PSYCHOLOGICAL MANUPULATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA ADS

AUTHORS – ARAVIND A* & SUGITHKUMAR RG**

* STUDENT AT THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TARAMANI, CHENNAI

** PROFESSOR AT THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TARAMANI, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – ARAVIND A & SUGITHKUMAR RG, PSYCHOLOGICAL MANUPULATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA ADS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1103-1110, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

          While, this has become a practise for businesses to connect with consumers, it also raised alarm bells about the psychological exploitation of end-users on social media. This paper investigates the emotional appeal to providing social media ads with targeted and personalized content to be transferred to consumer behaviour. By using psychological tricks appeal to emotion, human insecurities, the pursuit of pleasure and happiness or the desire to fit into society advertisers manipulate users’ fears to make them buy. The paper starts with a look at advertising psychology and explains that human emotions are fundamentally engaged in the decision-making process. It explains how social media platforms facilitate such manipulation through algorithms and data analytics that allow for ads to be targeted via granular individual-level information using emotional appeals. Here, several emotional vulnerabilities in the form of FOMO, body image issues, low self-esteem, and social validation seeking are researched, each an exploitation point for ad copy to inspire an emotional response or increase purchase. In this respect, the paper reflects quite a list of manipulative strategies advertisement players use to enhance emotional engagement, including: emotional targeting, neuromarketing, scarcity appeals, and storytelling. Although they might be effective in terms of attracting interest on the side of customers, such manipulative strategies contain many ethical issues, specifically concerning implications for already vulnerable target groups: youth and people with mental health issues. Arguing that current law and regulation cannot provide any check on manipulative practices, the paper examines the legal and regulatory framework in place for digital advertising. By stressing the need for greater regulation, increased transparency, and the education of the consumer to protect against emotional exploitation, this paper finally brings forth a balanced approach toward consumers without hindering technological advances in the advertising world.

MENS RIGHTS:  A QUESTION OF BIAS

AUTHOR – SAANJH INUGANTI, STUDENT AT NARSEE MONJEE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NAVI MUMBAI

BEST CITATION – SAANJH INUGANTI, MENS RIGHTS:  A QUESTION OF BIAS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1099-1102, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

Both men and women have been subjected to offenses of criminal and civil nature. Most of these cases aren’t reported, not having a documentation of the clear data on the crimes on men v. women. There has been a significant hike on the cases registered against women lately, leading to implementation of multiple stringent legislations for their protection. However, these laws are biased against men in multiple cases. This article attempts to highlight one of those biases in a particular section of a newly amended law of the British origin- IPC, now the BNS.

Keywords: Unique; Introspective; Suggestive; Crisp; Mind-bending.

FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS: DETECTION, ANALYSIS, AND LEGAL ADMISSIBILITY

AUTHOR – BELSY J* & SUGITH KUMAR R G**

* STUDENT AT THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TARAMANI, CHENNAI

** PROFESSOR AT THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TARAMANI, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – BELSY J & SUGITH KUMAR R G, FORENSIC EXAMINATION OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS: DETECTION, ANALYSIS, AND LEGAL ADMISSIBILITY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1088-1098, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT:

Questioned document examination, commonly referred to as forensic document examination, is regarded as a highly intricate and vital branch of forensic science. It plays a crucial role in supporting the legal system through the application of sophisticated analytical methods and scientific principles required for verifying the authenticity, origin, and integrity of both physical and digital documents. This discipline is extensively utilized in various contexts, including criminal investigations, civil litigation, financial fraud detection, and historical research.

Documents such as wills, checks, passports, and contracts are essential not only for everyday transactions but also within the legal arena. Many criminal activities frequently involve disputed or questionable documentation. With technological advancements, instances of forgery and crimes such as counterfeit currency and falsified documents have risen significantly. Therefore, forensic expertise is essential for identifying, evaluating, and determining the legal admissibility of these documents.

When there are doubts regarding the authenticity or legitimacy of a document, it is classified as a questioned document; however, it is important to note that not all questioned documents are fraudulent. The analysis process includes comparing handwriting samples, assessing paper and ink quality, examining printing techniques, identifying inconsistencies such as erasures or variations in stroke patterns among others.

Albert S. Osborn established fundamental standards that have been adopted by courts, forming the basis for the scientific investigation of disputed documents. This paper discusses the importance of examining questioned documents along with their classifications; outlines collection and handling procedures; examines tools and techniques used in analysis; describes methods for age determination; addresses issues related to legal admissibility; highlights associated challenges; and emphasizes the need for reforms aimed at enhancing the field of questioned document examination.

Keywords: Questioned Documents, Handwriting, Handwriting Identification, Forgery, Ink Examination.

“RIGHT TO DIGITAL ACCESS AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT UNDER ARTICLE 21 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA”

AUTHOR – DR. RAJEEV KUMAR SINGH* & SWATI PAL**

* ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LAW AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL LUCKNOW, AMITY UNIVERSITY, UTTAR PRADESH, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

** STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL LUCKNOW, AMITY UNIVERSITY, UTTAR PRADESH, LUCKNOW CAMPUS

BEST CITATION – DR. RAJEEV KUMAR SINGH & SWATI PAL, “RIGHT TO DIGITAL ACCESS AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT UNDER ARTICLE 21 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1074-1086, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/BUDF2903

Abstract

The rapid growth of digital technology has transformed the way individuals access education, employment, healthcare, governance, and information. In contemporary India, internet connectivity is no longer a luxury but an essential requirement for meaningful participation in social and economic life. This paper examines whether the Right to Digital Access can be recognized as an integral part of Article 21 of the Constitution of India, which guarantees the Right to Life and Personal Liberty. The background of the study lies in the judicial expansion of Article 21, where courts have interpreted “life” to include dignity, privacy, livelihood, and other essential rights necessary for a meaningful existence. The central research problem addressed in this paper is whether denial or unreasonable restriction of digital access affects the constitutional guarantee of life and liberty. The study also explores the connection between digital access and other fundamental rights, including freedom of speech and expression, equality, education, and privacy. The research adopts a doctrinal and analytical methodology. It relies on constitutional provisions, landmark judicial decisions, scholarly writings, and government policies related to digital infrastructure. Key judgments concerning privacy and internet restrictions have been examined to understand evolving judicial trends. The findings indicate that digital access is closely linked to the realization of multiple fundamental rights. Although it has not yet been expressly declared as an independent fundamental right, judicial reasoning suggests that access to the internet forms an important part of constitutional freedoms in the digital age. The paper concludes that recognizing digital access within the framework of Article 21 would strengthen democratic participation, promote equality, and ensure that technological progress benefits all sections of society.

Keywords-Article 21, Right to Digital Access, Digital Divide, Internet Shutdown, Fundamental Rights

REGULATING CRYPTOCURRENCY IN INDIA: BALANCING INNOVATION AND FINANCIAL SECURITY

AUTHOR – RISHI AJMERA, STUDENT AT CHRIST DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – RISHI AJMERA, REGULATING CRYPTOCURRENCY IN INDIA: BALANCING INNOVATION AND FINANCIAL SECURITY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1065-1073, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/VDCQ9601

Abstract

The advent of digital currencies has brought with it very significant implications for India’s financial regulatory landscape, most notably how to strike a balance between technological innovation and financial security and stability. Indian financial legislation, based on a number of statutes such as the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, Banking Regulation Act, 1949, and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002, does not explicitly define “cryptocurrency” as a valid financial instrument. More recent events, such as taxation measures under the Finance Act, 2022, and RBI advisories, reiterate the policy of regulatory restraint while placing cryptocurrencies in the realm of a legal grey area. This essay argues that Indian financial law needs an integrated framework that understands the dual character of cryptocurrency as a new technology as well as a prospective financial threat. It promotes transparent regulatory frameworks that safeguard consumers and financial stability while supporting technological development and financial inclusion.

Keywords: Cryptocurrency Regulation, Financial Innovation, Digital Assets, CBDC, Financial Security, Regulatory Framework.

ABUSE OF DOMINANCE BY GOOGLE: IMPACT ON COMPETITORS, CONSUMERS, AND LEGAL ACTION

AUTHOR- NANDINI BHILALA & CHETAN ASHKE,

BALLB (HONS.)  4^TH YEAR STUDENTS AT NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, BHOPAL

BEST CITATION – NANDINI BHILALA & CHETAN ASHKE, ABUSE OF DOMINANCE BY GOOGLE: IMPACT ON COMPETITORS, CONSUMERS, AND LEGAL ACTION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1058-1064, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

This paper will look into how Google has exploited its dominance in digital markets through the competition law. Although its innovations are helpful to consumers, tying, bundling, self-preferencing, and control over user data practices pose very serious competition issues as they limit consumer choice and provide small companies with high barriers of entry. The paper analyses the law framework, Article 102 TFEU, Sherman Act and Section 4 of the Competition Act 2002 of India and assesses regulatory measures in the EU, the US and India. It concludes that current legislation can be frequently unable to deal with the issues of the digital market and that the active and technology-sensitive changes should be undertaken to safeguard the competition and consumer interests.

Keywords – Abuse of Dominance, Google, Competition Law, Digital Markets, Antitrust Regulation, Consumer Welfare, Market Power, Regulatory Framework

THE PANOPTIC SORT: RECONSTRUCTING THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN THE AGE OF ALGORITHMIC SURVEILLANCE

AUTHOR – DR PAULINE PRIYA S, PRINCIPAL AT ST JOSEPHS COLLEGE OF LAW, BENGALURU

BEST CITATION – DR PAULINE PRIYA S, THE PANOPTIC SORT: RECONSTRUCTING THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN THE AGE OF ALGORITHMIC SURVEILLANCE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1053-1057, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI  https://doi.org/10.65393/WHPC1647

ABSTRACT

The right to privacy, once conceived as the fundamental right to be let alone, faces an existential crisis in the digital age. The pervasive extraction, analysis, and commodification of personal data by state and corporate actors have transformed privacy from a question of secrecy to one of power and autonomy. This article undertakes a socio-legal analysis of this transformation, examining how jurisprudence is evolving often belatedly to address challenges posed by surveillance capitalism, algorithmic decision-making, and the dissolution of public/private boundaries. It argues that traditional individualistic frameworks are inadequate to protect collective social identities and autonomy. By analyzing landmark case law from 2024 and 2025 across multiple jurisdictions including the Supreme Court of Canada’s rulings, the Supreme People’s Court of China’s data rights cases, and significant American jury verdicts this paper charts the emergence of new legal theories. It explores concepts of privacy as trust, group rights to privacy, and statutory torts as mechanisms to recalibrate the balance of power. The article concludes that safeguarding privacy in the contemporary moment requires a paradigm shift: moving from protecting individual secrets to regulating the technological and commercial infrastructures that enable mass surveillance, thereby preserving the conditions necessary for democratic participation and individual autonomy.

Keywords: Right to Privacy, Digital Age, Surveillance Capitalism, Algorithmic Governance, Data Protection, Socio-Legal Studies, Autonomy

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING WOMEN’S PREFERENCE FOR CAREER AND FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE OVER EARLY MARRIAGE

AUTHOR – DIVYA KIRUBA M, STUDENT AT THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TARAMANI, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – DIVYA KIRUBA M, PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING WOMEN’S PREFERENCE FOR CAREER AND FINANCIAL INDEPENDENCE OVER EARLY MARRIAGE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1045-1052, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

The present study explores the psychological and social factors influencing women’s growing preference for career development and financial independence before entering marriage. With rising education levels, urbanization, and exposure to diverse life choices, many women now prioritize personal and professional growth over traditional expectations of early marriage. This research aims to identify key psychological motivators—such as autonomy, self-esteem, self-actualization, and economic security—that shape women’s decisions in this context. Drawing on theories like Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, self-determination theory, and social role theory, the study examines how self-identity and emotional independence contribute to this evolving trend. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to unmarried working women aged 20–35 years in urban and semi-urban settings. Findings indicate that financial stability, self-worth, and emotional maturity significantly impact women’s attitudes toward marriage and career timing. The study concludes that the shift reflects empowerment and conscious self-definition rather than rejection of marriage, emphasizing the role of psychological growth and autonomy in modern women’s life choices.

Keywords: Women empowerment; financial independence; autonomy; self-esteem; self-actualization;  career  preference;  early  marriage;  psychological  motivation; self-determination theory; social role theory.

EXPLORING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DUTY OF CARE IN CORPORATE CLIMATE LITIGATION

AUTHOR – SIKHA GEORGE SOHAN, STUDENT AT CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

BEST CITATION – SIKHA GEORGE SOHAN, EXPLORING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DUTY OF CARE IN CORPORATE CLIMATE LITIGATION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1031-1044, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/XUMU2820

ABSTRACT

This research explores the transforming role of the concept of Duty of Care in the space of Corporate Climate litigation and its governance. This change is primarily centred around the recognition of a significant gap in the understanding of fiduciary duties which have been historically centred around shareholder value, with a causal neglect of environmental considerations. The recognition is after an inquiry into the effects of climate change related risks on climate litigation and governance frameworks in different jurisdictions.

 The paper’s aim is to explore the duty of directors to include climate related risks into their duties; identify and analyse the key climate litigation cases and examine the legal frameworks and approaches within different jurisdictions, including across the European Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, and India. The paper will investigate exceptional cases such as Milieudefensie v. Royal Dutch Shell and ClientEarth v. Shell, which are pioneering litigation cases which can establish corporate liability for harming climate as well as environmental degradation associated with climate action. The cases also open up potential for derivative actions to be taken against corporate directors. Furthermore, this study focuses on the implications of litigation on boards, and significance of associated climate risk assessments in corporate risk management, responsibilities of Board members in climate related disclosures, adapting business models to address climate risks and addressing governance based on the rights of shareholders and stakeholders.

In terms of the methodology, the study employs a doctrinal analysis of statutory and regulatory provisions and case law, corporate governance codes and standards, and international and domestic regulatory frameworks, along with comparative explorations of the legal frameworks and practices of corporate accountability for climate in the difference jurisdictions. This paper is an important scholarly and practitioner contribution to the literature on corporate climate governance by bridging gaps in our understanding of the legal, strategic and operational dimensions of climate related corporate duties.

KEYWORDS- Milieudefensie v. Royal Dutch Shell, ClientEarth v. Shell, stakeholders, corporate accountability, corporate climate governance

RELIABILITY OF FINGERPRINT ANALYSIS

AUTHORS – GOKULASHREE V* & SUGITHKUMAR R G**

* STUDENT AT THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TARAMANI, CHENNAI

** PROFESSOR AT THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TARAMANI, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – GOKULASHREE V & SUGITHKUMAR R G, RELIABILITY OF FINGERPRINT ANALYSIS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (1) OF 2026, PG.1026-1030, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

INTRODUCTION:

Friction ridge development may have arisen due to thousands of years of evolutionary development, but it has another use in modern science, specifically forensic science. Today, forensic science refers to any science applied to legal matters. There are many sub disciplines of forensic science, but all apply the topic to matters of law. Legal matters” refer to crimes or prospective crimes as well as civil disputes. No matter what sub discipline you intend to practice, legal matters are decided in a court of law. Courtroom testimony is a critical final step in the analysis of forensic evidence, whether that evidence is bones, insects, or fingerprints. Fingerprint analysis is a cornerstone of forensic science, used to identify individuals based on unique patterns on fingertips.