REGULATING PLATFORM-BASED WORK: ASSESSING EMPLOYER LIABILITY OF AGGREGATORS IN INDIA

AUTHOR – NAGA BALAJI JAKKA, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA

BEST CITATION – NAGA BALAJI JAKKA, REGULATING PLATFORM-BASED WORK: ASSESSING EMPLOYER LIABILITY OF AGGREGATORS IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (6) OF 2026, PG. 960-971, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The rise of digital platforms has fundamentally altered the nature of work. Millions of workers in India today earn their livelihoods by providing services—rides, deliveries, domestic help, freelance tasks—through mobile applications operated by aggregator companies. These workers are typically classified as independent contractors, not employees, placing them outside the reach of core labour protections that govern wages, working hours, social security, and occupational safety. This article critically examines whether India’s legal framework adequately addresses the question of employer liability for aggregators in platform-based work. It analyses the relevant provisions of the four Labour Codes enacted between 2019 and 2020, with particular focus on the Code on Social Security, 2020, which for the first time recognises gig and platform workers as a distinct category. The article critically evaluates the existing definitions of ‘aggregator,’ ‘gig worker,’ and ‘platform worker,’ examines the tests used by Indian courts to determine employment status, traces comparative developments in the United Kingdom, the European Union, France, and Australia, and analyses recent Indian legislative initiatives including the Rajasthan Platform Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Act, 2023. It argues that India’s current approach—creating a sui generis social security framework while preserving the independent contractor classification—is an incomplete and ultimately unsatisfactory solution that fails to confront the structural power imbalance at the core of platform work. The article concludes with recommendations for a more comprehensive regulatory framework that imposes genuine employer-like obligations on aggregators proportionate to the control they exercise over platform workers.

Keywords: Platform Work, Gig Economy, Aggregators, Employer Liability, Code on Social Security 2020, Labour Codes, Gig Workers, Independent Contractor, Employment Status, Rajasthan Gig Workers Act.

MISUSE OF DOWRY PROHOBITON ACT 1961

AUTHORS – SUDISH KUMAR K* & MISS. ATHIRA V**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

BEST CITATION – SUDISH KUMAR K & MISS. ATHIRA V, MISUSE OF DOWRY PROHOBITON ACT 1961, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (6) OF 2026, PG. 956-959, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

One of the most enduring social problems in Indian society is dower, which has its roots in customs and culture. The Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 is the most important piece of law in this area.In addition to preventing exploitation and tyranny, a legal system must provide justice for all parties. There is a reason why dowry rules, especially those found in the Indian Penal Code, 1860, like Section 498A, are abused. Dowry law abuse may also be influenced by social and familial influences.

MINORITY SHAREHOLDER PROTECTION IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF OPPRESSION AND MISMANAGEMENT UNDER THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013

AUTHOR – SHUBHAM SAINI, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA

BEST CITATION – SHUBHAM SAINI, MINORITY SHAREHOLDER PROTECTION IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF OPPRESSION AND MISMANAGEMENT UNDER THE COMPANIES ACT, 2013, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (6) OF 2026, PG. 945-955, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The relationship between majority and minority shareholders in a company is inherently unequal. Majority shareholders control the board, dominate general meetings, and set the direction of the enterprise. Minority shareholders, by contrast, often lack the power to influence corporate decisions and may find themselves at the mercy of those who hold controlling stakes. The law of oppression and mismanagement exists to correct this imbalance—to ensure that majority power does not become a license for abuse. This article critically examines the framework for minority shareholder protection in India under the Companies Act, 2013, with particular emphasis on the provisions relating to oppression and mismanagement under Sections 241 to 246. The article traces the evolution of the law from the Companies Act, 1956, analyses the structural changes introduced in 2013, and critically evaluates judicial interpretations of key provisions—including the landmark Tata-Mistry litigation. It also examines complementary protections under corporate governance norms and securities law, identifies persistent weaknesses in the current framework, and offers concrete recommendations for reform. The article argues that while the 2013 Act has improved minority protection in meaningful ways, gaps remain in the effectiveness of remedies, the accessibility of proceedings before the NCLT, and the enforcement of shareholder rights in closely held and family-owned companies.

Keywords: Minority Shareholders, Oppression, Mismanagement, Companies Act 2013, NCLT, Class Action, Corporate Governance, Majority Rule, Shareholder Rights.

FROM STATE SUBJECTS TO DOMICILE HOLDERS: THE LEGAL EVOLUTION OF PROPERTY INHERITANCE FOR TRIBAL WOMEN IN JAMMU & KASHMIR

AUTHOR – GANESH AAKASH. R* & DR. SONAKSHI VARSHNEY**

* STUDENT AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL NOIDA, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LAW AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL NOIDA, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION – GANESH AAKASH. R & DR. SONAKSHI VARSHNEY, FROM STATE SUBJECTS TO DOMICILE HOLDERS: THE LEGAL EVOLUTION OF PROPERTY INHERITANCE FOR TRIBAL WOMEN IN JAMMU & KASHMIR, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (6) OF 2026, PG. 934-944, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

In 2019, the constitutional reorganisation of Jammu and Kashmir abolished a 100-year-old regime of state subject law and introduced a new domicile regime. The effect of this transition on tribal women in the area, mostly belonging to the Gujjar, Bakerwal, Gaddi and Sippi tribes was paradoxical: even as the abrogation of Articles 370 and 35A deprived tribal women of the state of some discriminatory measures which had disenfranchised them, it also introduced new legal uncertainties concerning the interaction between personal law and customary successy. The paper critically reviews the changing legal status of tribal women in Jammu and Kashmir through three different periods Dogra state subject regime, the constitutional period under the J&K Constitution (1956) and the post-reorganisation period and assesses whether the shift of legal identity of tribal women in Jammu and Kashmir has been substantive or merely rhetoric improvement of property inheritance rights of tribal women. It is argued in the paper that the continuation of Section 2(2) of the Hindu Succession Act 1956 which does not apply to the members of Scheduled Tribe, coupled with the lack of effectiveness of the customary rules in terms of succession, together with the fact that the Forest Rights Act 2006 has not been implemented in Jammu and Kashmir in the first place, leaves tribal women in a legal vacuum The three solutions to this structural deficit are referred to as legislative reform, judicial activism and community level legal literacy.

Keywords: Tribal women, Jammu and Kashmir, property inheritance, domicile law, Article 35A, Hindu Succession Act, customary law, Scheduled Tribes

A STUDY ON CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIAN POLITICS

AUTHOR – SAMUEL.S* & Ms. NANDHINI M**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

BEST CITATION – SAMUEL.S & Ms. NANDHINI M, A STUDY ON CASTE SYSTEM IN INDIAN POLITICS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (6) OF 2026, PG. 930-933, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I6496

ABSTRACT

In Indian culture, the term “caste” refers to a social class whose membership is mostly defined by birth. With the spread of Hinduism, this caste structure became entrenched and hereditary. The Laws of Manu (Manusmitri) proclaim the rule and complete impunity of upper castes while making reference to the impurity and servitude of outcasts. The lowest caste members are told that their standing in the caste system results from sins committed in a previous life. For offences like becoming literate or insulting a member of a dominating caste, harsh punishments including torture and death are intended. The most trustworthy text of Hinduism, Manusmitri, proposes extreme inequity as the governing principle of social affairs and justifies social exclusion. Caste still very much matters to Indian citizens even in the modern world, though one must point out that different groups of citizens have different reasons for maintaining the system of caste. Even in the present era, caste is still very important to Indian citizens, although it should be noted that different groups of citizens have varied motivations for upholding the caste system. In order to subjugate the lower castes and preserve their dominance, the upper castes aim to keep caste alive. The politics of ideology and the politics of action can be distinguished in every emerging political system.Some of the most crucial elements of the nature and course of political change in such a system can be revealed by analyzing the reciprocal activity between the two.

  The caste system is one of the oldest social institutions in India, deeply influencing social, economic, and political life. Traditionally based on birth, caste determines social status, occupation, and access to resources. Even after independence and the adoption of the Constitution, caste continues to shape Indian politics in significant ways.In a democratic setup like India, political parties often rely on caste identities to mobilize voters. This has led to the emergence of caste-based politics, where communities vote collectively based on shared caste interests.

NEURO DEVELOPMENT AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY – A JUVENILE PERSPECTIVE

AUTHOR – MS. PUSHTI TANNA & MS. KHUSHI KULKARNI

STUDENTS AT KES’ SHRI JAYANTILAL PATEL LAW COLLEGE,MUMBAI

BEST CITATION – MS. PUSHTI TANNA & MS. KHUSHI KULKARNI, EMPLOYMENT INEQUALITY IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: CHALLENGES AND POLICY RESPONSES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (6) OF 2026, PG. 912-929, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTARCT

Juvenile delinquency refers to illegal activities by a minor – a person who is under the age of 18. The child, if found guilty of a crime, is tried under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015. Juvenile crime has recently increased and is a concern to society, as youths are the nation’s future. This research looks into the factors of neuro psychology, brain development, disorders and other socio-economic factors that influence juvenile crime. It also discusses theories that aim to explain the abnormal behaviour in children. The study also highlights the difference between the child in conflict with the law and the child in need of care and protection, explaining their different legal treatment and implications of criminal responsibility.

The study uses a deductive method and a doctrinal research approach to understand the legal provisions, statutes and case laws to understand juvenile cases and the method of implication of criminal responsibility in relation to age. It also addresses the concept of the illusion of free will and normative standards in determining criminal responsibility. The study further analyses the establishment of criminal responsibility and mens rea in juveniles, where the cognitive ability is still developing. The research findings conclude that although the rights of children and juveniles are protected, there is a lack of infusion of neuropsychology and legal principles, which is required for a balanced legal framework between rehabilitation and accountability. 

 KEYWORDS – juvenile delinquency, cognitive ability, criminal responsibility, neuro-development and mens rea

THE LEGAL EFFICACY REGARDING WITH THE BORROWERS SAFEGUARD UNDER THE SARFAESI ACT, 2002

AUTHOR- MANISH KUMAR E* & N. AMUTHALAKSHMI**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

BEST CITATION – MANISH KUMAR E & N. AMUTHALAKSHMI, THE LEGAL EFFICACY REGARDING WITH THE BORROWERS SAFEGUARD UNDER THE SARFAESI ACT, 2002, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (6) OF 2026, PG. 902-911, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I6494

Abstract

This dissertation examines the effectiveness of the SARFAESI Act 2002 in balancing two competing objectives: enabling swift recovery of non-performing assets (NPAs) by banks and ensuring fair treatment of borrowers. Enacted in response to rising NPAs, the Act introduced a major shift by allowing secured creditors to enforce security interests without prior judicial intervention, thereby improving recovery efficiency. However, this expansion of creditor power has raised concerns regarding procedural fairness and borrower rights. The constitutional validity of the Act was upheld in Mardia Chemicals Ltd v Union of India, subject to the condition that borrower safeguards operate as meaningful protections. This study evaluates whether such safeguards are effective in practice, focusing on key provisions such as Sections 13 and 17. Using a doctrinal and analytical approach supported by case law and institutional data, the research finds that although the Act provides formal protections, their practical effectiveness is limited by procedural gaps, delays, and the limited capacity of Debt Recovery Tribunals. It concludes that while the legislative objective is sound, targeted reforms are necessary to ensure a more balanced and equitable framework.

Keywords: SARFAESI, Borrowers Safeguards, Debt recovery Tribunals, Debt recovery Appellate Tribunals, Legal Efficacy, Historical Background, Secured Creditor, Enforcement of Security Interest, RBI, Bankruptcy, Insolvency, Property Enforcement, Demand Notice.

JUDICIAL INTERVENTION IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS POST-ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION(AMENDMENT) ACT, 2015 AND ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2019

AUTHOR – M.D. KISHAN, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA

BEST CITATION – M.D. KISHAN, JUDICIAL INTERVENTION IN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS POST-ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION(AMENDMENT) ACT, 2015 AND ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2019, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (6) OF 2026, PG. 891-901, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

India’s arbitration landscape has changed significantly over the past decade. After years of courts expanding their reach into arbitration proceedings—often frustrating the core promise of arbitration as a swift and final alternative to litigation—Parliament intervened through the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Acts of 2015 and 2019. This article critically examines how these two amendments have reshaped the scope and nature of judicial intervention in international commercial arbitration in India. Beginning with the foundational principles of minimal judicial intervention that underpin modern arbitration law, the article traces the evolution of Indian courts’ approach through landmark Supreme Court decisions. It then analyses the specific changes introduced by both Amendment Acts—covering jurisdiction, interim relief, appointment of arbitrators, challenge and setting aside of awards, and enforcement—against the backdrop of actual judicial practice. The article argues that while the amendments have brought Indian law closer to international standards, significant challenges persist. Courts continue to interpret broadly in areas such as public policy and arbitrability, and institutional gaps slow down intended reforms. The article concludes by recommending a more self-disciplined judicial approach, stronger institutional infrastructure, and legislative clarity to achieve India’s goal of becoming a preferred seat for international arbitration.

Keywords: Judicial Intervention, International Arbitration, 2015 Amendment Act, 2019 Amendment Act, Public Policy, Seat of Arbitration, Arbitrability, Institutional Arbitration.

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING FOR ORGAN THEFT IN INDIA

AUTHOR – J. RAMSURAT KUMAR, STUDENT AT VELS UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – J. RAMSURAT KUMAR, AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING FOR ORGAN THEFT IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (6) OF 2026, PG. 875-890, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

INTRODUCTION:

   (i)  Objective & Scope Of Study

• To analyse the Impact of the Transplantation of Human Organs.
• To suggest Preventive measures regarding human trafficking in India.
• To study about the measures taken by the Government of India to Prevent and Combat Human Trafficking.
• To find out the ratio of male and female trafficking for the illegal organ transplant.

      ●    To examine the causes and modes of human trafficking in India.

• To protect fundamental rights under Article 21 Right to life and personal liberty and Article 23 Prohibition of human trafficking and forced labour.

A CRITICALLY ANALYSIS OF ZERO-CLICK INFRINGEMENT LIABILITY FOR AI-GENERATED SUMMARIES

AUTHOR – S.DEEPIKA* & M. LAXMI PRIYA**

* STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT SCHOOL OF LAW, VELS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED STUDIES (VISTAS)

BEST CITATION – S.DEEPIKA & M. LAXMI PRIYA, A CRITICALLY ANALYSIS OF ZERO-CLICK INFRINGEMENT LIABILITY FOR AI-GENERATED   SUMMARIES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 6 (6) OF 2026, PG. 870-874, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344. DOI – https://doi.org/10.65393/IJLRV6I6491

ABSTRACT :

Nowadays, artificial intelligence along with new search tools has reshaped how folks find things online. Instead of clicking through, search platforms often show instant replies or condensed details right on the screen. Because of that, visitors sometimes never land on source sites at all. Called zero-click searches, this habit brings up questions around whether using protected material in these snippets is fair.

This work looks into cases where AI pulls content without clicks, copying bits of someone else’s creation. When summaries made by machines mirror protected material, questions pop up about who might be responsible. Developers behind artificial intelligence systems could face scrutiny, just like the companies hosting them or the search tools delivering results. Responsibility might fall on middlemen too, depending on how laws like India’s IT Act from 2000 are applied. Clearer guidelines seem necessary, so innovation does not override the rights of those who make original work.