SAFEGUARDING THE FUTURE WORKFORCE: EFFECTIVE APPROACHES TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND SAFETY FOR YOUNG EMPLOYEES

AUTHOR – SNEHA JAT & KIRAN JAT, STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY MUMBAI

BEST CITATION – SNEHA JAT & KIRAN JAT, SAFEGUARDING THE FUTURE WORKFORCE: EFFECTIVE APPROACHES TO IMPROVE HEALTH AND SAFETY FOR YOUNG EMPLOYEES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 142-155, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing literature on the effective approaches to improve the health and safety for young employees. Through a review of literature, this paper recognizes key factors contributing to work place accidents among young employees.  It aims to evaluate work hazards; the young workers are frequently exposed to and the occupational safety and health (OSH) standard that protect young workers.

Young workers are a diverse group and are more susceptible to occupational injuries and diseases compared to adult workers. This is due to their ongoing physical, psychological, and emotional development, as well as their lack of education and job skills.; lack of experience and lack of workplace safety knowledge.

International Labour Organization (ILO) standards on OSH focuses to protect these young workers. The ILO constitution focuses on the right to safe and healthy work for all workers, including both young and adult workers. The labour laws establish essential principles that promote a safe, healthy and decent working environment. This focuses on integrating occupational safety and health (OSH) into general education and vocational training programs to create a safer and healthier generation of workers.

These protocols not only reduce the risk of workplace accidents but also foster a safe, productive and sustainable workforce. This paper contributes to occupational health and safety of young workers by providing actionable recommendations for employers, policymakers and training institutions

Keywords- OHS, Young Workers, Workplace Accidents, International Labour Organization (ILO) Standards, Vulnerable Employees, Safety Education and Training

THE ROLE OF JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN ADVANCING HUMAN RIGHTS IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

AUTHOR – MS. SNEHA HITENDRA SONI, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT M.K.E.S. COLLEGE OF LAW. EMAIL ID: SNEHASONI96@GMAIL.COM

BEST CITATION – MS. SNEHA HITENDRA SONI, THE ROLE OF JUDICIAL ACTIVISM IN ADVANCING HUMAN RIGHTS IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (2) OF 2025, PG. 50-55, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

This article is published in the collaborated special issue of M.K.E.S. College of Law and the Institute of Legal Education (ILE), titled “Current Trends in Indian Legal Frameworks: A Special Edition” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-8-4).

Abstract

Judicial activism has significantly influenced the promotion and protection of human rights in India, serving as a crucial mechanism for ensuring justice, equality, and dignity in governance. This paper critically analyzes the evolution, scope, and impact of judicial activism, focusing on its role in addressing societal inequalities, governance gaps, and human rights violations. It examines the origins of judicial activism, its constitutional basis, and its methods, including Public Interest Litigations (PILs) and landmark rulings.

The paper highlights how judicial activism has expanded the interpretation of fundamental rights under Article 21, facilitated access to justice for marginalized groups, and integrated environmental protection into the domain of human rights. However, the paper also addresses the criticisms of judicial activism, including concerns about judicial overreach, delays in justice, and potential misuse of PILs. It compares India’s approach to judicial activism with practices in the United States and South Africa, offering insights for improving balance and accountability in the judiciary. While judicial activism has played a transformative role in advancing human rights, it must strike a balance with judicial restraint to preserve the separation of powers and institutional integrity. Recommendations include clearer guidelines, enhanced accountability mechanisms, and prevention of PIL misuse to ensure judicial activism remains a constructive force in achieving constitutional justice.

Key Words:  Equality,  Fundamental  Rights,  Human Rights,  Judicial Activism,  Justice, Public Interest Litigation (PIL)

BREAKING THE SILENCE: CRIMINALIZING MARITAL RAPE IN INDIA FOR GENDER EQUALITY AND JUSTICE

AUTHOR – BHARAT & HRISHABH, LLM SCHOLARS AT MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – BHARAT & HRISHABH, SHOULD COMPANIES BE ALLOWED TO PATENT AI-GENERATED CONTENT?, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 137-141, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Marital rape remains legal in India under Exception 2 to Section 375 IPC (now Section 63 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023), violating constitutional rights to equality, dignity, and personal autonomy. While most countries have criminalized it, India upholds outdated norms influenced by cultural and societal beliefs. This article examines the constitutional validity of the exception, its impact on women’s rights, and ongoing legal challenges, including the Supreme Court’s pending decision. Urging its repeal, the study emphasizes the need for legal reform to align India with global human rights standards and ensure justice for married women.

SURROGACY LAW IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW

AUTHOR – VARSHA D. VYAS, RESEARCH SCHOLAR AT LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY. EMAIL – varsha.vyas@mkescollegeoflaw.ac.in

BEST CITATION – VARSHA D. VYAS, SURROGACY LAW IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (2) OF 2025, PG. 40-42, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

This article is published in the collaborated special issue of M.K.E.S. College of Law and the Institute of Legal Education (ILE), titled “Current Trends in Indian Legal Frameworks: A Special Edition” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-8-4).

Abstract

Surrogacy, the arrangement where a woman agrees to bear a child for another individual or couple, has gained prominence in India over the years. It is a method of assisted reproduction where a woman (the surrogate) carries and delivers a baby for another person or couple (the intended parents). The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, lays down the conditions under which surrogacy is permitted and the penalties for violations. The Act was enacted to curb unethical practices and protect the rights of surrogate mothers and the child born through surrogacy. India’s surrogacy laws reflect a cautious approach to balancing ethical considerations, medical advancements, and social norms. While the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, has brought much-needed clarity, it leaves room for future amendments to address inclusivity and practical challenges.

Keywords: Surrogacy, The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021, legal framework, types of surrogacy

CYBERCRIME IN INDIA: A GROWING THREAT TO CYBERSPACE

AUTHOR – YOGESH PRASAD KOLEKAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT M.K.E.S COLLEGE OF LAW, MUMBAI, UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI. EMAIL – PROFKOLEKAR@GMAIL.COM

BEST CITATION – YOGESH PRASAD KOLEKAR, CYBERCRIME IN INDIA: A GROWING THREAT TO CYBERSPACE, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (2) OF 2025, PG. 47-29, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

This article is published in the collaborated special issue of M.K.E.S. College of Law and the Institute of Legal Education (ILE), titled “Current Trends in Indian Legal Frameworks: A Special Edition” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-8-4).

Abstract

The evolution of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has significantly transformed human society, impacting various aspects of life and altering the ways in which individuals learn, work, share, and engage in entertainment. Nevertheless, this evolution has also led to the emergence of a concerning phenomenon: the rapid increase in cybercrime. Cybercrime refers to illegal activities conducted through digital means, often targeting computer systems, networks, and online platforms. India’s rapid digital adoption, fuelled by affordable internet access and smartphone penetration, has created a fertile ground for cybercriminals. Cybercrime is pervasive and disruptive, as demonstrated by both global and national statistics. Over 800 million Indians are internet users, attracting attention of cybercriminals. Initiatives like “Cyber Swachhta Kendra” promote cybersecurity hygiene among citizens, television ads, caution messages before calls are appreciative steps of the Government.

Keywords: cybercrime, ICT, online scams, Information Technology Act, 2000

PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AND FOOD SAFETY IN INDIA

AUTHOR – DR. MAHENDRAKUMAR S.  YADAV, IN-CHARGE PRINCIPAL AT M.K.E.S COLLEGE OF LAW, MUMBAI, UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI. EMAIL –MAHENDRAYADAV@REDIFFMAIL.COM

BEST CITATION – DR. MAHENDRAKUMAR S. YADAV, PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AND FOOD SAFETY IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (2) OF 2025, PG. 43-46, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

This article is published in the collaborated special issue of M.K.E.S. College of Law and the Institute of Legal Education (ILE), titled “Current Trends in Indian Legal Frameworks: A Special Edition” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-8-4).

ABSTRACT

The protection of consumers and food safety is a critical aspect of public health and economic stability in India. With increasing globalization, urbanization, and changing food habits, ensuring consumer rights and food safety has become imperative. This study explores the scope of consumer rights in India, focusing on the legal frameworks, including the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, and the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006.

It highlights the key rights of consumers, the role of regulatory bodies like the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), and initiatives to promote food safety. Challenges such as unregulated markets, food adulteration, lack of consumer awareness, and resource constraints are discussed.

Recommendations emphasize strengthening enforcement, enhancing consumer awareness, fostering collaboration among stakeholders, and adopting technological innovations to ensure transparency in food supply chains. The study concludes that prioritizing consumer welfare and food safety is essential for public health, trust in markets, and sustainable economic growth in India.

Key Words: Consumer Protection, Consumer Rights, Consumer Protection Act, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, Food Adulteration

BODY SHAMING AS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: A GAME-CHANGING RULING IN NIMIJA V. STATE OF KERALA

AUTHOR – DR. SONY RAJ S. S*, ASSISTANT PROFESSORS FROM M.K.E.S COLLEGE OF LAW, MUMBAI, UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI* & ASWIN.S**, ASSISTANT PROFESSORS FROM MKES NAGINDAS KHANDWALA COLLEGE

*  RAJSSSONY@GMAIL.COM

** ASWINKANNAN6273AK@GMAIL.COM

BEST CITATION – DR. SONY RAJ S. S & ASWIN.S, BODY SHAMING AS DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: A GAME-CHANGING RULING IN NIMIJA V. STATE OF KERALA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (2) OF 2025, PG. 35-39, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

This article is published in the collaborated special issue of M.K.E.S. College of Law and the Institute of Legal Education (ILE), titled “Current Trends in Indian Legal Frameworks: A Special Edition” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-8-4).

ABSTRACT

“I think the message to women is to be who you are. Don’t let anyone tell you  what you have to look like.” – Michelle Obama-

The Kerala High Court’s landmark judgment in Nimija v. State of Kerala (CRL.M.C.NO.9443 OF 2022) has redefined the understanding of domestic violence under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA), by recognizing body shaming as a form of mental torture. This ruling acknowledges that persistent derogatory remarks about physical appearance, even from family members, constitute verbal and emotional abuse, impacting a victim’s mental health and self-esteem. This article delves into the case’s background, the Court’s interpretation of domestic violence, and its implications for safeguarding women from psychological harm within familial relationships. It also examines similar judicial precedents that expand the scope of domestic violence to include non-physical abuse, highlighting the increasing legal recognition of mental health as a critical aspect of justice. By analyzing the broader social and legal implications, this article underscores the importance of addressing deeply ingrained societal norms like body shaming and emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to domestic violence that protects both the physical and mental well-being of women.

Keywords: Body Shaming, Domestic Violence, Mental Torture, Verbal Abuse, Women’s Rights, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE POTENTIAL INTEGRATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN INDIA’S CRIMINAL AND CIVIL LEGAL SYSTEMS

AUTHOR – DR. SONY RAJ S. S*, ASSISTANT PROFESSORS FROM M.K.E.S COLLEGE OF LAW, MUMBAI, UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI* & ASWIN.S**, ASSISTANT PROFESSORS FROM MKES NAGINDAS KHANDWALA COLLEGE

*  RAJSSSONY@GMAIL.COM

** ASWINKANNAN6273AK@GMAIL.COM

BEST CITATION – DR. SONY RAJ S. S & ASWIN.S, CASE COMMENT ON ARJUN PANDITRAO KHOTKAR V. KAILASH KUSHANRAO GORANTYAL & OTHERS, [2020] 7 S.C.R. 180, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (2) OF 2025, PG. 28-34, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

This article is published in the collaborated special issue of M.K.E.S. College of Law and the Institute of Legal Education (ILE), titled “Current Trends in Indian Legal Frameworks: A Special Edition” (ISBN: 978-81-968842-8-4).

ABSTRACT

“Artificial intelligence is the most powerful tool that we have, but it needs to be used in a way that respects human dignity.”  – Sundar Pichai (CEO of Google)                                                                                                                    

This study examines the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in criminal and civil law systems, comparing its applications, benefits, and challenges. In criminal law, AI is used for predictive policing, forensic analysis, case management, and sentencing recommendations, improving efficiency and consistency. However, concerns about bias, data privacy, and ethical implications, especially regarding human rights, are raised. In civil law, AI aids in contract analysis, dispute resolution, and legal research, automating tasks and enhancing access to legal services. The study evaluates AI’s role in procedural efficiency, fairness, and legal integrity across both systems, considering various jurisdictions and case studies. It also addresses the ethical challenges of AI integration and stresses the need for a balance between innovation and justice. The study concludes with recommendations for responsible AI integration, advocating for a hybrid approach combining technological efficiency with human oversight to protect fairness and fundamental rights

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Criminal Law, Civil Law, Case Management, Sentencing Recommendations, Legal Ethics, Algorithmic Decision-Making.

SHOULD COMPANIES BE ALLOWED TO PATENT AI-GENERATED CONTENT?

AUTHOR – MS RAKSHITA PANT, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF LAW, CHRIST (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY) LAVASA CAMPUS.

BEST CITATION – MS RAKSHITA PANT, SHOULD COMPANIES BE ALLOWED TO PATENT AI-GENERATED CONTENT?, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 134-136, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

“The advance of AI is as transformative as the Industrial Revolution, and with great change comes the responsibility to reshape our legal and ethical frameworks to align with this new reality.”

ABSTRACT

This research paper delves into the contentious issue of whether companies should be allowed to patent AI-generated content, presenting a compelling argument in favour of such rights. By analysing the legal, psychological, and economic dimensions of this debate, it is posited that permitting patents for AI-generated innovations would drive technological advancement, encourage investment, and remain consistent with established intellectual property principles. The paper further offers targeted recommendations to develop a robust legal framework capable of accommodating both human and AI contributions, thereby fostering sustainable progress in the realm of innovation.

Key Words – AI-Generated Content, Intellectual Property Rights, Patent Law, Innovation Policy.

BEYOND DECRIMINALIZATION: BRIDGING THE GAPS IN LGBTQ+ FAMILY LAW IN INDIA

AUTHOR – HARSHAVARDHAN SAYAJI NANGRE, STUDENT AT MAHARASHTRA NATIONAL LAW, MUMBAI

BEST CITATION – HARSHAVARDHAN SAYAJI NANGRE, BEYOND DECRIMINALIZATION: BRIDGING THE GAPS IN LGBTQ+ FAMILY LAW IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (1) OF 2025, PG. 129-133, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This article critically examines the systemic inadequacies in Indian family law that continue to marginalize LGBTQ+ individuals despite significant progress in LGBTQ+ rights, notably the decriminalization of homosexuality in Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018). Although decriminalization was a milestone, the Indian family law system remains deeply heteronormative and fails to legally recognize and protect LGBTQ+ families in marriage, adoption, inheritance, and surrogacy.

The article identifies the constitutional contradictions arising from excluding LGBTQ+ persons from marriage equality, adoption rights, and inheritance laws through a comparative jurisprudence analysis and landmark Indian cases. It claims that the failure to enact reforms is perpetuating inequality, societal prejudice, and legal uncertainty. It discusses the possible role global precedents from decisions such as Obergefell v. Hodges (U.S.) and X and Others v. Austria of the European Court of Human Rights could play as guidelines for legislative evolution in India. Lastly, the article underlines the imperative need of overall legislative reforms in the form of gender-neutral amendments to the Special Marriage Act, religious marriage laws, explicit recognition of LGBTQ+ adoption rights, and inheritance provisions. For this, it also advocates domestic partnership laws and expansion of surrogacy and assisted reproductive technologies to LGBTQ+ individuals and couples.