ROLE OF WTO IN ADVANCEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

AUTHOR – IQRA SHAMIM* & DR. HARSHITA THALWAL**, LL.M. STUDENT* & ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR**, CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI

BEST CITATION – IQRA SHAMIM & DR. HARSHITA THALWAL, ROLE OF WTO IN ADVANCEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 294-305, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

The World Trade Organization (WTO) contributes largely to international trade by providing a structure for trade negotiations and enabling efficient processes for the import and export of goods and services. In this abstract, the goals of the paper will be achieved through describing the major elements of the structure and functions of the WTO and over a document its importance in international trade. Founded in 1995, WTO seeks to assist the member countries in developing an open and equitable system of trade through setting rules and resolving disputes. There is a Ministerial Conference, a General Council and a number of committees for the various sectors of international trade which are above the organizational structure of the WTO. Features of the WTO’s trading system include non-discrimination, transparency and predictability principles which enhance the conduct of business. The WTO members also contributed to this development by stimulating liberalization of trade, tariff cuts and provisions of aid for trade to the developing states. On the other hand, its efficiency has been questioned, as its critics have brought to attention the issues of developed world hegemony, stagnation in agricultural policy reforms and new difficulties brought about by the lengthening global supply chains. However, in spite of those, WTO still make a significant impact over the world economy and economic advancement of countries.

Keywords: WTO, International Trade, National Treatment,  Fair Trade, Economics, Ministerial Conference, Free trade.

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

AUTHORS – KHUSHI SHARMA* & DR. CHANDER PRAKASH SINGH**, LL.M. STUDENT* & ASSISTANT PROFESSOR**, CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI

BEST CITATION – KHUSHI SHARMA & DR. CHANDER PRAKASH SINGH, ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 281-293, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the implementation of sustainability policies in corporate governance and outlines the difficulties faced by organizations and the potential strategies for overcoming them. Companies are increasingly expected to align their practices with stakeholder expectations as the world remains aware of increasing environmental and social issues. The common barriers this study reveals in this vein include a focus on short-term financial issues, lack of awareness, resource constraints, and regulatory uncertainty. Further, it goes deep into proper strategies such as aligning long-term goals with the performance of the short-term agenda, stakeholder engagement improved, and the use of technology to enhance measurement and reporting. The study emphasizes the holistic approach in corporate governance towards sustainability hence culminating in better organizational performance and stakeholder trust.

Keywords – Corporate Governance, Sustainability, ESG Integration, Stakeholder Engagement, Resource Allocation, Regulatory Compliance, Organizational Performance.

INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (IBRD)

AUTHORS – HIMANSHI*& DR.DEEPTI MONGA**, LLM. STUDENT*AND ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI

BEST CITATION  HIMANSHI & DR.DEEPTI MONGA, INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (IBRD), INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 275-280, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

International bank for reconstruction and development is one of the five organization group which made the World Bank and it is founded in 1944 with goal of development of the middle income and low income countries by providing loans and grants also with the expert assistance for the enhancement in the infrastructure, healthcare and education. It wants to reduce poverty and want to advance the economical growth. Its member countries act as shareholders whose voting powers are based on their financial contribution. It basically focus on the increase the living standards by reducing the global issues such as climate change.

This article examines the role of IBRD is to promote economic growth and poverty alleviation in low and middle income nations. It looks at the background of the IBRD’s post world war II founding and how it changed in response to international economic difficulties. This study examines case studies of effective IBRD projects and evaluates their influence on national development strategies using a mixed methods methodology. IT shows that a substantial contribution to policy change and infrastructure development issues like project delivery and debt sustainability still pose serious threats to the program’s long term viability.

KEYWORDS: World Bank, Board of Governors, financial growth, infrastructure, education system, IBRD, international economic growth, international monetary fund (IMF), climate change, inequality, developing countries

ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN CORPORATE CONFLICT RESOLUTION

AUTHORS- MS. NISHA YADAV* &DR. CHANDER PARKASH SINGH**, LL.M. STUDENT* AND ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI

BEST CITATION – MS. NISHA YADAV &DR. CHANDER PARKASH SINGH, ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN CORPORATE CONFLICT RESOLUTION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 267-274, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The utilization of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms in the resolution of corporate disputes has proven to be an efficacious alternative to conventional litigation. This study examines the effectiveness of ADR methods, including arbitration, mediation, and negotiation, in addressing complex corporate conflicts. ADR offers significant advantages such as expedited proceedings, reduced costs, confidentiality, and the preservation of business relationships. Through an analysis of case studies and empirical data, this paper highlights ADR’s role in alleviating judicial burdens and fostering amicable, mutually beneficial solutions. However, the study acknowledges challenges inherent in ADR, including enforceability concerns, power imbalances between parties, and the variable expertise of arbitrators and mediators. The research posits that the success of ADR in corporate dispute resolution is influenced by factors such as the specific characteristics of the dispute, the willingness of the parties to engage in good faith, and the robustness of the supporting legal framework. This paper concludes that, when effectively implemented and supported by appropriate legislative and institutional structures, ADR serves as a potent mechanism for the resolution of corporate disputes, promoting both procedural efficiency and substantive justice.

Keywords: Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), corporate disputes, arbitration, mediation, negotiation, efficiency, confidentiality, cost-effectiveness, business relationships, enforceability, legal framework, dispute resolution

CORPORATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN INDIA, UK AND USA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

AUTHORS – PAVNEET KAUR*& DR. AJAYMEET SINGH**, LLM STUDENT* AND ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI

BEST CITATION – PAVNEET KAUR & DR. AJAYMEET SINGH, CORPORATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN INDIA, UK AND USA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 262-266, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Corporate Criminal Liability is an idea which holds companies responsible for unlawful actions of its employees or representatives. If a crime is committed by a company such as fraud or environmental violations then it can face legal consequences just like a person. Law can hold companies responsible for actions of its employees if actions are done under the scope of their job and also provides a benefit to the company. If law finds company responsible of any illegal act then fines, penalties or restrictions can be imposed on operations of the company. This encourages companies to engage in ethical practices and comply to programs to prevent illegal activities. In Conclusion, corporate criminal liability aims to ensure that companies must operate within law and must take accountability of its actions.

LEGAL RISKS OF CRYPTOCURRENCY IN INDIA

AUTHOR – ASHIKA KALRA* & DR. NISHA SAIN**, LL.M. (MASTER OF LAWS) SCHOLAR* & ASSISTANT PROFESSOR** AT UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES, CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI (PUNJAB).

BEST CITATION – ASHIKA KALRA* & DR. NISHA SAIN, LEGAL RISKS OF CRYPTOCURRENCY IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 255-261, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

In India, the legality of cryptocurrencies has been a controversial subject with conflicting opinions and changing laws. In 2018, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) banned cryptocurrency transactions from banks; however, the Supreme Court reversed this decision in 2020. With continuous debates concerning the possibility of outlawing private cryptocurrencies while investigating a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC), the regulatory landscape is still unclear in spite of this. Managing hazards including fraud, money laundering, and financial stability, as well as the requirement for consumer protection and efficient taxation, are the main obstacles. As authorities struggle to develop a framework that fosters technology advancement while protecting economic interests and investor protection, India must continue to strike a balance between innovation and regulation. This essay examines these legal nuances, their effects on the cryptocurrency sector, and possible avenues for an equitable regulatory framework in India. India’s changing regulatory approach to cryptocurrencies is indicative of a larger worldwide effort to strike a balance between the hazards and rewards of digital currencies. Cryptocurrencies raise issues about market volatility, possible abuse for illegal purposes, and difficulties ensuring regulatory compliance, even while they also offer potential advantages including greater financial inclusion, quicker transactions, and technological innovation. The difficulty of developing regulations that safeguard investors without impeding innovation is shown by the Indian government’s hesitancy to accept or reject cryptocurrencies in their entirety. The course that India chooses as it considers a regulatory framework might have a big impact on the country’s startup scene, digital economy, and fintech industry as a whole.

Keywords – Cryptocurrency Regulation, Reserve Bank of India, Blockchain Technology, Bitcoin, Digital Currency in India, Legality, Cryptocurrency Security Risks, Transaction, Fraud, Banks, Ethereum, Services, Digital Currencies, Financial.

FOOD SAFETY FOR CONSUMERS: AN ANALYSIS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE FOOD SAFETY AND STANDARDS AUTHORITY OF INDIA

AUTHOR – MR MD JIYAUDDIN, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF LAW, VEL TECH RANGARAJAN DR SAGUNTHALA R&D INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

BEST CITATION – MR MD JIYAUDDIN, FOOD SAFETY FOR CONSUMERS: AN ANALYSIS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE FOOD SAFETY AND STANDARDS AUTHORITY OF INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 246-254, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

           Food safety is an ethereal concept, assessing consumer access to food safety requires a survey and measurement ready architecture. From the consumer’s point of view, food safety is a so-called credence quality trait, which means that instead of having the ability to evaluate or personally experience food safety before making a purchase, customers must rely on and place their trust in related information. Evidence-based information on a variety of food safety issues must be made available to the general public and consumers. Not until then will our mission be completed. The Eat Right India program by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is crucial in ensuring that consumers are informed of pertinent information at every level. We are expanding this game changing initiative to increase consumer control over food choices by empowering them to demand safe and healthful options, which in turn motivates merchants to provide better services. In India, the whole food sector is governed by the FSSAI, a governmental agency. This government agency’s main goal is to make sure that the food you eat complies with essential and established quality criteria and is safe for your health. In India, any food business involved in the production, distribution, storage or transportation of food must apply for a food safety registration or a fssai licence. The FSSAI is not only guarantees adherence to legal requirements but also signifies a food enterprise’s dedication to providing its customers with wholesome, superior, sanitary and secure food items. The obtaining an FSSAI licence is mandatory, there are particular problems that come with it.

Key words: Food safety, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, Consumers, Legal requirements, Safe and Healthful.

EVALUATING THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COORDINATED ELECTIONS IN INDIA: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE “ONE NATION, ONE ELECTION” PROPOSAL

AUTHOR – SAMEER KUMAR, STUDENT AT GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, SCHOOL OF LAW & JURISPRUDENCE

BEST CITATION – SAMEER KUMAR, EVALUATING THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COORDINATED ELECTIONS IN INDIA: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE “ONE NATION, ONE ELECTION” PROPOSAL, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 236-245, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the implications—both favourable and unfavourable—of instituting synchronized elections across India, often termed “One Nation, One Election.” This proposed change aims to align the timing of national, state, and local elections to minimize frequent electoral cycles. The study finds that harmonizing polls could lead to substantial cost reductions for both state and central administrations, as it would lower expenses associated with election management, security measures, and governance interruptions. Annual savings are projected to exceed ₹45 billion. The effect on state governments presents a dual narrative: while national issues might overshadow regional matters, state authorities could gain more time to focus on governance rather than campaigning. Voters might experience reduced fatigue but would also lose the opportunity to voice discontent with state governments at staggered intervals. For businesses, coordinated elections could offer greater policy consistency and reduced political unpredictability. However, the risk of prolonged single-party dominance might lead to diminished government oversight. Additionally, national parties are likely to gain an advantage over regional parties. Overall, synchronized elections could enhance governance efficiency and contribute to political and economic stability. Nevertheless, the potential drawbacks, such as diminished regional autonomy and reduced governmental accountability, pose significant concerns. The analysis concludes that while the benefits of synchronized elections are notable, addressing potential negative impacts on regional representation and accountability may necessitate further electoral reforms. This summary encapsulates the essential findings of the full analysis, shedding light on the multifaceted considerations involved in evaluating this significant electoral reform proposal.

THE ROLE OF INDIAN CYBERCRIME COORDINATION CENTRE IN SAFEGUARDING CYBERSPACE

AUTHOR – YOGESH PRASAD KOLEKAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT M.K.E.S COLLEGE OF LAW

BEST CITATION – YOGESH PRASAD KOLEKAR, THE ROLE OF INDIAN CYBERCRIME COORDINATION CENTRE IN SAFEGUARDING CYBERSPACE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 233-235, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The world was separated due to distance and boundaries that has been breached and intruded by virtual world. The cyberspace is a virtual space where people can learn, talk, share and get entertained and where physical distance is remains no more a barrier. The boon of internet technology gave birth to new type of criminals called as cybercriminals who took advantage of people’s ignorance of technology and upstanding of cyberspace. The word cybercrime is a combination two different words “Cyber” and “Crime” which refers to crime committed over the internet or cyberspace. Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre was established by the Ministry of Home Affairs to handle issues related to cybercrime. The Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre play an important role in safeguarding Indian cyberspace. It facilities coordination with various law enforcement agencies to tackle cybercrime effectively.

INCREASE IN WEALTH OF POLITICAL LEADERS AFTER HOLDING POLITICAL OFFICE AND ARTICLE 39(B) OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

AUTHOR – AKSHIT DWIVEDI* & SHRAYANA GUPTA**, PHILANTHROPIST* & STUDENT** AT HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR

BEST CITATION – AKSHIT DWIVEDI & SHRAYANA GUPTA, INCREASE IN WEALTH OF POLITICAL LEADERS AFTER HOLDING POLITICAL OFFICE AND ARTICLE 39(B) OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 229-232, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

This research paper examines the distributional pattern of wealth accumulation among political leaders in India when accounting for the workplace. It highlights the implications of this phenomenon for accountability, governance, and moral behavior. Article 39 (b) of the Directive Principles of State Policy serves as a constitutional framework for increasing the equitable distribution of beneficial resources. The article analyzes how policymakers’ emerging focus on wealth contradicts this prescription, examines the mechanisms enabling this accumulation, and discusses the wider implications for Indian authorities. It ends with a recommendation aimed at harmonizing political practices with the ideals enshrined in Article 39 (b).            
Keywords: Political wealth, Corruption, Article 39(b), Governance, Equitable Distribution, Accountability, Directive Principles, Policy manipulation, Anti-corruption reform