GLOBAL BLACK MARKETS AND BLOOD RED FOREST FLOORS – AN EXPANDING CANVAS FOR THE ART OF FORENSIC SCIENCE”

AUTHOR – JENI BN* & SUGITH KUMAR**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

** PROFESSOR, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – JENI BN & SUGITH KUMAR, GLOBAL BLACK MARKETS AND BLOOD RED FOREST FLOORS – AN EXPANDING CANVAS FOR THE ART OF FORENSIC SCIENCE”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 945-964, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

“I suffer whenever I see the wilting plant” – Vallalar Ramalingar

The escalating crisis of wildlife crime presents a profound threat to global biodiversity, with illegal poaching, trafficking, and habitat destruction undermining conservation efforts and legal enforcement frameworks. This paper explores the critical role of forensic science in transforming wildlife crime investigations, particularly within the Indian context. By examining key forensic methodologies—such as DNA analysis, toxicology, veterinary pathology, and ballistic evidence—the study evaluates how scientific advancements have enhanced the accuracy and legal admissibility of wildlife crime evidence. It also interrogates the systemic and logistical challenges posed by remote crime scenes, lack of specialized training, and fragmented legal jurisdictions. A comparative analysis with human crime scene investigations reveals significant procedural and ecological differences that influence evidence collection and case outcomes. Despite the robust potential of forensic tools, the research identifies limitations in current enforcement mechanisms and calls for legal reforms, improved inter-agency coordination, and the establishment of dedicated wildlife forensic laboratories. Through case studies and policy evaluation, this study positions wildlife forensics not as an auxiliary tool, but as a foundational pillar in the fight against ecological crime and the preservation of endangered species.

Key Words : Wildlife Forensics, Ballistics, Toxicology. Veterinary Pathology, etc.       

SOCIAL MEDIA TRIALS VS COURT TRIALS: WHO DELIVERS JUSTICE?

AUTHOR – MR. JITIN TRIPATHI* & MR. PRAFUL SARAN**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW CAMPUS

** PROFESSOR AT AMITY UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW CAMPUS

BEST CITATION – MR. JITIN TRIPATHI & MR. PRAFUL SARAN, SOCIAL MEDIA TRIALS VS COURT TRIALS: WHO DELIVERS JUSTICE?, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 943-944, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The emergence of social media has significantly changed the way information is shared and discussed in society. Online platforms allow instant public discussion about criminal cases and legal controversies. This has led to the phenomenon known as a “social media trial,” where public opinion is formed even before courts reach a final decision. While social media can raise awareness and highlight injustice, it may also influence perceptions of guilt and undermine the fairness of legal proceedings. This research paper examines the differences between social media trials and court trials and analyzes their impact on the justice delivery system. The study concludes that although social media can create awareness and accountability, courts remain the most legitimate and reliable institutions for delivering justice because they follow legal procedures, evaluate evidence, and protect the rights of the accused.

A STUDY ON COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION: A MULTI-DIMENSIONAL APPROACH

AUTHORS – S.THUHINI* & DR. M.D. CHINNU**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-600040

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR. DEPT. OF ECONOMICS, SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY ,CHENNAI-600113

. BEST CITATION – S.THUHINI & DR. M.D. CHINNU, A STUDY ON COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION: A MULTI-DIMENSIONAL APPROACH, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 929-942, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

This study examines civil Public Interest Litigation through the lens of economic cost–benefit analysis (CBA), arguing that economic evaluation can serve as a complementary tool to enhance judicial efficiency without undermining the constitutional objectives of PIL. Using doctrinal research methodology, the study analyses judicial precedents, scholarly literature, and procedural practices to highlight the absence of structured economic scrutiny in civil PIL adjudication. It demonstrates how incorporating CBA at the admission and remedial stages can assist courts in prioritising high-impact cases, designing implementable remedies, and filtering out petitions that impose disproportionate costs relative to their public benefit. The study concludes that integrating economic cost–benefit analysis into civil PIL practice can strengthen judicial discipline, improve resource allocation, and preserve the legitimacy of PIL as a mechanism for genuine public interest litigation.

Keywords: Public Interest Litigation ,Economic Cost–Benefit Analysis, Civil Justice System, Judicial Efficiency, Frivolous Litigation

NAVIGATING CYBERBULLYING LAWS IN INDIA: ADDRESSING CHALLENGES AND REFORM OPPORTUNITIES POST-REPEAL OF SECTION 66A

AUTHOR – SHRIYA JAYASHANKAR, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

BEST CITATION – SHRIYA JAYASHANKAR, “NAVIGATING THE NEXUS: THE ROLE OF WTO JURISPRUDENCE IN HARMONIZING INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 918-928, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The explosive growth of digital technology has revolutionized communication in India, both empowering and subjecting people to the risks of new vulnerabilities. Perhaps the most urgent of these threats is cyberbullying, which takes the form of repeated online harassment, defamation, intimidation, and abuse. Compared with traditional bullying, cyberbullying’s anonymity, amplification, and permanence cause intense psychological and reputational damage. India originally dealt with this issue under Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000, which criminalized “grossly offensive” or “menacing” computer programme messages^[1]. The provision’s vagueness and overbreadth resulted in its abuse for silencing dissent, and the Supreme Court in Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) invalidated it as unconstitutional. Although this protected freedom of expression under Article 19(1)(a), it also left a vacuum in law, making victims of cyberbullying dependent upon dispersed provisions under the IT Act and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita that fail to encapsulate the continuous, composite character of the offence.^[2]

This paper examines the extent to which statutory law deals with cyberbullying after Shreya Singhal’s case, how judicial interpretations have shifted in the absence of a codified offence, and whether India needs a specific law to reconcile Article 19’s protections with the right to dignity and privacy under Article 21^[3]. Taking a doctrinal approach, the study examines statutory law, constitutional jurisprudence, and leading judicial pronouncements, while taking into account academic scholarship and comparative models from jurisdictions like the UK and Australia.

Keywords
Cyberbullying, Information Technology Act (2000), Section 66A – Shreya Singhal, Freedom to Speech, Article 21

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[1] Information Technology Act, 2000, § 66A (India)

[2] Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) 5 SCC 1 (India).

[3] India Const. art. 21, art. 19

THE BOOK REVIEW OF “12 YEARS A SLAVE – A TRUE STORY” -SOLOMON NORTHUP

AUTHOR – DEVYANI ANAND THORAT,  DECCAN EDUCATION SOCIETY’S SHRI. NAVALMAL FIRODIA LAW COLLEGE, PUNE

BEST CITATION – DEVYANI ANAND THORAT, THE BOOK REVIEW OF “12 YEARS A SLAVE – A TRUE STORY” -SOLOMON NORTHUP, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 900-917, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

Introduction:

The book 12 YEARS A SLAVE BY SOLOMON NORTHUP is a powerful and deeply moving true account of a free Black man who was kidnapped and forced into slavery for twelve long years in 19th-century America. This review aims to reflect on the emotional depth, historical importance, and personal strength conveyed through Northup’s words. The book was chosen for review because it gives a firsthand experience of the cruelty of slavery, making it not just a historical document but a voice for justice, dignity, and truth.

This introduction is taken into consideration because the story holds both educational and emotional value. It helps readers understand the real-life struggles of enslaved people, far beyond what is usually found in textbooks. By reviewing this book, I want to highlight its relevance even today, as it teaches lessons about human rights, identity, and resilience that continue to matter in our modern world.

This book was taken into consideration for review because of its historical relevance and deep emotional impact. It highlights the harsh realities that enslaved people faced, while also challenging readers to reflect on the value of freedom and human dignity. The story helps modern readers understand the cruel systems of the past, which can inform our present thinking on human rights, racism, and justice.

By reviewing 12 Years a Slave, the aim is to explore how a single individual’s experience can represent the suffering of many. The book is chosen not only for its literary strength but also for its ability to educate and awaken readers. This introduction sets the stage for a deeper analysis of how Northup’s story continues to resonate with audiences across generations.

UNION-STATE RELATIONS POST-INCEPTION OF NITI AAYOG

AUTHOR – MARIAPPAN VIJAYARANI ARAVIND, STUDENT (LAW) AT, CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE) UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – MARIAPPAN VIJAYARANI ARAVIND, UNION-STATE RELATIONS POST-INCEPTION OF NITI AAYOG, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 887-899, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. https://doi.org/10.65393/LBDE6276

Abstract

With the 2015 replacement of the Planning Commission by NITI Aayog, Union and State relations in India have entered into a new era characterized by promise to cooperative federalism and fiscal reform. This paper explores whether NITI Aayog has genuinely promoted cooperative federalism or just strengthened union authority in a different form. It explores how the 14^th Finance Commission with the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) system, and related constitutional regulations affect the financial independence of states. The function of the Supreme Court in assessing federal balance after 2015 is also examined. With the use of legal research and comparative viewpoints, the paper argues that although NITI Aayog has established a platform for discussion about ongoing issues in fiscal centralization and institutional imbalance impacts true state independence. The research emphasizes the necessity of structural changes to improve cooperative federalism and achieve the constitutional ideal of an equitable federal system.

Key Words – Cooperative Federalism, Centre–State Relations, NITI Aayog, Fiscal Federalism,, Planning Commission

THE IMF AND WORLD BANK’S ECONOMIC REFORMS: HOW THEY RAVAGED DEVELOPING ECONOMIES IN ASIA, AFRICA AND LATIN AMERICA AND LESSONS TO BE LEARNED

AUTHOR – SAMHITA RAJESH, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

BEST CITATION – SAMHITA RAJESH, THE IMF AND WORLD BANK’S ECONOMIC REFORMS: HOW THEY RAVAGED DEVELOPING ECONOMIES IN ASIA, AFRICA AND LATIN AMERICA AND LESSONS TO BE LEARNED, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 877-886, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This article critically examines the Bretton Woods Institutions economic reforms introduced in the developing countries of Latin America, Africa and Asia and how they had a detrimental impact on these regions. While these reforms were introduced as conditionalities for debt relief and bailouts in these countries they only ended up causing political instability, increasing poverty and causing economic stagnation. The reforms primarily examined are in the form of conditionalities and Structural Adjustment Programs. The case study of Latin America shows how these IMF reforms led to the lost decade, in Africa it exacerbated the poverty, unemployment and social discontent and in Asia it failed to manage the Asian financial crisis in an effective manner. The article advocates for a more localized approach while introducing trade and economic reforms and is a broader lesson in international trade law to incorporate local needs while integrating domestic economies with international economies and criticises neo-liberal policies which focus more on macroeconomic reforms, privatization, increased taxation, reduced role of the public sector, slashing wages and employment of public servants. There is a need for better representation, equitable and sustainable policies in the IMF and World Bank and the article elaborates on the same through the three cases. The article recommends a tailor-made approach to each individual economy with recommendations from local policy makers and civil servants to better suit domestic economies. The article essentially emphasizes that a one size fits all approach cannot be adopted while trying to reform diverse economies.

CRITICAL ANALYSE : CONCEPT OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND IT’S LEGAL PROVISIONS  UNDER  BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA, 2023

AUTHOR – AASHU GUPTA, LLM (CRIMINAL LAW) STUDENT AT AMITY INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED LEGAL STUDIES,AMITY UNIVERSITY,NOIDA, UTTAR PRADESH)

BEST CITATION – AASHU GUPTA, CRITICAL ANALYSE : CONCEPT OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND IT’S LEGAL PROVISIONS  UNDER  BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA, 2023, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 865-876, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The research paper gives a theoretical understanding of sexual violence laws in India and its relevant provisions under Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita,2023. Sexual violence offence are  heinous in nature and affects society as a large. Many things contribute to the rise in offences of sexual violence against an individual in India, the study finds it. Sexual violence offence happened with anyone and such abuse sexually may be from their family’s members, trusted persons, or strangers after considering these factors it will not wrong to presume that a woman and children’s are not safe.As a result, it was thought that the issues of rape against women and children emerge due to conflict between “traditional” standards and values and these are responsible for the violence. It violates the victim’s privacy, lowers their self-respect, and causes physical and emotional pain. The sexual Violence laws in India have evolved over time, by social reform movements, Judicial interpretations and Legislations. BNS,2023 provides  many provisions and penalties against offences of sexual violence as a current legal framework in India it includes all  types of sexual violences with its punishments. It focuses on what actions are taken by the government and how legal systems protect victims. This paper is to highlight the awareness more on victim-centric issues and address gender-related issues more sensitively.

   Keywords :  Sexual Violence, Consent, Marital Rape, Victim centric issues, Human Rights.   

FROM RESTRICTION TO RECOGNITION: THE LEGAL JOURNEY OF ABORTION RIGHTS IN INDIA

AUTHOR – ADITHYA M V NAIR, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY), BANGALORE

BEST CITATION – ADITHYA M V NAIR, FROM RESTRICTION TO RECOGNITION: THE LEGAL JOURNEY OF ABORTION RIGHTS IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 853-864, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The issue of abortion has long been part of wider discussions about women’s rights, bodily autonomy, and the extent to which the state may regulate personal reproductive decisions. In India, abortion is primarily governed by the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971, which was enacted to allow the termination of pregnancy under certain specified conditions while ensuring the safety of women. Over time, changing social realities, developments in medical science, and evolving constitutional interpretations have gradually influenced the way reproductive rights are understood within the legal system. As a result, the idea of reproductive autonomy has gained increasing attention in legal and academic discussions relating to women’s rights and personal liberty.

Reproductive autonomy broadly refers to a woman’s ability to make informed and independent choices about matters concerning her reproductive health, including whether to continue or terminate a pregnancy. This concept is closely linked with values such as dignity, privacy, and personal freedom, which are central to constitutional protections. Although the law provides a framework that permits abortion in specific circumstances, many women in India still encounter practical, social, and institutional challenges when seeking safe and legal abortion services. Judicial interpretation and legislative amendments in recent years have attempted to respond to some of these concerns by expanding the scope of protection and acknowledging the diverse situations faced by women.

This paper seeks to examine the development and changing scope of abortion rights in India by analysing the legal framework established under the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 and its subsequent amendments. It also considers how courts have interpreted reproductive autonomy in light of constitutional principles and fundamental rights. While the law has gradually moved toward recognising women’s reproductive choices, the study argues that several barriers continue to affect the effective realization of these rights in practice. By examining statutory provisions, judicial decisions, and existing challenges, the paper highlights the need for a more accessible and rights-oriented approach to reproductive healthcare in India.

RISKS OF CROSS-PLATFORM DATA SHARING IN INTERNET GAMBLING A POLICY AND DOCTRINAL STUDY OF DATA ETHICS, JURISDICTION, AND EXTRATERRITORIAL REGULATION

AUTHOR – PIRAJESH N R, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

BEST CITATION – PIRAJESH N R, RISKS OF CROSS-PLATFORM DATA SHARING IN INTERNET GAMBLING A POLICY AND DOCTRINAL STUDY OF DATA ETHICS, JURISDICTION, AND EXTRATERRITORIAL REGULATION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (2) OF 2026, PG. 843-852, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The asset in highest demand today is data, and the global economy runs on it. It facilitates markets and everyday life. Though also seen as hugely risky, data laws widely vary. Countries maintain that data must remain inside its borders. Other nations, as it were, allow transfers but impose conditions, thus bringing in conflicting opinions on global platforms. Online gambling has brought this rift into the open. Such platforms collect various data: about money, habits, and other personal details. They monitor gambling behavior using technology across devices, and in many cases, use prediction to manipulate betting behavior. This naturally opens the door to issues of privacy, addiction, and financial detriment. The most disadvantaged, like minors and ingrained addicts, are typically the ones to suffer. This article adopts a doctrinal approach to analyze the problem through statutes, case law, and academic literature, with a spotlight on EU’s GDPR and India’s DPDP Act 2023, making a comparison of the laws regulating cross-border data flow while also looking at landmark cases in the UK and India that have addressed the issues of profiling, consent-driven weaknesses, and pertaining liability. Paradoxically, while these courts have made some significant marks, it also reflects areas that are still lacking..^[1] This paper reviews major literature. Reports from the Council of Europe show the damage that dark patterns and manipulative design cause.In addition, it reveals that economics studies prove easy access leading to indebtedness and bankruptcy. Other works show a fragmented legal system exposing the users to breaches. Indian scholarship indicates the liability still less than clear under the DPDP Act. Analysis indicates that unilateral laws alone are insufficient. The GDPR makes a claim for a worldwide reach. The same is true for PIPL in China. The reliance of India is on localization. All of these rules are mutually exclusive. A gambling platform cannot obey all of them simultaneously..^[2] A judicial trend is very mixed. UK courts impose stricter duties of care. Indian courts feel that colonial legal doctrines have become outdated. There are, however, still a lack of clear guidance. The present paper proposes reforms. It calls for a broader interpretation of harms. Shared liability for consequences is also encouraged. Reciprocity in cross-border requests is advocated. Recommendations are made for gambling-specific guardrails. Trade-compatible ethics are emphasized as a necessity. Thus, the conclusion seems obvious. The internet would live in fragmentation without reform. The lacunae would be exploited by gambling. Unsafe would remain the users. With reform, the law can possibly strike a balance between innovation and protection. Most of all, this balance is needed by gambling platforms. It is dependent upon it.

Key Words – Online Gambling, Cross-Platform Data, GDPR, DPDP Act, Jurisdiction, Data Ethics

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[1]https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=228618&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=107370 (accessed on September 11,2025, Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). (2020). Judgment in Case C-311/18, Data Protection Commissioner v. Facebook Ireland Limited and Maximillian Schrems.china)

[2] https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-personal-information-protection-law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-effective-nov-1-2021/ (accessed on September 11, 2025, Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China. Adopted at the 30th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People’s Congress, 20 August 2021.)