EXPLORING THE RULE OF LAW: MEANING, FAILURES, AND VIOLATIONS IN MODERN SOCIETY

AUTHOR – NAVYA ARORA, STUDENT AT BENNETT UNIVERSITY (TIMES OF INDIA GROUP)

BEST CITATION – NAVYA ARORA, EXPLORING THE RULE OF LAW: MEANING, FAILURES, AND VIOLATIONS IN MODERN SOCIETY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 480-487, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Rule of Law remains as a foundation of current democratic societies, acting as a wall against oppression and guaranteeing that the power of the government is practiced inside the limits of laid out legal standards. This essay embraces an exhaustive exploration of Rule of Law, as a concept, tracing back to its history and elucidating its fundamental principles. While Rule of law is praised for its job in maintaining equality, fairness, and the safeguarding of individual rights, this paper also dives into the hazier side of its narrative.

Through an assessment of real-time instances, the essay inspects occasions where Rule of Law has wavered, uncovering system failures, infringement of rights, and misuse of power. From the disintegration of legal independence to the selective application of regulations, from the prevalence of exemption for the powerful individuals, to the disintegration of civil liberties under the cover of public safety, the essay talks about the intricacies and difficulties inherent in keeping up Rule of Law in continuance. Additionally, this essay highlights the importance of tending to the shortcomings and weaknesses of Rule of Law. It calls for deliberate endeavours to reinforce legal institutions, improve holding accountability, and build protections against abuses of power. This paper also includes within it the way forward, which would be possible by facing the failures and violations of Rule of law head-on. Societies can yearn towards a more just and impartial society, whose primary focus is to maintain the dignity and rights of all individuals.

CYBERSECURITY LAWS AND AI: SAFEGUARDING IDENTITY IN AN ERA OF SMART SURVEILLANCE

AUTHOR – PRIYA* & DR. MOHIT KANWAR**, LL.M. (MASTER OF LAWS)* & ASSISTANT PROFESSOR**, UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES, CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI, PUNJAB, INDIA.

BEST CITATION – PRIYA & DR. MOHIT KANWAR, CYBERSECURITY LAWS AND AI: SAFEGUARDING IDENTITY IN AN ERA OF SMART SURVEILLANCE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 466-479, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

With the explosion of AI Driven Smart Surveillance systems in the digital era, the integration of cybersecurity and AI has played a massive role in reshaping identity protection. With the progress of digitalization in India, these technologies strengthen our security by enhancing the power of real time monitoring and detecting threats, however it also creates new challenges for privacy and data security. In this thesis, India’s existing cybersecurity framework, incorporating aspects of the ‘Information Technology Act, 2000’ and the ‘Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023’ (DPDPA), is studied, to locate gaps in regulating AI-driven surveillance, and its impact on identity protection. This research shows how AI frameworks in India can benefit from their comparison with international standards, e.g., GDPR, and their studies. The research stresses the demand for adaptive legal reforms that entail the clear data minimization practices, strict enforcement and privacy requirements. The results indicate that by taking cues from international best practices, India can experience the use of AI in cybersecurity without infringing on individual privacy rights. This research gives actionable insights to support a balance, ethically grounded framework that combines security and privacy to drive the field forward.

Keywords: Cybersecurity, Artificial Intelligence, Identity Protection, Smart Surveillance, Digital Personal Data Protection Act, GDPR, Privacy, Data Security, AI-driven Surveillance

AI IN COMBATING PHISHING AND SOCIAL ENGINEERING: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

AUTHOR – PREETI & DR. MOHIT KANWAR, LL.M. (MASTER OF LAWS)* & ASSISTANT PROFESSOR**, UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE of Legal Studies, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India.

BEST CITATION – PREETI & DR. MOHIT KANWAR, AI IN COMBATING PHISHING AND SOCIAL ENGINEERING: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 455-465, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Cyber threats like phishing and social engineering are very popular in India, where weak technical vulnerabilities are taking advantage of psychological vulnerabilities and thus causing financial and privacy losses. Conventional legal measures under the Information Technology Act, of 2000, struggle to catch up with the intelligent nature of these attacks, and AI has become a tool of paramount importance in cybersecurity. Machine learning, natural language processing, behavioural analytics, and other AI technologies can recognize phishing and manipulation in real-time—powerful solutions. But building AI systems to achieve these goals requires complicated legal and ethical questions, particularly around data privacy, accountability, and visiting regulatory compliance. Some of these concerns are addressed in India’s “Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023” (DPDPA), but they also need some AI-specific guidance. In this paper, I investigate how AI and the law intertwine in Indian cybersecurity, evident in the present legal terrain and global norms, and suggest reforms. We provide key suggestions for how a liability framework for using AI against cyberterrorism, transparent sharing of data within organizations, and formation of public-private partnerships for proactive, balanced AI in cybersecurity could be achieved. By taking these steps, India can harness the power of AI to fight cybercrime without compromising ethics and the law.

Keywords – Phishing, Social Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity, Data Privacy, Information Technology Act, Digital Personal Data Protection Act, Machine Learning

COMMON EXPLOITATION OF TRADEMARKS IN INDIA

AUTHOR – EKTA SINGH* & AJAYMEET SINGH**,

*LLM SCHOLAR AT UILS, CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

** ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – EKTA SINGH & AJAYMEET SINGH, COMMON EXPLOITATION OF TRADEMARKS IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 450-454, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Trademarks are vital in today’s business world, helping companies build brand identities, establish consumer trust, and foster loyalty. In India, the rapid growth of commerce and the digital economy has led to both opportunities and challenges related to trademark protection. Trademark exploitation, through methods like counterfeiting, infringement, and unfair competition, has become a significant concern for businesses, consumers, and the economy at large. This paper explores the common forms of trademark exploitation in India[1], the legal framework designed to address these issues, and the challenges that remain in enforcing trademark rights effectively.

Trademark infringement, where a party uses a mark identical or confusingly similar to a registered Trademark, is one of the most prevalent forms of exploitation. Similarly, Counterfeiting, which involves the unauthorized manufacturing and selling of goods bearing a fake trademark, has contributed to significant economic losses, especially in sectors like Pharmaceuticals, fashion, and electronics. Cybersquatting- where individuals or entities register domain names that are identical to well-known trademarks in order to sell them for profit- is another growing issue, fueled by the rapid expansion of e-commerce.[2]

Parallel imports, the practice of importing genuine goods through unauthorized channels, and passing off, which involves one company copying another’s brand to confuse consumers, also undermine trademark owner’s rights. Moreover the phenomenon of dilution, where a famous trademark is used in unrelated businesses, weakens the distinctiveness of a famous mark through unauthorized uses that do not necessarily cause confusion but harm the brand’s identity.

Keywords: Trademark Infringement, Cybersquatting, Trade Marks Act, 1999,  Passing Off

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[1] Trade Marks Act, 1999, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. The primary legal framework governing trademarks in India, it provides the procedures for registration, protection, and enforcement of trademark rights.

[2] Information Technology Act, 2000, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India. This law deals with cybercrimes, including cybersquatting, and regulates electronic commerce in India.

STRENGTHENING CONSUMER RIGHTS IN UGANDA: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

AUTHOR – TREVOR MUSINGUZI * & DR.SUNIL KUMAR**, *LL.M. (MASTER OF LAWS) & **PROFESSOR, UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES, CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI (PUNJAB).

BEST CITATION – TREVOR MUSINGUZI & DR.SUNIL KUMAR, STRENGTHENING CONSUMER RIGHTS IN UGANDA: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 442-449, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Introduction

Consumer rights enforcement plays a key role in ensuring fair treatment, quality products, and protection against exploitation in the marketplace. In Uganda, despite progress in developing consumer protection laws, turning these laws into effective actions remains a major challenge. The country’s rapidly growing market has exposed gaps between policy and real-life enforcement, leaving consumers vulnerable to unfair practices. Regulatory bodies like the Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) have been established to address these issues, but they face hurdles such as limited funding, lack of staff, and poor coordination with other agencies. These challenges weaken the enforcement process, often leaving consumer complaints unresolved. Moreover, many consumers are unaware of their rights, which further limits the impact of these laws. The diverse Ugandan market, filled with both local and imported goods, increases the risk of substandard products reaching consumers, especially with modern advertising on digital platforms complicating traditional consumer protection efforts. With the rise of online shopping and international goods, today’s consumers face a more complex landscape, making strong enforcement mechanisms crucial for maintaining trust and stability in the economy. Weak enforcement can lead to harmful products circulating in the market, causing financial losses and health risks. Counterfeit goods, such as fake medicines and electronics, are common due to gaps in enforcement. This study seeks to understand the current challenges in enforcing consumer rights in Uganda and proposes solutions to bridge these gaps. It examines the issues faced by regulatory agencies, the effectiveness of existing policies, and the impact of low consumer awareness.

Keywords: Consumer rights, enforcement mechanisms, market fairness, consumer awareness, legal protection, economic stability, Uganda, access to justice, regulatory framework.

RIGHTS OF CORPORATE EMPLOYEES IN UGANDA – AN APPRAISAL

AUTHORS –   KABANGO JOHNMARK* & DR. RAJIV BHALLA**, *LL.M (MASTER OF LAWS) & **PROFESSOR, UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES, CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI (PUNJAB).

BEST CITATION – KABANGO JOHNMARK & DR. RAJIV BHALLA, RIGHTS OF CORPORATE EMPLOYEES IN UGANDA – AN APPRAISAL, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 437-441, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

This research paper examines the rights of corporate employees in Uganda, focusing on legal protections, labor standards, and the enforcement of these rights within corporate entities. It explores the historical and socio-economic context shaping labor rights in Uganda and evaluates the impact of current legislation on employee welfare. By analyzing key laws, including the Employment Act and Labor Unions Act[1], this paper highlights critical areas such as minimum wage, health and safety, anti-discrimination policies, and the role of labor unions[2].Through a comparative approach, the study also considers challenges in implementing these rights and offers recommendations to strengthen protections for Ugandan corporate employees[3] This paper aims to contribute to ongoing discussions on labor rights, aligning Ugandan standards with international benchmarks to foster fair and ethical corporate practices.

Key Words: Fundamental Employee Rights, Corporate Employment, Legislation.

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[1] See Employment Act 2006 and Labor Unions Act 2006, Cap. 1-2 (Uganda).

[2] International Labour Organization, “Global Labour Standards,” accessed November 7, 2024.

[3] Barya, J.J., The State of Labor Rights in Uganda (Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 2018), 45.

NAVIGATING COFFEE TRADE: UGANDA’S ECONOMIC PATHWAY IN A GLOBALIZED MARKET

AUTHOR – MUWANGUZI HUMPHREY NGIYA* & DR. RHAJIV BHALLA**, LL.M (MASTERS OF LAW)* & PROFESSOR**, UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES, CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI

BEST CITATION – MUWANGUZI HUMPHREY NGIYA & DR. RHAJIV BHALLA, NAVIGATING COFFEE TRADE: UGANDA’S ECONOMIC PATHWAY IN A GLOBALIZED MARKET, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 429-436, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

Uganda’s coffee sector is a crucial part of its economy, serving as a major source of foreign exchange and employment for millions of smallholder farmers. This paper explores Uganda’s role in the global coffee market, emphasizing the economic, environmental, and regulatory factors shaping its growth and competitiveness. The analysis begins with the historical and economic significance of coffee production, highlighting its contributions to GDP and export revenue. Key challenges, such as global price volatility, climate change, and infrastructural limitations, are examined alongside the impacts on rural livelihoods. The study evaluates Uganda’s trade policies, including the National Coffee Policy and initiatives by the Uganda Coffee Development Authority (UCDA) aimed at quality improvement, production expansion, and sustainable practices. Through a blend of qualitative and quantitative analysis, this research provides insights into sustainable growth paths for Uganda’s coffee sector, stressing the integration of environmental stewardship with economic resilience and offering a model for agricultural trade policy discourse.

ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CENTRAL BANK REGULATION IN UGANDA’S COMMERCIAL BANKING INDUSTRY

AUTHOR – TAHINDUKA AARON* & DR. RHAJIV BHALLA**, LL.M (MASTERS OF LAW)* & PROFESSOR**, UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES, CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI

BEST CITATION – TAHINDUKA AARON & DR. RHAJIV BHALLA, ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CENTRAL BANK REGULATION IN UGANDA’S COMMERCIAL BANKING INDUSTRY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 423-428, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The financial stability of a country is deeply intertwined with the performance and regulation of its banking sector. In Uganda, the role of the commercial banking industry is critical to fostering economic growth, enabling efficient allocation of resources, and supporting broader financial inclusion goals. The Bank of Uganda (BoU), as the central bank, plays a pivotal role in maintaining the stability and integrity of the financial system through a comprehensive regulatory framework. However, the effectiveness of these regulations in safeguarding the health of Uganda’s banking industry has been a subject of ongoing debate. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of central bank regulations in Uganda’s commercial banking industry, evaluating both the successes and limitations of these regulatory measures^[1]

In the context of a rapidly evolving financial environment, characterized by technological advancements such as mobile money services and digital banking, the regulatory framework must be agile and responsive to emerging risks. Uganda’s banking sector, which has witnessed significant growth over the past few decades, faces unique challenges related to regulatory enforcement, financial inclusion, market competition, and systemic risks. Despite the Bank of Uganda’s efforts to implement prudential regulations, concerns persist about compliance, the risks posed by informal financial institutions, and the ability of regulators to adapt to new financial technologies. This paper seeks to examine how effective the BoU’s regulatory measures have been in mitigating these risks, ensuring the stability of the banking sector, and fostering a more competitive and inclusive financial environment^[2]. The financial stability of Uganda’s banking sector is crucial for the country’s economic growth and financial inclusion goals. The Bank of Uganda plays a central role in regulating and overseeing the banking industry, yet challenges persist in ensuring the effectiveness of its regulatory framework. As Uganda’s financial environment evolves with technological advancements, such as mobile money and digital banking, the central bank must continuously adapt its regulatory measures to address emerging risks and maintain the stability of the banking system.

Keywords:   Bank of Uganda (BoU), Commercial Banking Sector, Regulatory Measures, Capital Adequacy Requirements, Liquidity Management, Non-Performing Loans (NPLs), Financial Stability, Financial Inclusion, Mobile Money, Fintech Regulation, Enforcement Capacity, Compliance

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[1]J. B. Smith, “An Analysis of Financial Regulation in Developing Economies,” International Journal of Banking Studies, 2021, p. 45

[2] Bank of Uganda, “Annual Report 2023,” Bank of Uganda, Kampala, 2023, p. 58

CRIME AGAINST RELIGION IN INDIA: A REVIEW

AUTHORS – NISHITA NAYAK* & DR. AJAZ AFZAL LONE**, L.L.M STUDENT* AND ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI.

BEST CITATION – NISHITA NAYAK & DR. AJAZ AFZAL LONE, CRIME AGAINST RELIGION IN INDIA: A REVIEW, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 411-422, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

Religious freedom is a fundamental right that is crucial for creating a harmonious and tolerant society, where individuals from diverse religious backgrounds can coexist peacefully. However, this right is often threatened in diverse societies, and religious minorities may face discrimination, persecution, and even violence based on their beliefs. To promote religious freedom, governments and individuals must work together to respect the beliefs of others, create policies that protect religious minorities, and engage in education and dialogue. By upholding this fundamental right, we can create a society where all individuals, regardless of their religious background, can coexist peacefully and contribute to the common good.

Keywords: Crime, Religion, Constitutional, The Religion Institute Act, The Indian Penal Code

ROOTS OF ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN INDIA: LEGAL ISSUES AND ANALYSIS—AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

AUTHOR – RIYA,LL.M. (MASTER OF LAWS), UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES, CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, MOHALI, PUNJAB, INDIA

BEST CITATION – RIYA, ROOTS OF ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN INDIA: LEGAL ISSUES AND ANALYSIS—AN ANALYTICAL STUDY, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 4 (4) OF 2024, PG. 400-410, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

A historical view of the progressive development of ADR in India exposes a systematic integration of the indigenous and professional systems of dispute resolution that serve to improve the realization of the right to recourse to the courts. In the following discussion, details of the historical background of ADR along with its metamorphic evolution of the traditional panchayati format into structured methods such as mediation, arbitration, conciliation, and Lok Adalat are also discussed. With legislative support from the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, and procedural support, including Section 89 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, ADR has emerged as an important tool of the judicial system in India, easing problems of backlogged courts, high costs of litigation, and time-consuming procedures. However, ADR in India has restrictions on the enforcement of awards, intervention of courts, limited access to ADR, and questions on neutrality arising from arbitration. Using America and Britain’s experience of ADR evolution, the study shows how Indian architecture might also be improved. These are limitations on courts’ interference with ADR decisions; improved access to ADR procedures; higher professional standards for practitioners; and the use of technology and ODR to increase scope and influence. The approach taken here is to argue for ADR as a more sustainable solution for the justice delivery system to meet the needs of the Indian populace as it seeks timely, neutral, and culturally appropriate dispute resolution solutions.

Keywords: Alternative Dispute Resolution, Arbitration, Mediation, Conciliation, Lok Adalat, Arbitration, Conciliation, Online Dispute Resolution, Indian Legal System, Access to Justice