NON- PERFORMING ASSET: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN INDIA

AUTHOR – SAMAN RIZWAN* & ASHUTOSH UTSAV**

* ASSOCIATE AT ORBIT LAW SERVICES

** PURSUING MASTER OF LAWS IN COMPARATIVE LAW, ECONOMICS AND FINANCE IUC TURIN

BEST CITATION – SAMAN RIZWAN & ASHUTOSH UTSAV, NON- PERFORMING ASSET: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN INDIA, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 145-156, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract:

Non-performing assets (NPAs) are a key source of concern for Indian banks because they reflect badly on the performance of the banks. High NPAs signal a high risk of mass loan defaults, which can damage bank profitability and net value. Banks must set aside provisions to compensate for NPAs, which affects their total earnings and shareholder value. The issue of NPAs has received a lot of attention in the Indian financial sector. NPAs have an impact on the entire economy, not just banks. In truth, the high number of NPAs in Indian banks is only a reflection of the industry’s and trade’s general health. NPAs are higher in public sector banks than in private sector banks. Banks must schedule NPAs in order to increase efficiency and profitability. The government has made a lot of initiatives to reduce NPAs, but it will be difficult to totally remove them. However, by competing with global banks, Indian banks can attempt to meet worldwide standards. NPAs cause losses and poorer profitability in banks and the financial system, as well as an asset-liability mismatch. This is ultimately determined by how effectively banks handle various risks in their operations. The purpose of this research is to identify the issues that Indian banks confront by the NPA. These concerns and challenges were identified using secondary data from diverse sources. Then suggestions are offered about how to overcome these challenges.

Keywords: Banking, NPA, asset, debt, default, challenges.

ANALYSIS OF UNFAIR LABOUR PRACTICES

AUTHOR-NIVEDHA MANI, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE LAW, THE TAMILNADU DR. AMBEDHKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI-600113 MAIL-nivedhamani23@gmail.com

BEST CITATION – NIVEDHA MANI, ANALYSIS OF UNFAIR LABOUR PRACTICES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 135-144, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

          Unfair labour practices are defined in the Industrial Disputes Act, 1982, which also outlines specific acts that fall under this category. Addressing such practices is one of the key objectives of the Act. These practices are typically carried out by employers or trade unions and may result in the violation of the rights and protections provided under labour laws. If an employer, trade union, or worker engages in any unfair labour practice, they can be held accountable under the provisions of the Act, which includes penalties and restrictions against such actions. Whether a particular act qualifies as an unfair labour practice depends on the facts, circumstances, and judicial interpretation of each case. Moreover, state governments also implement their own legislation to curb unfair labour practices.

Keywords: Unfair labour practices, Industrial Disputes Act, Employers, Trade unions, Workers, Labour laws.

INNOVATION CHALLENGES IN THE MODERN REALM OF AI AND GROWING TECHNOLOGY: A CONTEMPLATIVE AND SWOT ANALYSIS

AUTHORS – JAIVARDHAN GOYAL & ISHIKA AGARWAL

STUDENTS AT DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – JAIVARDHAN GOYAL & ISHIKA AGARWAL, INNOVATION CHALLENGES IN THE MODERN REALM OF AI AND GROWING TECHNOLOGY: A CONTEMPLATIVE AND SWOT ANALYSIS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 124-134, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Recent developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) through machines and computer applications closely mimic human intelligence via iterative processing and algorithmic machine learning. From texts, images, designs, and music to mimicking voices or deepfakes either be it prominent leaders or individuals to extract money from the family. AI replicates the styles, patterns, and themes of existing copyrighted works, raising a critical question on originality, authorship and ownership of the work thus created.

AI doesn’t work independently and fed on the information through a generative tool with the given datasets, so when critically evaluated, AI is a tool that further raises the question of the ownership of the content created. These advancements while offering efficiency and creativity blur the line between legitimate inspiration and copyright infringement thus highlighting the gaps in existing trademarks and copyright law. This phenomenon of mimicking original human work or art undermines the rights of original creators and enforcement mechanisms when AI reproductions are not identical and follows a closely similar style to the original ones.

The legal, ethical, economic, and social influence due to AI’s ability to generate high-quality imitations threatens to devalue human creativity, disrupt artistic industries and dilute the markets that value authentic work which is also profound. This paper aims to analyse the challenges posed by AI, and also discuss case studies of emerging technologies, underscoring the urgency to equivalate the balance between innovation and AI-generated work, ensuring that technological progress does not come at the cost of stifling human innovation, ingenuity, and legal rights.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Contemplative analysis, Movable property, Intellectual property, Balance of innovation and AI generated content.

CROSS-BORDER MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS: REGULATORY CHALLENGES IN MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL M&A TRANSACTIONS

AUTHOR – ANNLIYA ANIL, STUDENT AT SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW, TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – ANNLIYA ANIL, CROSS-BORDER MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS: REGULATORY CHALLENGES IN MULTI-JURISDICTIONAL M&A TRANSACTIONS, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 109-123, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) play a major role in global economic integration, enabling companies to expand into new markets, access strategic assets, and achieve economies of scale. However, these transactions are often seen to be affected by complex and contradicting regulatory frameworks across jurisdictions. This research examines major legal and regulatory challenges in multi-jurisdictional M&A transactions, highlighting antitrust and competition law, foreign direct investment (FDI) restrictions, corporate governance, taxation issues, and intellectual property considerations.

This study involves analysis of statutes, case laws, and regulatory frameworks across major economies to identify the primary obstacles faced by multinational corporations in structuring and executing cross-border M&A deals. It also studies cases of successful and failed transactions to illustrate the practical implications of these regulatory challenges. The aim is to provide or suggest strategic legal approaches corporations can adopt to navigate these hurdles, including enhanced due diligence, regulatory risk assessment, and deal structuring mechanisms. Additionally, this study offers policy recommendations for better regulation, and greater international cooperation in M&A to create a more efficient legal environment. 

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT: CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES

AUTHOR – AYUSHMAN TRIPATHI* & DR. SUKRITI YADAV**

* LL.M (CRIMINAL LAW) SCHOLAR AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH LUCKNOW CAMPUS

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY LAW SCHOOL, AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH LUCKNOW CAMPUS

BEST CITATION – AYUSHMAN TRIPATHI & DR. SUKRITI YADAV, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT: CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 101-108, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Domestic violence, often concealed behind the veil of familial privacy, remains one of the most pervasive and underreported forms of human rights violations globally. In the Indian context, domestic violence is not confined to physical harm alone—it encompasses emotional, verbal, sexual, and economic abuse, frequently normalized within patriarchal structures. Recognizing the urgent need for comprehensive legal protection, the Indian Parliament enacted the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA), marking a paradigm shift in addressing domestic abuse through civil law remedies.

This research paper aims to critically analyze the contemporary relevance of the PWDVA, its legal interpretation by Indian courts, and the practical challenges in its implementation across different socio-economic segments. While the Act provides significant reliefs such as residence rights, protection orders, and monetary compensation, its on-ground execution is hindered by systemic lapses—ranging from inadequate infrastructure to societal stigma and lack of awareness.  Furthermore, the paper delves into judicial precedents that have shaped the understanding of “domestic relationship” and “aggrieved person,” and evaluates the performance of institutional mechanisms like Protection Officers and shelter homes. Through a comparative legal analysis with other jurisdictions and a socio-legal lens, the study seeks to highlight the areas where the law falls short in protecting victims effectively.

Keywords Domestic Violence, PWDVA 2005, Women’s Rights, Human Rights Violations, Patriarchy, Legal Protection, Civil Remedies, Judicial Interpretation, Socio-Legal Analysis, Protection Officers, Implementation Challenges, Shelter Homes, Gender Justice, Legal Reforms, Comparative Legal Study

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN BUSINESS LAW: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

AUTHOR – ANIRUDH SRIVASTAVA* & DR. AXITA SRIVASTAVA**

* LLM (BUSINESS LAW) SCHOLAR AT AMITY LAW UNIVERSITY

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY LAW UNIVERSITY

BEST CITATION – ANIRUDH SRIVASTAVA & DR. AXITA SRIVASTAVA, DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN BUSINESS LAW: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 98-100, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

Abstract

The digital transformation of businesses, driven by ground-breaking technologies like blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), and e-commerce platforms, has significantly altered traditional business models. This shift challenges existing legal frameworks that govern contracts, intellectual property, data protection, and consumer rights, necessitating a re-evaluation of their adequacy in the digital age. While these technologies offer immense potential for innovation, they also pose complex legal and regulatory dilemmas. This paper examines these challenges and explores potential reforms to business law to align with the dynamics of the digital economy. Through this analysis, it becomes evident that legal systems must adapt to foster innovation while ensuring equitable and transparent regulatory practices.

Key words-Digital transformation ,Blockchain , Artificial Intelligence , Intellectual Property

JUSTICE AND SECURITY – WITNESS PROTECTION IN INDIA AND BEYOND

AUTHOR – SAURABH CHOPRA, STUDENT AT UNITED WORLD SCHOOL OF LAW

BEST CITATION – SAURABH CHOPRA, JUSTICE AND SECURITY – WITNESS PROTECTION IN INDIA AND BEYOND, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 87-97, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

The role of a witness protection in a fair and effective criminal justice system is vital as it ensures that people who come forward with testimony are able to do so without fear of being intimidated, damaged, or being retaliated against. Witness safety is an important issue in India where oral evidence matters much and conviction is secured with the help of evidence of oral evidence. Witnesses throw dagger at the ball in cases where crime, terrorism, political corruption and violent offences organised take place by virtue of threats, coercion or financial inducements thereby leading to wrongful acquittals and miscarriage of justice^[1].

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[1] Neetika Vishwanath, ‘Challenges in Implementation of Witness Protection Scheme, 2018’ (2020) 34 National Law School Journal 52.

THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON THE ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE LEGAL PROFESSION

AUTHOR – AVDHESH KUMAR YADAV* & DR. AISHWARYA PANDEY**

* STUDENT AT AMITY LAW UNIVESITY

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT AMITY LAW UNIVESITY

BEST CITATION – AVDHESH KUMAR YADAV & DR. AISHWARYA PANDEY, THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON THE ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE LEGAL PROFESSION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 73-86, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the legal profession, enhancing efficiency in tasks such as document review, case prediction, and legal research. However, its integration raises profound ethical concerns, including bias in algorithms, confidentiality breaches, accountability gaps, and the potential erosion of human judgment. This paper explores the ethical implications of AI in law, analyzing its impact on fairness, transparency, client trust, and professional responsibility. Drawing on interdisciplinary sources, it evaluates challenges and proposes frameworks for ethical AI adoption. The study underscores the need for robust regulations and ethical guidelines to balance innovation with justice.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Legal Ethics, Bias, Confidentiality, Accountability, Professional Responsibility.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT CREATION AND INFLUENCER MARKETING

AUTHOR – ANUPAM JYOTHI G S* & DR BHAVNA BATRA**

* STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY, UTTAR PRADESH

** ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH

BEST CITATION – ANUPAM JYOTHI G S & DR BHAVNA BATRA, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT CREATION AND INFLUENCER MARKETING, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 64-72, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the increasing importance of intellectual property rights (IPR) in relation to content creation on social media and influencer marketing. As digital platforms continue to grow, creators are encountering various challenges linked to copyright violations, misuse of trademarks, and unauthorized use of their content. This paper reviews the current legal frameworks, particularly in India, and assesses how copyright, trademark, and contract law is relevant to influencers and digital marketing. Additionally, it explores the obligations of social media platforms and the importance of policy in protecting creative digital content. The research aims to deliver an in-depth understanding of the legal frameworks that defend influencers while offering suggestions to enhance IPR enforcement in the changing digital environment.

IMPACT OF BRANDING STRATEGY CONSUMER SATISFATION

AUTHOR – HARISUDHAN N & JAIADITHYA K

STUDENT AT TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNVERSITY (TNDALU), SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE IN LAW (SOEL)

BEST CITATION – HARISUDHAN N & JAIADITHYA K, IMPACT OF BRANDING STRATEGY CONSUMER SATISFATION, INDIAN JOURNAL OF LEGAL REVIEW (IJLR), 5 (6) OF 2025, PG. 45-63, APIS – 3920 – 0001 & ISSN – 2583-2344.

ABSTRACT:

In contemporary consumer markets, understanding the intricate dynamics between branding strategies, consumer satisfaction, and behaviour is imperative for businesses aiming to foster enduring relationships with their target audiences. This research delves into the essence of branding strategies, with a particular emphasis on their influence on two critical dimensions: brand loyalty and consumer trust. With a focus on the strategic utilization of celebrity endorsements as a prominent branding tactic, this study aims to elucidate the potency of such strategies in shaping consumer perceptions and behaviour.

Drawing upon existing literature, the research explores the impact of branding strategies on consumer satisfaction through an analysis of various factors such as brand consistency, emotional branding, innovation, and brand reputation. A quantitative research design is employed, involving data collection from adults and elders, to analyse spending patterns on branding products, recommendation behaviour, and preferences for well-established brands.

Key insights from the study underscore the significance of brand consistency, emotional branding, and innovation in driving consumer satisfaction. Consumers exhibit a propensity to recommend branding products, prioritize recognized brands, and are influenced by celebrity endorsements in their purchase intentions. The findings also highlight the importance of brand recognition, reputation, and packaging in shaping consumer perceptions and behaviours.

Overall, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of the nexus between branding strategies, consumer satisfaction, and behaviour, providing actionable insights for businesses to refine their branding approaches and enhance brand experiences. By leveraging these insights, businesses can effectively tailor their branding initiatives to meet consumer expectations, foster long-term loyalty, and achieve sustainable success in dynamic consumer markets.