ADMISSIBILITY OF ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE IN CYBERCRIME: A COMPARATIVE AND DOCTRINAL ANALYSIS UNDER INDIAN LAW

AUTHOR – AALIYA AMEER.A, STUDENT AT TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – AALIYA AMEER.A, ADMISSIBILITY OF ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE IN CYBERCRIME: A COMPARATIVE AND DOCTRINAL ANALYSIS UNDER INDIAN LAW, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (4) OF 2026, PG. 943-948, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The exponential growth of cybercrime in the digital era has fundamentally transformed the nature of criminal evidence, compelling legal systems to evolve from traditional evidentiary frameworks to technologically adaptive regimes. In India, this transition is marked by the shift from the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (IEA) to the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA), alongside the continuing relevance of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act). This research paper undertakes a doctrinal and analytical examination of the admissibility of electronic evidence in cybercrime cases, focusing on statutory provisions, judicial precedents, procedural safeguards, and comparative international perspectives.

The study critically evaluates Sections 65A–65B of the IEA and Sections 61–63 of the BSA, highlighting the evolution from a restrictive certification-based model to a more technology-neutral admissibility regime. It further explores landmark judgments such as Anvar P.V. v. P.K. Basheer and Arjun Panditrao Khotkar v. Kailash Gorantyal, which shaped the jurisprudence on electronic evidence.

Despite legislative advancements, challenges such as cross-border data access, technical complexity, and data integrity persist. The study concludes by recommending institutional strengthening, forensic standardisation, and judicial capacity-building.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE HUMAN RIGHTS JURISPRUDENECE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE INDIA

AUTHOR – SANTHANU Y & SHAKTHI M.S

STUDENTS AT B.COM LLB (HON’S), SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU

BEST CITATION –SANTHANU Y & SHAKTHI M.S, COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE HUMAN RIGHTS JURISPRUDENECE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (4) OF 2026, PG. 933-942, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTRACT

The human right jurisprudences of both the countries are differently inclined as the India human right jurisprudence rights has have been provided by the written constitution which have mandated the adherence that required to be implied the nation and in the aspect of the United Kingdom the adherences of the human rights jurisprudences are been provided by the statutes that have been provided upon and the common law and the universal mandate that provided in the European convention of the human right regulation that have been inscribed upon to the European union. The mandate which provided by the both countries are varied and legalization of the human right aspects have been provided with an ambit of the development of the jurisprudential aspects of the cases which are put forward to them and the ambit of the protection they provide to those victims which have suffered the consequence of these aspects. So, there would be requirements of the stronger legislation for these sorts of these jurisprudential aspects that have been happening in the nation.

Keywords: Human rights, Jurisprudence, Constitution, Statutes, Legislation, Europe, India

DATA LEGACY: A STUDY ON THE NEED FOR DIGITAL INHERITANCE LAWS IN INDIA

AUTHOR – SANTHANU Y & SHAKTHI M.S

 STUDENTS AT B.COM LLB (HON’S), SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TNDALU

BEST CITATION – SANTHANU Y & SHAKTHI M.S, DATA LEGACY: A STUDY ON THE NEED FOR DIGITAL INHERITANCE LAWS IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (4) OF 2026, PG. 926-932, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract:

With the rise of the digital era and growing digital dependency the nature of property in itself has transformed with the emergence of a new kind of property, i.e., digital assets. These digital assets form a part of an individual’s estate often holding monetary and sentiment significance. Despite the growing significance in digital assets, there are no laws or regulations to ensure a smooth inheritance of the same after the death of an individual. The existing succession laws and cyber laws do not lay down any rules for digital inheritance. This paper explores the concept of digital inheritance, evaluates the challenges is digital inheritance and regulating it. It discusses the current legal standpoint of different countries on digital inheritance; assesses the current legal vacuum in India regarding digital succession, and provides proactive recommendations for codifying inheritance of digital assets.

Key words:  Digital inheritance, Digital estate, Digital assets, Service providers, Privacy

DIGITAL PIRACY IN THE STREAMING ERA: THE FAILURE OF COPYRIGHT ENFORCEMENT IN INDIA

AUTHOR – JUHI SINGH, LLM STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – JUHI SINGH, DIGITAL PIRACY IN THE STREAMING ERA: THE FAILURE OF COPYRIGHT ENFORCEMENT IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (4) OF 2026, PG. 915-925, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I485

ABSTRACT

The fast growth of streaming services has changed the way copyrighted content is distributed and consumed by turning the industry into one that is no longer based on ownership but access. But this change has been coupled with the simultaneous rise of digital piracy which is another and an illegal network of content delivery. The paper is a critical analysis of the impact of copyright enforcement in India in solving the problem of digital piracy in the streaming age.

It claims that the Indian legal system including the Copyright Act, 1957 and the Information Technology Act, 2000 are very comprehensive in terms of binding statutory protection, but the enforcement mechanisms are still inadequate in structure. Piracy has continued due to not the lack of legalization, but to the technological asymmetry, the limitations of jurisdiction, and the responsive quality of the law. Dynamic injunctions and evolving interpretations of intermediary liability are judicial innovations that are flexible but do not give a systemic solution.

The article also emphasizes the fact that the accessibility and affordability of digital piracy are market determinants that perpetuate it as well as the enforcement gaps. It concludes that to ensure effective regulation, there should be a change towards an integrated approach comprising of legal reforms, technological enforcement and policy level interventions. In the absence of such adaptation, the copyright law can easily become irrelevant in the fast changing digital landscape.

“INVENTORSHIP AND OWNERSHIP CHALLENGES IN AI-ASSISTED INVENTIONS”

AUHTOR – SIDDHARTH, LLM CANDIDATE, HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

BEST CITATION – SIDDHARTH, “INVENTORSHIP AND OWNERSHIP CHALLENGES IN AI-ASSISTED INVENTIONS”, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (4) OF 2026, PG. 903-914, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I484

ABSTRACT

This paper analyses the twin challenges of inventorship and ownership that arise when artificial intelligence systems play a substantial role in generating patentable inventions. Drawing on the Patents Act 1970 of India, the United States Patent Act, the European Patent Convention, and the United Kingdom Patents Act 1977, the paper demonstrates that every major jurisdiction insists on a human inventor and denies AI systems any right-holding status. The landmark DABUS litigation, in which courts across the US, EPO, and UK unanimously refused to recognise an AI as a named inventor, is examined in depth. The paper goes beyond the settled human-only rule to address the more contested questions of how to attribute inventorship when AI substantially contributes to conception, and how to allocate ownership among the multiple actors typically present in AI-driven research and development environments. Comparative guidance from the USPTO (2024) and EPO studies on AI inventorship is assessed alongside the relative silence of Indian law. The paper concludes with concrete legislative and administrative reform proposals designed to harmonise India’s patent regime with international best practice while preserving incentives for AI-intensive innovation.

Keywords: AI inventorship, patent ownership, DABUS, Patents Act 1970, joint inventorship, AI-assisted inventions, comparative patent law

SCHOOL VICTIMIZATION AND INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY: A COMPREHENSIVE LEGAL AND POLICY ANALYSIS

AUTHOR – JEYASHREE A R, STUDENT AT TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – JEYASHREE A R, SCHOOL VICTIMIZATION AND INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY: A COMPREHENSIVE LEGAL AND POLICY ANALYSIS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (4) OF 2026, PG. 889-902, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

Abstract

School victimization, encompassing peer bullying, teacher-to-student abuse, harassment, and cyberbullying, has emerged as a significant global concern with serious psychological, academic, and social consequences. This research paper critically examines the legal and institutional responsibilities of schools in preventing and addressing such victimization. Using a doctrinal and policy-oriented approach, the study analyzes empirical literature, statutory frameworks, human rights obligations, and judicial precedents across jurisdictions, with particular emphasis on the Indian legal framework. The paper evaluates key doctrines such as duty of care, negligence, deliberate indifference, and vicarious liability to determine the extent of institutional accountability. It further highlights systemic gaps, including definitional ambiguities, underreporting, and challenges in addressing cyberbullying and psychological harm. The study proposes comprehensive reforms, including clearer legal definitions, mandatory enforcement mechanisms, improved grievance redressal systems, staff training, and independent oversight. The paper concludes that school victimization must be recognized not merely as a disciplinary issue but as a violation of fundamental rights requiring robust legal accountability and institutional reform.

Keywords: School victimization, bullying, institutional liability, duty of care, Indian law, cyberbullying, child protection

EVIDENTIARY VALUE OF BLOOD STAIN PATTERN ANLYSIS IN RECONSTRUCTION OF CRIME SCENE

AUTHOR – FARHEEN.A* & SUGITH KUMAR**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW

** PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW

BEST CITATION – FARHEEN.A & SUGITH KUMAR, EVIDENTIARY VALUE OF BLOOD STAIN PATTERN ANLYSIS IN RECONSTRUCTION OF CRIME SCENE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (4) OF 2026, PG. 880-891, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344

ABSTARCT:

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA) is an important branch of forensic science that helps investigators understand what may have happened at a crime scene by studying the size, shape, location, and distribution of bloodstains. It is not limited to simply identifying where blood is present; rather, it plays a much larger role in reconstructing the sequence of events surrounding a violent incident. By carefully examining blood patterns, forensic experts can estimate the angle of impact, direction of travel, area of origin, and possible mechanism of bloodshed, all of which contribute to a more accurate interpretation of the crime scene. In many cases, BPA also complements other forensic techniques such as blood detection tests and DNA profiling, thereby strengthening the overall evidentiary value of the blood evidence.

Over the years, a variety of methods have been used in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. Traditional approaches include trigonometric calculations, stringing methods, and visual examination, which have long been relied upon to determine the trajectory and origin of blood droplets. In recent years, however, technological advancements have significantly improved the field. Modern software tools such as HemoSpat, HemoVision, and other digital reconstruction systems have enhanced the precision and efficiency of bloodstain interpretation by allowing investigators to create more accurate three-dimensional reconstructions of crime scenes. These innovations have made BPA more systematic and scientifically supported than in the past.

Despite these advancements, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis is still associated with several important challenges. One major concern is the risk of contamination or misinterpretation of blood evidence, especially in poorly preserved or heavily disturbed crime scenes. In addition, the behaviour of blood can vary considerably depending on environmental and situational factors, such as surface texture, height, force of impact, movement, temperature, and humidity. These variables can complicate interpretation and sometimes lead to uncertainty. Another significant issue is the possibility of human error, as BPA often requires expert judgment and experience, which may introduce subjectivity into the analysis.

Although the reliability of BPA has improved considerably with the development of modern technologies and scientific methodologies, it still requires greater standardization, validation, and continuous research. Establishing clearer protocols, improving examiner training, and expanding evidence-based studies are essential to ensure that BPA remains accurate, legally reliable, and widely applicable in forensic investigations. Therefore, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis continues to be a valuable yet evolving forensic tool, with strong potential to contribute meaningfully to the reconstruction of criminal events when applied carefully and scientifically.

Keywords: blood pattern analysis, blood deduction test and DNA profiling, advanced technical softwares, risk of contamination or misinterpretation of blood evidence, crime scene.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON EXPERT OPINION UNDER EVIDENCE LAWS : INDIA AND DEVELOPED COUNTRY

AUTHOR – SHUBHAM KUMAR^* &  DR. DEO NARAYAN SINGH^**

* LL.M.( 2025 – 2026), CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH BIHAR, GAYA JI

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, SCHOOL OF LAW AND GOVERNANCE, CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH BIHAR, GAYA JI.

BEST CITATION – SHUBHAM KUMAR &  DR. DEO NARAYAN SINGH, A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON EXPERT OPINION UNDER EVIDENCE LAWS : INDIA AND DEVELOPED COUNTRY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW(IJLR), 6 (4) OF 2026, PG. 694-705, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I467

Abstract

The expert opinion evidence is vital in making a decision in the courts when the dispute cannot be solved without scientific, technical or specialized knowledge that an ordinary judge cannot possess. In India, expert evidence is admissible and used under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, especially, Sections 39 to 45, which accepts expert opinion as evidence but does not hold it as conclusive. In India, courts have always argued that expert testimony is only advisory and should be looked upon critically and supported with other evidence to make it reliable and fair.

This paper reviews the Indian legal system on expert opinion evidence and provides a comparative perspective with the situation in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and the European Union. The paper sheds light on the major variations in admissibility requirements, judicial gatekeeping functions, expert neutrality, and accreditation processes that it has identified through a review of statutory and leading judicial cases. Whereas other jurisdictions like the United States and Canada have structured admissibility tests based on scientific reliability and relevancy, the Indian  system does not have a uniform standard, formal accreditation of experts, and no real protection against partisanism.

Keywords: Evidence Laws, Expert opinion, The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, International stander, gatekeeping, scientific innovation.

POLICE POWERS AND CITIZEN REMEDIES: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF INDIA, THE UK, AND THE USA

AUTHOR – SAHAJDEEP SINGH, STUDENT OF LAW DEPARTMENT, 6TH SEMESTER, CT UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – SAHAJDEEP SINGH, POLICE POWERS AND CITIZEN REMEDIES: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF INDIA, THE UK, AND THE USA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (4) OF 2026, PG. 01-05, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This paper examined the structure and functioning of policing systems in India, the United Kingdom, and the United States with specific emphasis on the availability and effectiveness of remedies against police misconduct. It analyzed the legal foundations governing police powers, including statutory frameworks such as the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam in India, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 in the United Kingdom, and constitutional protections in the United States. The study compared how these jurisdictions regulated police authority and responded to misuse of power.

The research identified that although India established a comprehensive legal framework, enforcement of remedies remained inconsistent and often ineffective in practice. It evaluated key structural issues such as political interference, custodial violence, and absence of independent oversight mechanisms. In contrast, the United Kingdom and the United States demonstrated relatively stronger enforcement structures where procedural violations directly affected prosecution and accountability outcomes, though challenges such as excessive force and bias persisted.

The paper further assessed the limitations of existing remedial systems and proposed targeted reforms, including the introduction of a remedy trigger mechanism, independent complaint authorities with binding powers, and stricter liability standards. It concluded that the legitimacy of policing depended not merely on legal provisions but on the certainty and effectiveness of remedies in addressing misconduct.

Keywords: Policing, usa police, indian police, uk police, police misconduct, remedies, bnss, bns, bsa.

TOXICOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IN FORENSIC PHARMACOLOGY: LEGAL AND SCIENTIFIC INTERFACES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

AUTHOR – HARINI P,STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW (SOEL), THE TAMILNADU DR AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY CHENNAI

BEST CITATION – HARINI P, TOXICOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IN FORENSIC PHARMACOLOGY: LEGAL AND SCIENTIFIC INTERFACES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (4) OF 2026, PG. 856-874, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Toxicological evidence plays a pivotal role in forensic pharmacology, particularly in criminal investigations involving poisoning, drug-related offences, and unexplained deaths. This research paper explores the scientific and legal dimensions of toxicological evidence, evaluating its admissibility, reliability, and application in criminal trials. The intersection of forensic pharmacology and law raises significant questions about evidentiary standards, ethical concerns, and procedural safeguards. Through an interdisciplinary approach that encompasses case laws, statutory provisions, and comparative legal analysis across jurisdictions such as India, the United States, and the United Kingdom, this paper investigates how courts assess expert toxicological testimony, the impact of advancements in pharmacological testing, and challenges in interpretation. The research further highlights real- world case studies where toxicological evidence was central to conviction or acquittal. Emphasis is placed on the evolving role of forensic toxicologists and the necessity for legal actors to understand the limitations and potential of such scientific inputs. By critically analyzing the interface between science and criminal law, the study advocates for standardised protocols, enhanced cross-disciplinary training, and stronger legal safeguards to ensure justice.