philosophy by emphasizing rehabilitation and re-socialization of offenders rather than mere punishment. Rooted in criminological theories such as rehabilitation, labeling, and social learning, reformative justice seeks to address the underlying causes of criminal behaviour and prevent the cycle of repeat offending. This article critically evaluates the effectiveness of reformative justice as a mechanism for reducing recidivism, with particular reference to the Indian criminal justice system.

The study examines the theoretical foundations of reformative justice and analyses its practical application through institutional mechanisms such as prisons, probation, parole, and community-based rehabilitation programs. It highlights the role of educational, vocational, psychological, and de-addiction initiatives in promoting behavioural transformation and facilitating social reintegration. At the same time, the article identifies structural challenges including overcrowded prisons, limited resources, lack of trained personnel, socio-economic disparities, and the absence of reliable recidivism data, which collectively hinder the effective implementation of reformative measures.

Through a criminological and socio-legal lens, the article argues that while reformative justice offers a more sustainable approach to crime control, its success depends on coherent policy execution, empirical evaluation, and strong post-release support systems. The article concludes that reformative justice, when integrated with community participation and social welfare initiatives, has the potential to significantly reduce recidivism and enhance public safety. It advocates for a balanced penal framework that harmonizes rehabilitation with deterrence, thereby transforming reformative justice from an aspirational ideal into a functional instrument of criminal justice reform.

Keywords: Reformative Justice; Recidivism; Rehabilitation of Offenders; Criminological Theories; Criminal Justice System in India; Prison Reforms.

EQUITY DIMENTIONS OF PHARMACEUTICAL PATENT PROTECTION IN INDIA

AUTHOR – DR. ARCHANA K, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LAW, KARNATAKA STATE LAW UNIVERSITY, NAVANAGAR, HUBBALLI

BEST CITATION – DR. ARCHANA K, EQUITY DIMENTIONS OF PHARMACEUTICAL PATENT PROTECTION IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG. 512-518, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IWZH7736

ABSTRACT

‘Human health or Intellectual Property Rights protection?’ is one of the highly debated issues of the world in the last few decades. While health is a fundamental human right indispensable for the exercise of other human rights, protection of intellectual property rights is considered as the essential booster for the innovators to invent. Starting from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, number of  International Covenants, Treaties relating to human rights recognize right to health is a basic human right. However, study reports indicate that despite progress made in the last few decades, millions of the people in the developing countries, including India do not have access to medicines. With the advent of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), the Patent regime of many countries, including India has changed from process patenting to product patenting and resulted in denial of access to essential medicines to the poor segments of the society. it is argued that the changes incorporated to the patent system of India directly impacted the right to health of the people of India. In this background, this paper attempts to analyze the  provisions of Patent law on pharma Patent in India to examine whether right to health and patent rights, specifically, the pharmaceutical patentees rights are adequately balanced in India.

Keywords:  Intellectual Property Right, Pharma Patent, Right to health, TRIPS Agreement